NUTR 3362 Ch.6: Fats and Other Lipids

An omega-3 fatty acid is unsaturated saturated

unsaturated

Alcohol will contribute to ________ because it causes a person to lose fluid. This will result in impaired performance. hypertension muscle spasms dehydration

dehydration

________ ________ is a digestive enzyme that removes two fatty acids from each triglyceride molecule.

pancreatic lipase

What is the structure of a phospholipid molecule?

A phospholipid molecule contains a phosphorus and two fatty acids.

________ cells, which absorb fatty acids and glycerol from the blood and reassemble them as triglycerides for storage, are commonly called fat cells.

Adipose

________, which is often called "hardening of the arteries," is a condition that reduces the flexibility of arteries.

Arteriosclerosis

________, is a condition that can inhibit the blood flow and permanently damage the kidneys, eyes, legs, heart, and brain.

Atherosclerosis

Match the blood lipid level on the left with the American Heart Association's classification on the right. Cholesterol < 200mg/dL LDL Cholesterol <100 mg/dL HDL Cholesterol >/= 60 mg/dL Triglycerides of 150-199 mg/dL Low risk Optimal Borderline high risk Desirable

Cholesterol < 200 mg/dL = Desirable LDL Cholesterol <100 mg/dL= Optimal HDL Cholesterol >/= 60mg/dL = Low risk Triglycerides of 150-199 mg/dL = Borderline high risk

What are some things you can do to reduce fat intake? Choose lean meats Trim fat Use drippings from the pan to make sauces and gravies. Steam meats

Choose lean meats Trim fat Steam meats

Pair the type of fatty acid with its associated shape of the carbon chain. Cis fatty acid Trans fatter acid Causes the carbon chain to bend Allows the carbon chain to remain straighter

Cis fatty acid = Causes the carbon chain to bend Trans fatty acid = Allows the carbon chain to remain straighter

Rank the following to describe the fate of triglycerides stored in adipose tissue is your body needs energy. Cells remove fatty acids from the blood and the liver removes glycerol from the blood Cells metabolize fatty acids for energy and the liver converts glycerol into glucose for energy Adipose cells break down triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol molecules Fatty acids and glycerol are released into the bloodstream

1. Adipose cells break down triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol molecules 2. Fatty acids and glycerol are released into the bloodstream 3. Cells remove fatty acids from the blood and the liver removes glycerol from the blood 4. Cells metabolize fatty acids for energy and the liver converts glycerol into glucose for energy

The Dietary Guidelines for Americans (Acceptable Macronutrient Range - AMDR) recommends that adults should keep daily fat intake as low as possible between 20 and 35 grams between 20 and 35% of total calories less than 15% of total calories

between 20 to 35% of total calories

Non modifiable risk factors for CVD include (check all that apply) elevated blood cholesterol family history of CVD hypertension increasing age

family history of CVD. increasing age.

Consuming light to moderate amounts of alcohol can:

reduce blood levels of fibrinogen decrease platelet stickiness raise HDL cholesterol levels

Match descriptions. thrombus embolus a blood clot or plaque particle that breaks free from where it formed and travels through the bloodstream a fixed bunch of clots that remain in place and disrupts blood flow

thrombus = a fixed bunch of clots that remains in place and disrupts blood flow embolus = a blood clot or plaque particle that breaks free from where it formed and travels through the bloodstream

Which form of unsaturated fatty acid contains a chemical structure similar to that of saturated fatty acids?

trans

A _______ is a lipid that has three fatty acids attached to a three-carbon compound called glycerol.

triglyceride

________ transport lipids from the small intestine and liver to body tissues. Electrolytes Hormones Lipoproteins

Lipoproteins

T/F: Dietary fats often consist of different types of fatty acids.

True

T/F: Phospholipids contain both a hydrophobic and hydrophillic portions, which attract and repel water.

True

A person with slow breathing, pale skin, and who cannot be aroused might be suffering from ________ poisoning.

alcohol

Combining ________ with pain-relievers like acetaminophen can cause severe liver damage.

alcohol

A(n) ________ has an uncontrollable need to drink and is unable to limit his or her alcohol consumption.

alcoholic

________ is the long-term process in which plaques build up inside arterial walls.

atherosclerosis

Which of the following food are rich in polyunsaturated fat? soybean oil corn oil olive oil almonds

soybean oil corn oil

The most common forms of cardiovascular disease in the US include (check all that apply) endocarditis cardiomyopathy stroke coronary artery disease

stroke coronary artery disease

Alcohol suppresses the production of ADH by the pituitary gland. suppresses the production of alcohol by the liver. cause the kidneys to produce less urine. causes the kidneys to excrete more urine.

suppresses the production of ADH by the pituitary gland. causes the kidneys to excrete more urine.

What are the structural components of a triglyceride (check all that apply) three attached fatty acids three attached glycerol molecules glycerol backbone multiple-ring structure

three attached fatty acids glycerol backbone

A ________ is a fixed bunch of clots that remains in place and disrupts blood flow.

thrombus

Fats are not soluble in ________.

water

A ________ has three fatty acids attached to glycerol.

triglyceride

How many Kilocalories are in one gram of fat?

9

What are the end products of fat digestion?

Glycerol Fatty acids Monoglycerides

Modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease include (check all the apply) Family history Tobacco use Advanced age Hypertension

Tobacco use Hypertension

Food manufacturers use the process of hydrogenation to

convert liquid oils into more solid fats.

________ fatty acids consist entirely of carbon-carbon single bonds.

saturated

Match the nutrient/non-nutrient on the left with the best description of how it can contribute to unwanted weight gain. protein carbohydrates alcohol stimulates triglyceride synthesis, which can result in storage of excess triglycerides in adipose tissue the body can convert certain amino acids into fatty acids. the body can convert excess glucose into fatty acids.

protein = the body can convert certain amino acids into fatty acids. carbohydrates = the body can convert excess glucose into fatty acids. alcohol = stimulates triglyceride synthesis, which can result in storage of excess triglycerides in adipose tissue

What is an emulsifier?

A compound that helps water-soluble and water-insoluble compounds to mix with each other.

Lipoproteins carry different amounts of (check all that apply) stanols. cholesterol. monoglycerides. protein. phospholipids.

protein. cholesterol. phospholipids.

Outline the progression from a normal artery to an atherosclertic one by ranking the steps 1-4. Place these in proper order. Clots and plaque block the artery completely Artery has smooth lining Plaque roughens the surface of the artery and slows flow, making clots more likely to form Cells within the wall deposit cholesterol and other substances to repair damage and inflammation

1. Artery has smooth lining 2. Cells within the wall deposit cholesterol and other substances to repair damage and inflammation 3. Plaque roughens the surface of the artery and slows flow, making clots more likely to form 4.Clots and plaque block the artery completely

Outline the process of enterohepatic circulation beginning with bile salts absorbed in the small intestine. Place these in the proper order. Bile salt travels through the blood to the liver. The liver recycles used bile salts to make new bile. Bile salts are absorbed in the ileum of the small intestine.

1. Bile salts are absorbed in the ileum of the small intestine. 2. Bile salt travels through the blood to the liver. 3. The liver recycles used bile salts to make new bile.

List the steps of developments of atherosclerosis in the arteries starting with arterial damage and ending with a heart attack. Clot or spasm in a plaque-clogged artery leads to a heart attack. Damage occurs in blood vessel lining. As plaque accumulates, arteries harden, narrow, and lose elasticity. Plaque is deposited at the site of initial damage. Pressure in artery is increased.

1. Damage occurs in blood vessel lining. 2. Plaque is deposited at the site of initial damage. 3. As plaque accumulates, arteries harden, narrow, and lose elasticity. 4. Pressure in artery is increased. 5. Clot or spasm in a plaque-clogged artery leads to a heart attack.

List in order from 1-3 the steps of lipid digestion in the small intestine. Fatty chyme stimulates the release of cholecystokin Pancreatic lipase digests triglycerides and converts them into monoglycerides and 2 fatty acids molecules Cholecystokinin signals the pancreas to secrete digestive enzymes, including pancreatic lipase, into the duodenum

1. Fatty chyme stimulates the release of cholecystokin 2. Cholecystokinin signals the pancreas to secrete digestive enzymes, including pancreatic lipase, into the duodenum 3. Pancreatic lipase digests triglycerides and converts them into monoglycerides and 2 fatty acids molecules

________ fatty acids must be supplied by the diet, whereas ________ fatty acids can be synthesized by the body and do not need to be supplied by the diet.

Essential; nonessential

Pair the by-products from chylomicron digestion to their correct final destinations in the body. Free fatty acids Chylomicron remnant Removed from circulation by the liver and recycled to make other lipoproteins and bile acids. Absorbed by cells within the vicinity and reform into triglyceride for storage or use.

Free fatty acids = Absorbed by cells within the vicinity and reform into triglyceride for storage or use. Chylomicron remnant = Removed from circulation by the liver and recycled to make other lipoproteins and bile acids.

The lioprotein that carries lipids away from tissues and to the liver is ________.

High density lipoprotein (HDL)

Which statement is true about the hydrogenation process? It produces a bend in the carbon chain. It changes saturated fats into unsaturated fats. It produces trans fat.

It produces trans fats.

Which statement is true about essential fatty acids? Only alpha-linolenic and oleic are considered essential. Oleic, alpha-linolenic and linoleic are all considered essential. Only alpha-linolenic acid and linoleinc acid are considered essential. Only alpha-linolenic is considered essential.

Only alpha-linolenic acid and linoleinc acid are considered essential.

Secretions from which two organs are required for the digestion of dietary lipids? (check all that apply) Pancreas Anus Liver Small intestine

Pancreas = secretes a mixture of enzymes, including lipase, into the small intestine. Liver = The liver produces bile, which is stored in the gallbladder and released through the bile duct into the small intestine. Bile aids in lipid digestion and absorption by emulsifying lipids in digestive juices.

Pair the fatty acid chain length with its correct fate of absorption. short and medium-chain fatty acids long-chain fatty acids travel as a water-soluble molecule through the portal vein to the liver reformed into a triglyceride in the intestinal absorptive cell and travels through the lymphatic system

Short and medium-chain fatty acids = travel as a water-soluble molecule through the portal vein to the liver long-chain fatty acids = reformed into a triglyceride in the intestinal absorptive cell and travels through the lymphatic system

Choose all of the following statements about subcutaneous fat that are true. Subcutaneous fat has no effect on body temperature. Subcutaneous fat stores energy. Subcutaneous fat protects vital organs.

Subcutaneous fat stores energy. Subcutaneous fat protects vital organs.

A lipid found only in foods that contain animal products is ________.

cholesterol

What information can be found on a Nutrition Facts panel (check all that apply)? cholesterol saturated fat total fat triglycerides

cholesterol saturated fat total fat

By reading the Nutrition Facts panel, you can determine how much ________ are in most packaged foods. omega 6 fatty acids cholesterol omega 3 fatty acids total fat trans fat saturated fat

cholesterol total fat trans fat saturated fat

________ is a hormone that stimulates the gallbladder to release bile and the pancreas to release digestive enzymes.

cholesystokinin

When you are eating and drinking alcohol during a meal, the food in the meal enhances alcohol absorption from the small intestine. delays alcohol absorption from the stomach. slows the rate at which alcohol appears in your blood. increases the rate at which alcohol is removed from your blood.

delays alcohol absorption from the stomach. slows the rate at which alcohol appears in your blood.

Excess body fat around the abdomen is associated with elevated LDL cholesterol. reduced chylomicrons. elevated HDL cholesterol. elevated triglycerides.

elevated LDL cholesterol. elevated triglycerides.

A condition that is characterized by abnormally high blood pressure levels and is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease is called embolism myocardial infarction hypertension

hypertension

When consuming a meal with alcohol, the alcohol can (check all that apply) interfere with the storage of nutrients. increase the excretion of magnesium. decrease the excretion of fat. interfere with the absorption of nutrients.

interfere with the storage of nutrients. increase the excretion of magnesium. interfere with the absorption of nutrients.

An enzyme called ________ plays an important role in fat digestion by breaking down lipids.

lipase

The nutrient that contributes to rich flavor, smooth texture, and the appetizing aroma of food is ________. protein vitamins lipid carbohydrate

lipid

Fats and cholesterol are ________, a class of nutrients.

lipids

Name the class of nutrients that consists of triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols.

lipids

Peanuts, peanut oil, canola oil, olives, almonds, and avocados are all rich in: polyunsaturated fat monounsaturated fat

monounsaturated fat

Pair the fatty acid with its correct effect on blood clotting and inflammation. omega-3 omega-6 decrease blood clotting and inflammation increase blood clotting and inflammation

omega-3 = decrease blood clotting and inflammation omega-6 = increase blood clotting and inflammation