Nutrition 301 Old Exam Answers

Oliver is trying to determine if he should buy agave syrup as a preferable alternative to HFCS. He asks you what you think. What should you tell him?

Agave syrup can have more fructose in it than HFCS, so if you are concerned about the health effects of fructose, you might want to limit consumption.

The food groups teach us that all nutrients can be found in more than one group; therefore, we really don't need to worry if we regularly consume only one or two of the groups.

False ** Food groups more likely tell us nutrients are food within a group

Digestion involves bringing complex food molecules into the body, where they can be converted to smaller molecules through a process called absorption.

False ** Digestion is breaking up complex food molecules into smaller molecules to be absorbed ** Absorption is bringing these molecules into the body

Dietary lipids are absorbed in the form of:

Fatty acids, glycerol, and monoglycerides, which are then resynthesized in the intestinal cell.

Ryan is a registered dietitian in a limited resource community. Food diaries from patients indicate marginal intake of vitamins and minerals. He wants to write a grant to ask for funding to help improve the diets of his patients. Ryan considers the scientific literature to see what studies have been conducted about marginal intake of vitamins and minerals. Which findings should Ryan use as justification for his grant proposal?

Individuals with limited nutrition knowledge might be eager to eat well but be unsure of which foods are good sources of key vitamins and minerals.

Jill purchased natural peanut butter at the grocery store. When she opens the jar, she sees that there is a lot of oil on the top. What is lacking in the natural peanut butter that Jill purchased?

Mono and diglycerides

Helps with secretion of gastric juices.

Mouth

Choose: Deficient, overconsumption, marginal, optimal, excess A combination of recommendations provided in specific amounts and in percentage of total calories help to ensure this level of intake.

Optimal

Choose: Deficient, overconsumption, marginal, optimal, excess Public health recommendaitons to decrease saturated fat are to limit this level of intake.

Overconsumption

Lipoproteins are used to transport lipids through the body because lipids are:

Too water-insoluble to travel on their own

The primary role of HCl is to denature protein by disrupting the side group interactions, causing the protein molecule to "unwind"

True

Unlike substitutes for sugar and fat, protein substitutes substitute one protein for another so that the overall calorie content is the same.

True

If fresh produce has not been transported in refrigerated trucks, it may not be as nutritious as if it has just been picked.

True ** Need to keep food cold to keep nutrition

Your friend has been on a health kick recently, so for his birthday, you splurge and buy him an expensive blender so he can make nutritious fruit and vegetable smoothies. "Gee thanks," he says, "but I can't afford to buy all that fresh produce." What is the BEST reply to him?

"You can use canned or frozen fruits and vegetables; often their nutrient content is as high, if not higher than fresh produce. Plus, they are usually less expensive."

Peter read in the Dietary Guidelines that he should be increasing his "bean" (legume) consumption in the "Protein" group. He is looking at the menu options at One Earth. Which of the following would allow Peter to follow this dietary guidance?

- A lentil "meat"ball wrap - Cuban black beans with cilantro lime rice - A "Wok 4 U" with chicken, broccoli & chickpeas, and crystal sauce (seasoned vegetable stock)

Which of the following describes what happens when manufacturers hydrogenate fatty acids?

- Addition of H turns double bonds into single bonds - Creates trans fatty acids, which are more harmful than saturated fats

Pete wants to determine WHY a nutrient or dietary component is having a particular effect -- that is, the potential mechanism. How could he determine this potential mechanism?

- An animal study - An in vitro or test tube study ** Clinical studies have too many variables

Lipids...

- Can vary in structure - Some have glycerol backbones and some have multiring components

Leonard on the Big Bang Theory is lactose intolerant. Based on Leonard's condition, Sheldon will include which of the following clauses in the "Roommate Agreement?"

- Causes you to be gassy - Can eat lactose in cheese and yogurt in small amounts, but not milk ** Causes you to attract water in Large intestine???

Dulcolax is a laxative product that claims to have "relief in minutes." This over-the-counter product contains an active ingredient called bisacotyl, which acts much like senna and casara found in herbal remedies. In what way(s) do these types of products relieve constipation?

- Chemical stimulation of peristalsis

Which of the following is/are CORRECT regarding the Daily Values?

- Daily values are derived from the DRIs and are used for food labeling only. - Daily values are used to help a consumer compare nutrition of different products. ** DRI and Daily Value are NOT interchangable.

Which of the following statements concerning dietary supplements is/are CORRECT?

- Dietary supplements can be sold without providing the FDA evidence of safety testing. - Dietary supplements can be sold without providing the FDA evidence regarding its purity or potency. ** Can only be classified as either drug or dietary supplement, not both

Sheldon buys a time machine and convinces Leonard to test it out with him. He sets the time machine to the 1940s because he wants to know how nutrition guidance has changed over time. What do they discover?

- Dietitians working in a nursing home give their elderly patients a multivitamin with lower levels of certain vitamins. - Doctors are not providing recommendations on carbohydrates/fat patients should be consuming. Just talking about protein. ** Elderly were thought to need less nutrients. Also protein was big concern for a long time.

Imagine that the Mars Curiosity rover finds fatty acids on Mars that are EXACTLY like those on Earth. Which of the following could be a characteristic of the Martian fatty acid?

- First double bond in a polyunsaturated fatty acid is found on the sixth carbon.

Renew Life sells a product called "Ultimate Flora," a type of probiotic supplement. Which is true about this product?

- Flora refers to bacteria flora in product - If product were prebiotic, it would be food for bacteria - Consuming fruits and vegetables and whole grains can help build up flora in body

Which of the following peer review article titles would be LEAST LIKELY to be picked up by the media?

- Fruit and vegetable intake linked to weight loss ** No one cares about fruits and vegetables

Characteristics of bile

- Has hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties - Helps digest lipids

LDLs

- Have bad reputation - Deliver cholesterol to cells

Tasting food:

- Helps us avoid potentially poisonous or spoiled food - Helps us seek of essential carbohydrates, sodium, protein - Prepares stomach for incoming food by secreting HCl

Maria used to use hydrogenated vegetable oil in her restaurant. She fries a lot of her menu items and found that the hydrogenated oil was beneficial because it:

- Increased shelf life of oil - Decreased likelihood of oxidation of oil during frying

Glycogen

- Is structurally similar to highly branched plant starch ** SHORT TERM ENERGY STORAGE ** converted to FAT in the liver

Elsa goes to the frozen section of the grocery store to find her favorite ice cream - Olaf's Carrot Cake. She sees cartons with two different Nutrition Facts labels - old (pre-2018) and new (2018). Which of the following is true about the two labels?

- Line for added sugar on new label but not old - Calories on new product are much larger

VLDL

- Made in liver - Carry extra calories

HDL

- Made in liver - Role is to clean up after LDLs and take cholesterol back to liver for removal

The "placebo effect":

- Maybe mediated by actual changes in neurochemicals in the body in response to the expectation of an outcome. - Refers to the ability of one's expectation to alter the outcome of an intervention.

Which of the following claims would be allowed on a supplement label under current regulations?

- Memory Max helps to support memory. ** Cant say words like prevents, cures, but can say "helps to"

Sterols are

- Multi ring structures - Found in plants and animals

Which of the following statements is/are CORRECT regarding saturated fatty acids?

- No more hydrogen atoms can be added - Should be limited in diet as they contribute to increased risk of CVD - When they predominate in dietary triglyceride, they contribute to hardness

Your grandmother is used to the food pyramid and asks you about this new fancy "MyPlate." You tell her about the messages of MyPlate, but she asks about the potential limitations. In what ways might MyPlate be limiting?

- No one message or icon appeals to everyone - Some people might assume you can have dairy in the form of milk - We do not always eat on a plate, which could lead to confusion - Not every food group will be consumed at every meal, so will not always look the same.

Glycemic Index characteristics

- Not meaningful when combined with other foods - Can vary based on cooking time - Can vary within different varieties of a single food based on structure (ie not all potatoes are the same) - Whole wheat products not very different than regular bread

Which of the following statements concerning digestive enzymes is/are CORRECT?

- Proteases are made in stomach, pancreas, and small intestine and function in the stomach/small intestine - Protease, amylases, and lipases all function in small intestine

There is a relationship between increased fruit and vegetable consumption and decreased risk of chronic disease. Which of the following could be a potential confounder associated with this relationship?

- Socioeconomic status - Access to healthcare - Residing in a food desert

Kevin and Randall are comparing what they ate yesterday to what is recommended by the Dietary Guidelines. Kevin says, "I met the DRI for vegetables, and not only that, I even had some green beans, just like the Guidelines recommend. And I also met the whole grain recommendation with my wheat bread at lunch" Which of the following comments would be appropriate (correct) for Randall to make?

- Technically, there is no DRI for vegetables -Wheat bread is not a whole grain - Green beans are not the kind of bean the Dietary Guidelines recommend. *** Green beans are not a legume

At Thanksgiving dinner, Uncle Fred pulls out a bottle of a product called "cellulase," insisting that it is the newest weight loss secret. He tells you that he read that we waste our money on fresh fruits and vegetables if we do not have cellulase to digest them. You should tell Uncle Fred that by using this product he is eliminating what benefit of fruits and vegetables?

- Their ability to reduce the likelihood of constipation - Their naturally low calorie levels

Which of the following concerning starch is correct?

- They are found in tuberous vegetables, legumes, nuts, seeds. - They have thickening and gel-like characteristics. ** Starches only made of glucose!!!!!!

Wilhelmina loves her morning coffee. She found out about a new product, called VitaCup, that is a vitamin-infused coffee, essentially a "K-cup" with vitamins in it. She drinks several cups a day. She doesn't really love the taste of coffee, so she adds lots of sugar and cream. She uses these sugary, vitamin-packed coffees as justification for why she does not need to eat fruits and vegetables. What should you tell her?

- While she might be reaching adequate amounts of vitamins and minerals, she's missing out on the fiber in fruits and vegetables. - If vitamin intake is high enough, GI tract will decrease absorption of vitamin, but absorption of carbs and sugar will not be afected.

Which of the following statements concerning food labeling is/are CORRECT?

-According to the new rules about Nutrition Facts, the food label of a food intended to be consumed in one sitting needs to reflect nutrition facts for the entire package, not a portion of the package. ** Manufacturers can "test" the FDA by coming up with new claims. ** Ingredients are listed in descending order by weight.

Protein turnover:

-Is the process by which the proteins in our bodies are constantly being broken down and resynthesized. - Impacts energy needs

How many calories are in a gram of alcohol?

7 calories per gram

Question about eating a specific meal. The burrito bowl contains 60 grams of fat, 100 grams of carbohydrates, and 60 grams of protein. How many calories are in the burrito?

9 g/cal in fat = 540 calories 4 g/cal in carbs = 400 calories 4 g/cal in protein = 240 calories Added together = 1180 calories ** 4 g/cal in carbs and protein, 9 g/cal in fat

Which of the following statements concerning chronic and deficiency diseases are correct?

A chronic disease is multifactorial while a deficiency disease has only one underlying cause. ** Chronic diseases are harder to understand because there are multiple reasons for it.

At the Plants for Human Health institute in Kannapolis, NC, researchers conduct studies to expand our knowledge of the role of phytonutrients in improving human health. Which of the following would be projects that researchers would conduct?

A study in which researchers explore how polyphenols (a plant in berries) might help decrease risk for heart-related chronic disease. ** Know that vitamins and minerals are not the same as phytonutrients.

Leslie, Ron, and Andy are all eating broccoli. Ron's was boiled, Leslie's was steamed, and Andy's was cooked in a microwave. Whose broccoli is most likely to have retained the most nutrients?

Andy's *Microwave loses the least nutrients, then steaming, then boiling

Jamie wants to make nutrient-packed cookies for the Nutrition Club potluck. Which of the following should he add to his cookies in place of sugar to significantly improve the micronutrient content in the cookies?

Blackstrap molasses

Which weighs more: fat or carbs?

Carbs

Chylomycin

Carries dietary triglycerides (won't be found in someone fasting)

After completing her food diary project, Gabrielle is trying to improve her diet. At the grocery store she sees a box of "Good Thins" crackers. She says to herself, "these must be more nutritious than other crackers like Wheat Thins and Triscuits." Based on what you've learned in class, you would suggest that she:

Check the Nutrition Facts panel to make sure that the product really is a good, nutritious choice, because the FDA does not regulate the name of a product.

Lower quality proteins:

Do not contain all the essential amino acids in amounts proportional to human need

All other protein needs will be sacrificed when protein is required to provide amino acids for:

Energy

While browsing the internet, you find an article about a substance that is naturally found in fruits and vegetables, especially green leafy vegetables. It has been found to regulate blood clotting, play a role in bone health, etc. Upon further reading, you read that the body does not make enough of this on its own. What kind of nutrient is it?

Essential nutrient (body cannot make it on its own or enough of it)

Choose: Deficient, overconsumption, marginal, optimal, excess This direct relationship can lead to reversible side effects or irreversible toxic effects.

Excess

TRUE OR FALSE: Nutrition science has progressed dramatically over recent years, such that we can now determine to a large degree of certainty the precise relationship between nutrient intake and deficiency disease.

FALSE

Rules regarding what can/cannot be said in the advertising for dietary supplements are the same as those for what can/cannot be said in books and articles in magazines or on the internet.

False

Normally you like to eat breakfast in the dining hall because you like the variety and you can take fruit to go. Bananas are your favorite and a good source of potassium. The last couple mornings, you oversleep and do not get your banana. Should you be worried about potassium intake?

Foods are grouped together based on the type of nutrients they provide, and because you are eating other fruits and vegetables, you are likely not at risk for potassium deficiency.

Terrance has decided to purchase a protein supplement to help him increase muscle mass. Unfortunately he has not had time to work out since he started taking it. If his protein intake now exceeds his need, he is most likely to:

Gain additional body fat

A new doctor is setting up her practice and asks you to help her create nutrition-related patient handouts. She asks you to provide gram requirements for macronutrients. When you provide the recommendations as percentages, she questions you. What should you say?

Her patients might overconsume the macronutrients with a specific gram amount, meaning that many would gain weight. ** Do not have irreversible metabolic changes.

Geoff is planning to conduct undergraduate research, but he is trying to decide between an epidemiological study, a clinical trial, and an animal study. He knows that there are advantages and limitations to all types of studies. Which of these limitations apply?

If he chooses the incorrect dose for his clinical trial, the treatment may seem ineffective when it might have been effective at a higher dose.

There is a local book club that meets regularly to discuss the latest diet & heath-related publications. Imagine that this month's selection is called, Fat Fix-It Plus: How Your Food Can Cure Anything. Which of the following is likely CORRECT about the book?

If the book references a meal plan that is easy and guaranteed to cure diabetes, and it in fact does not do that, then the authors could be in trouble with the FTC. ** Can say anything that doesn't directly claim to cure, etc. ** Writing about a diet can be written by anyone, even if they're not a dietitian

Absorption of vitamin K produced by bacteria can happen here.

Large intestine

Choose: Deficient, overconsumption, marginal, optimal, excess Limited access to fruits and vegetables can be one factor in the development of chronic diseases due to this level of intake.

Marginal

Members of the cast of Hamilton are worried that their strenuous touring schedule is taking a toll on their body composition. They all attempt to determine body composition using different methods. Which member of the cast used the most accurate approach for determining body composition?

None of the above. - Use calipers with a trained professional - Growth chart only meant for kids and not very accurate based on muscle composition - Do NOT chug water before using bioelectrical impendence scale

Danielle, a successful business woman in the US, has been feeling tired and a little depressed for a few weeks. She Googles "vitamins for depression" and finds a website that says, "[A] deficiency of vitamin B-6 can cause skin disorders, cracked lips, mental confusion, depression, nervousness, weakness and irritability," so she starts taking it. Which of following is the MOST likely result?

She feels much better because of the placebo effect.

Which is of the following is an example of bias in dietary assessment? - Blake isn't sure how many pistachios she ate for a snack, so she makes her best guess. - Grey is not good at estimating portion sizes, so she guesses that she ate ½ cup of pasta when she actually consumed 1 ½ cups of pasta. - Shepherd eats a frozen, yogurt-covered banana instead of his regular late-night pint of ice cream. - Karev had a bag of chips between surgeries but forgot to write it in his food diary.

Shepard eating frozen banana. Bias because assuming it's healthier (?)

Denaturation and digestion of protein happens here.

Stomach

Taylor tracks calories and micronutrients on MyFitnessPal and determines her levels of micronutrients vary widely from day to day. She is not sure if this is normal or not.

Taylor should know that the DRI is designed to be met over a period of time, not each and every day, so varying levels of micronutrients from day-to-day is not a concern.

What is the difference between the EAR and DRIs?

The DRIs are set at a level to cover 97.5% of individuals in any given age or sex group, while the EAR is the average mean requirement within specific age and sex group.

A web site for a supplement product describes it as a "patented combination of natural micronutrients." This means that:

The federal government has determined that this ingredient combination and/or formulation is novel (has never been produced before).

The primary site of digestion & absorption.

The small intestine

Which of the following nutrients are NOT chemically broken down by digestive enzymes before they are absorbed?

Vitamins and minerals

Recommendation DRIs for macronutrients and vitamins:

Vitamins: 60% or less is marginal intake Carbohydrates: 45-65% Protein: 10-35% of intake Fat: 20-35%

Which of the following is correct?

Water-soluble vitamins and minerals are lost by exposure to water that can be retrieved by consuming water. ** Minerals are lost through peeling