NUTR Research final exam
which of the following is a source of original research: 1- today's dietitian 2- foodservice director 3- international journal of obesity 4- Washington post
3- international journal of obesity
T/F As sample size increases, so does effect size.
FALSE
what is the Hawthorn effect? what type of bias is this?
change responses due to knowing they are being studied --measurement bias
which of the following is NOT a non-probability sampling technique: -convenience -quota -network/sonwball -cluster
cluster
Using the title, identify as: original research, research editorial, narrative review, or systematic review-- "Are dietary guidelines sensible to consumers?"
research editorial (validates relevance of someone's research)
which is an example of secondary research? -editorial -commentary -review articles
review articles (narrative reviews)
sample bias = _________________ sampling error = _________________ -sys error -chance variation -selection variance
sample bias = systematic error sampling error = chance variation
larger samples have a better chance of preventing: -sample bias -non-resonpse bias -sampling error
sampling error
In a qualitative study, the number of participants may be determined by: -purposive sampling -snowballing -saturation
saturation
__________ validity is the extent to which the independent variable actually accounted for the study outcome. - internal - external - statistical conclusion - construct
- internal
When researchers rigorously examine and interpret the findings of research studies using a qualitative method, it is called: - meta-analysis - mixed methods systematic review - meta-synthesis
- meta-synthesis
A researcher is studying the relationship of amnt of time spent in front of a screen and body wt. Which test would the researcher use to analyze these data? -chi-square -Pearson's r -Phi coefficient -multiple regression -T-test
-Pearson's r (a change in one variable affects another variable)
in a RCT, a doctor sees that the next person to be admitted will get into the experimental group. So the doctor encourages a patient later that day to enter the trial. This is a problem with: -random sequence generation -allocation concealment -blilnding of assessors
-allocation concealment
The weakest form of sampling is: -random sampling-network sampling -convenience sampling-random sampling -convenience sampling -quota sampling
-convenience sampling
A researcher's judgement on a research topic is biased because he/she has a strong attachment to a specific point of view. Which type of conflict is this? -financial conflict -personal conflict -conflict of commitment -intellectual conflict
-intellectual conflict
If a study has an intervention but no randomization, in which group of study designs does it belong? -experimental -descriptive -quasi-experimental -cross-sectional
-quasi-experimental
Dividing the accessible population into groups and then using simple random sampling for each group is which type of sampling? -systematic random sampling -strategic random sampling -cluster random sampling -stratified random sampling
-stratified random sampling
The most commonly used alpha level in nutrition research is...?
0.05
Which of the following is TRUE about obtaining informed consent from subjects? 1- Subjects must always consult their families before consenting to participate in a study 2- The investigator should check for understanding of the material covered in the consent 3- Consent is about the paper document so it is acceptable to give someone the form to read and sign 4- the IRB always requires that the investigator have a signed copy of the consent document
2- The investigator should check for understanding of the material covered in the consent
Which of the following does NOT include a human subject according to federal definitions? 1--Teaching a one hour session on MyPlate; then observing individuals eat and recording their choices 2--Asking participants what they like to eat in the cafeteria in order to publish new recs 3--Identifying employee wts for insurance applications 4--Examining NHANES data to see what nutrients 30-40yr olds consume
4--Examining NHANES data to see what nutrients 30-40yr olds consume (NHANES data protects human subjects and does not disclose any personal information)
_______uses the F statistic -t-test -chi square -Pearson's r -Multiple regression -ANOVA
ANOVA
Which of the following identified these three ethics principles as relevant to human subjects research: respect for persons, beneficence, and justice? -Belmont report -Nuremberg Code -HHS regs Title 45
Belmont report
__________tests for differences between groups using nonparametric data -t-test -chi square -Pearson's r -Multiple regression -ANOVA
Chi square
what is the purpose of the Common Rule?
The Common Rule states that there are specific kinds of research that do not need oversight by an IRB
___________tests the significance of relationships among three or more variables -t-test -chi square -Pearson's r -Multiple regression -ANOVA
Multiple regression
________tests for the significance of a correlation between two variables -t-test -chi square -Pearson's r -Multiple regression -ANOVA
Pearson's r
What is the name of the tool used by the EAL work group to assess the risk of bias in each study? -Data Extraction Tool (DET) -Quality Criteria Checklist (QCC) -Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews(CDSR) -Evidence Analysis Library (EAL)
QCC
An excellent design to test treatment options is: -correlational design -comparative -RCT
RCT (randomized controlled trial)
Which type of statistics explains characteristics of variables found in a sample and describes, summarizes, and synthesizes collected data? a. Descriptive b. Inferential c. Explanatoy d. Intuitive
a. Descriptive
give an eample of an extraneous variable:
age, gender, education, severity of disease, etc
In epidemiology, the term "exposure" can mean: a risk factor a vaccination a dose of a drug All of the above
all the above
Inferential statistical tests are used to: -make assumptions about the population -test hypotheses by asking if there are differences between the groups -determine whether results occurred by chance -All of the above
all the above
Surveys can be useful when: - you need information that is not readily available from other sources - your questions are mostly closed-ended - you can access a representative sample - all the above
all the above
which of the following is an example of gray lit? -dissertations -books -tech reports from CDC -published abstracts -all the above
all the above (dissertations, books, tech reports, abstracts)
Which of the following is an example of research that would be exempt from IRB oversight according to the Common Rule? --Research in established educational settings --Research involving surveys, interviews, or observation of public behavior if subjects cannot be identified --Analysis of previously collected data in a manner that the subjects cannot be identified --Consumer acceptance, taste, and food quality studies --all the above
all the above are EXEMPT
Which of the following items are required to be covered in the informed consent process? -Purpose of research -Statement that research is voluntary -Explanation of how confidentiality will be maintained -Potential for injury or discomfort from testing -all the above
all the above are REQUIRED
An experimental study is an example of what type of research? qualitative analytic descriptive associative
analytic
A study examined two variables: the density of fast-food restaurants in communities and the BMI of the residents. What type of relationship are the researchers looking at? association relative risk causation confounding
association
"We hypothesized that a healthy dietary pattern would be associated with a decreased risk for cognitive decline." ---Is this a causal or an associative hypothesis?
associative
When a researcher accepts the null hypothesis when it really should have been rejected, the researcher: (select all that apply) a. committed a type 1 error b. committed a type 2 error c. obtained significant results d. obtained nonsignificant results
b. committed a type 2 error d. obtained nonsignificant results
Which type of study is more likely to use animals? 1-qualitative 2-applied 3-basic 4-action
basic
which type of validity is the highest standard and is the hardest to prove? -internal -external -statistical conclusion -construct
construct validity = extent to which researchers are measuring study's constructs
_____________ sampling is when members of a population are chosen because they are easy to reach. purposive network convenience quota
convenience
In survival analysis, which form of regression is commonly used? -linear reg -cox reg -logistic reg
cox regression (p. 207-> analyzes effect of IVs on survival rates overtime)
When you compare the results of your dietary intake questionnaire against a proven food frequency questionnaire, that would be testing its: face validity content validity criterion validity construct validity
criterion validity
An example of a descriptive epidemiological design is: -cross-sectional -cohort study
cross sectional
A study design that is used to gather information about how much calcium Americans are taking in each day would most likely be a: -clinical trial -comparative design -analytic cross-sectional design -descriptive cross-sectional design
descriptive cross-sectional design
A randomized controlled trial is an example of a research: design question problem control
design
"We hypothesized that a healthy dietary pattern would be associated with a decreased risk for cognitive decline." ---Is the hypothesis directional or nondirectional?
directional
A study that combines multiple qualitative data collection methods is a: -mixed methods study -multi-methods study
multi-methods study
In an experimental study looking at the effects of a weight loss drug on weight loss, which is the independent variable? 1- wt loss 2- drug 3- PA
drug
at the heart of meta-analysis is________ -heterogeneity -effect size -standard mean diff
effect size
Which of these survey methods is the least expensive to administer? --mail survey --electronic --telephone --face-to-face
electronic
Using the title, identify as an: intervention, outcomes, epidemiological, or translational research study-- "Association between inflammatory potential of diet and mortality among women in the Swedish mammography cohort" (Shivappa et al., 2015).
epidemiological
is the study experimental, quasi-exper, or descriptive? ---"Identification of Patients with Diabetes Who Benefit Most From a Health Coaching Program in Chronic Disease Management." (Participants were randomly assigned to groups.)
experimental
A statement of the problem: 1- is the same as a research question 2- includes a hypothesis 3- explains context for why research is needed 4- includes research design
explains context for why research is needed
Qualitative research is most likely to have what type of research purpose? explore describe analyze predict explore and describe
explore and describe
_________ validity = extent to which a study can be generalized beyond subjects/settings -internal -external -statistical conclusion -construct
external validity
_______________ variables = are factors outside of the variables being studied that could influence the outcome of a study.
extraneous variables
R/F- All statistically significant findings have clinical significance.
false
T/F odds and probability are the same
false
T/F --the search terms "constipation AND fiber" will give you more results than the search terms "constipation OR fiber." True False
false
T/F the following is NOT a conflict of interest and does not need to be disclosed/acknowledged-- "A dietitian who owns stock in a vitamin company and is the study coordinator for a clinical trial of another vitamin"
false
T/F the following is an example of research defined by federal regulations-- "Assessing the blood sugar levels of a diabetic patient prior to outpatient education "
false
T/F the following is an example of research defined by federal regulations-- "providing education on a diabetic diet to a newly diagnosed patient"
false
T/F the following is an example of research defined by federal regulations-- "tracking number of newly diagnosed diabetes pts who receive initial diet education each month"
false
t/f a qualitatie study is deductive in nature
false
T/F- narrative reviews use a statistical technique called a meta-analysis: true false
false systematic reviews use meta-analysis
T/F A qualitative study almost always has a hypothesis.
false usually no hypothesis--> indicates quantitative
t/f increasing sample size reduces systematic errors
false!! (remove known biases!!!)
A prospective longitudinal study: -goes forward in time -goes backward in time -focuses on one time
forward in time
To maintain consistency in a series of focus groups, the researchers will use a: -guide -code -tool
guide
high bias = ______ validity
high bias = low validity
__________ = number of NEW cases of a disease in a pop duringa specific time period -prevalence -incidence
incidence
increase sample size to __________________--
increase power!! (reduces chacne of type 2 error)
______ rigor of methodoligcal quality = _____ in risk of bias
increase quality to dec bias
give one way to increase statistical power--
increase sample size
_________________ is the principle that all participants are used in the statistical analysis, regardless of whether they dropped out, did not receive all the treatments, or did not comply with the treatments. 1 Correlation coefficient 2 Internal validity 3 Intention-to-treat 4 Quasi-experimental 5 Randomization
intention-to-treat
Using the title, identify as an: intervention, outcomes, epidemiological, or translational research study-- "Effect of nutrition intervention on food choices of French students in middle school cafeterias, using an interactive educational software program (Nutri-Advice)" (Turnin et al., 2015).
intervention
Which of the following is NOT a method used in a qualitative study? -focus grps -interviews -observations -interventions
intervention
All of the following are main features of experimental research EXCEPT? - IRB application - intervention (treatment) - control for extraneous variables (control group, etc.) - randomization of participants into groups
irb application
In an associative hypothesis, one variable: - causes the other variable - confounds the independent variable - is correlated with another variable - is multidirectional
is correlated with another variable
When the dependent variable is disease/no disease, which type of regression analysis would be appropriate? linear OR logistic regression?
logistic regression (pg. 202-> how risk factors predicts outcome, dichotomous dependent variable)
Which of the following is not needed to do a power analysis? level of significance margin of error effect size power level
margin of error
When data have no outliers, researchers prefer to report the: -median -mean -mode -magnitude
mean
_______is the most frequent data value in a set of data is the:
mode
Is the study a narrative or systematic review?-- "The aim of this study was to review the studies on the relationship between sodium intake and cardiovascular health. Various types of studies were included in the review. They found gaps in the literature and suggested ideas for further research." (O'Donnell, Mente, & Yusuf, 2015).
narrative
Using the title, identify as: original research, research editorial, narrative review, or systematic review-- "Physical activity at altitude: Challenges for people with diabetes"
narrative review (scholarly/peer-reviewed summarization of evidence from other studies to address gaps/findings)
Is the study a conference proceeding? (Yes/No)--- "The aim of this study was to review the studies on the relationship between sodium intake and cardiovascular health. Various types of studies were included in the review. They found gaps in the literature and suggested ideas for further research." (O'Donnell, Mente, & Yusuf, 2015).
no
give an example of a prospective cohort study
nurses' health studies
A case control study uses which of the following effect sizes? -mean difference -standardized mean difference -risk ratio -odds ratio
odds ratio
In logistic regression, you will mostly use which statistic? -r-squared -odds ratio
odds ratio
Using the title, identify as: original research, research editorial, narrative review, or systematic review-- "Facilitators and Barriers to the Achievement of Healthy Lifestyle Goals: Findings from the Australian Parents Enrolled in the PEACH Child Weight Management Program"
original research
Using the title, identify as: original research, research editorial, narrative review, or systematic review-- "Targeted physician education positively affects delivery of nutrition therapy and patient outcomes: Results of a prospective clinical trial"
original research
Using the title, identify as an: intervention, outcomes, epidemiological, or translational research study-- "In-hospital hyperglycemia: Effects of treatment protocol on glycemic control and clinical outcome" (Clinical Trials.gov NCT00302874)
outcomes research
_____ = rank -range -percentile -stnd deviation
percentile
_____________ = ability of a study to detect statistically sig differences/relationships
power
In regression, the independent variable may also be referred to as the: -predictor -outcome
predictor
Getting feedback on the design of your questionnaire and the clarity of the questions and responses is called: - pretesting - pilot testing - content validity - construct validity
pretesting
The Framingham Heart Study is an example of a:
prospective cohort study
A study that uses focus groups and in-depth interviews with participants is likely to be a(n): 1-experimental 2-quantitative 3-qualitative 4-exploratory
qualitative
a prospective cohort study is a(n): 1-experimental 2-quantitative 3-qualitative 4-exploratory
quantitative
____________difference between max and min values -range -percentile -stnd deviation
range
what is the acronym RAAR?
reject null when you should accept (type 1) ---you think there's a diff when there isnt (false pos) acccept null when you should reject (type 2) ---you don't think there's a diff when there is (false neg)
reliability vs validity-- ____________ = precision, focus is on repeatability of findings
reliability
Is the study primary, secondary, or tertiary research?--- "The aim of this study was to review the studies on the relationship between sodium intake and cardiovascular health. Various types of studies were included in the review. They found gaps in the literature and suggested ideas for further research." (O'Donnell, Mente, & Yusuf, 2015).
secondary
give an example of a threat to internal validity:
selection history testing maturation
"We hypothesized that a healthy dietary pattern would be associated with a decreased risk for cognitive decline." ---Is the hypothesis simple or complex?
simple
______ measure of the ave deviations of a value from the mean -range -percentile -stnd deviation
stnd deviation
Which type of sampling involves dividing the accessible population into groups and then using simple random sampling for each group? systematic random sampling stratified random sampling cluster random sampling multistage sampling
stratified random sampling
Which type of error does bias represent? -random error -measurement error -attrition error -systematic error
systematic error
a confusing question on a survey is an example of a: --random error --systematic error
systematic error
Which type of review article is more rigorous? narrative review systematic review primary review article
systematic review --more rigorous (unbiased summary)
Using the title, identify as: original research, research editorial, narrative review, or systematic review-- "Breast-feeding and postpartum weight retention: A meta-analysis"
systematic review (meta-analysis is a type of sys review, the highest level of scientific evidence by combining studies into a single result)
_____________has independent and correlated variations -t-test -chi square -Pearson's r -Multiple regression -ANOVA
t-test
the source population needs to reflect the _______ population
target
Which of the following is the group to whom you want to apply your results? -target population -accessible population -sampling frame -source population
target population
Using the title, identify as an: intervention, outcomes, epidemiological, or translational research study-- "Persistent effects of early infant diet and associated microbiota on the juvenile immune system" (Narayan, Mendez-Lagares, Ardeshir, Lu, Van Rompay, & Hartigan-O'Connor, 2015).
translational research
A survey that asks the same questions at several points in time to a new group of respondents each time is a: cross-sectional survey trend survey panel survey cohort survey
trend survey
T/F A qualitative study includes an Introduction (with literature review), Methods, Results, and Discussion (with conclusions).
true
T/F If a researcher uses previously collected data, such as NHANES data, to answer a research question, this is considered secondary data analysis.
true
T/F In a case-control study, if the OR is 1, the odds of exposure are the same for cases and controls.
true
T/F In a normal distribution, the mean, median, and mode are the same value
true
T/F Most evidence analysis questions on the EAL are organized using the Nutrition Care Process categories.
true
T/F Qualitative researchers may receive training on how to hold interviews and focus groups if used in studies they conduct.
true
T/F Qualitative studies often use inclusion and exclusion criteria.
true
T/F non-probability sampling is less likely to produce representative samples and is more prone to sampling variance -> selection bias
true
T/F researchers are key instruments in qualitative studies
true
T/F A Likert scale is an example of an ordinal level of measurement
true
T/F Many of the biomedical/behavioral studies in the U.S. are regulated by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and/or the USDA
true
T/F the following is NOT a conflict of interest and does not need to be disclosed/acknowledged-- -"A dietitian who covers the oncology unit recruiting patients for a study in the diabetes clinic"
true
T/F the following is an example of research defined by federal regulations-- "Surveying newly diagnosed patients who receive diet education about what information was helpful to them to design a new program and publish it in a journal"
true
T/F-- A subject heading search is most useful once you have determined appropriate subject headings for that database. true false
true
T/F universities, hospitals, and professional associations have policies related to research ethics
true (all do!!)
T/F inc in sample size does not reduce bias
true!!!
T/F validity is different from bias
true!!! (excellent validity = little bias) ----aka -- related but different
which is more serious, type 1 or type 2 error?
type 1 error --> report a difference when there isn't one
waht is the consequence of fishing?
type 1 error (false pos)
The quantity 1 - ß is the probability of avoiding _____________
type 2 error
When you accept the null hypothesis when it is false is: Type____Error
type 2 error
what is the consequence of a low statistical power?
type 2 error (false neg)
give an example of how to avoid threas to power and validity:
use blinding increase sample size dec biases use validated measures
reliability vs validity-- __________ = accuracy, refers to whether or not the instruments measure what they intend to measure
validity
