nutrition

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Dana is 33 years old and pregnant for the first time. She is concerned that she might be too old to have a healthy pregnancy. Her obstetrician informed Dana that the ideal age range for pregnancy is 21 to 32 years old. 20 to 40 years old. 14 to 19 years old. 20 to 35 years old.

20 to 35 years old.

The Chronic Disease Risk Reduction intake level (CDRR) for sodium for adults is ______ milligrams per day. 1200 1500 2000 2300

2300

This beverage is packaged in a 20-ounce bottle. How much sugar would you consume if you drank the whole bottle? 0 g 13 g 26 g 33 g

33 g

Approximately ______ of school-age children in the United States have a BMI-for-age in the overweight or obese range. 25% 33% 50% 66%

33%

Quinn is a six-month-old baby girl who weighs 13 pounds (6 kg). Using the formula given for infants and toddlers in the text, calculate her Estimated Energy Requirements (EER). 490 kilocalories per day 506 kilocalories per day 578 kilocalories per day 609 kilocalories per day

490 kilocalories per day

Low birth weight (LBW) refers to birth weight less than _____ pounds, regardless of gestational age. It most commonly results from preterm birth. 5.5 3.5 4.5 2.5

5.5

At which of the following ages would the rate of bone loss exceed the rate of bone synthesis (even when calcium intake is adequate)? 18 months old 10 years old 50 years old 18 years old

50 years old

Quinn is a six-month-old female who weighs 13 pounds. Using the WHO growth chart for infant girls, plot Quinn's weight-for-age and determine her weight-for-age percentile. 5th percentile 50th percentile 95th percentile >100th percentile

5th percentile

The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics and the American Academy of Pediatrics recommend that babies should be exclusively breastfed for the first ______ of life. 4 months 6 weeks 12 months 6 months

6 months

According to the American Academy of Pediatrics and the Dietary Guidelines, complementary foods should be introduced at 4 months of age. 6 months of age 9 months of age. 12 months of age.

6 months of age

For children, the Physical Activity Guidelines recommend at least ______ of moderate or vigorous exercise per day. 15 minutes 30 minutes 60 minutes 90 minutes

60 minutes

Experts speculate that about _____% of foodborne illness cases go undiagnosed because they result from viral causes, and there is no easy way to test for these pathogens. 25 70 45 90

In North America, the group constituting those aged _____ is the fastest-growing segment of the population. 21 years and under 65 to 80 years 85 years and above 35 to 55 years

85 years and above

At 18 months of age, Lila weighs 24 pounds. Calculate her approximate energy needs based on the formula provided in your text 2060 kcal 1600 kcal 1050 kcal 900 kcal

900 kcal

Jacob is 8 years old and his family experiences food insecurity. He is short for his age, and his teacher has recently noticed that Jacob is falling asleep during class and seems unable to concentrate on his tasks. A deficiency in what nutrient is likely at the root of these deficits in growth, physical stamina, and mental ability? Vitamin B-12 Calcium Vitamin A Iron

Iron

Internal iron stores (transferred from the mother to the fetus during the end stages of pregnancy) generally run out by the time an infant is six months old. Iron is important for cognitive development. What is the best source of dietary iron for a 12-month-old child? Eggs and nuts Whole cow's milk and yogurt Dark green leafy vegetables such as kale or spinach Iron-fortified breakfast cereal or small amounts of lean meat

Iron-fortified breakfast cereal or small amounts of lean meat

As people age, their tolerance for lactose-containing foods often decreases. What is the primary cause of lactose intolerance associated with aging? Lactase production decreases Calcium uptake by bones decreases Milk allergies develop Stomach acid and intrinsic factor production decrease

Lactase production decreases

During her pregnancy, Kume has been extra careful to avoid foods that could potentially cause foodborne illness. Even though she loves Greek salad, at lunch today she had to order something else because the waiter could not confirm whether or not the feta cheese on the salad was pasteurized. Pregnant women should avoid unpasteurized cheese because ______ can cross the placental barrier, infect the fetus, and cause spontaneous abortion or stillbirth. Salmonella bacteria Listeria monocytogenes prions botulism spores

Listeria monocytogenes

While some adults may opt to follow a low-carbohydrate, high-protein diet for short-term weight loss, a high-protein diet is dangerous for an infant. What is the consequence of feeding an infant too much protein? The excess carbon and vitamins of a high-protein diet stress the baby's bones. The excess hydrogen and potassium of a high-protein diet elevate the baby's blood pressure. The excess nitrogen and minerals of a high-protein diet stress the baby's kidneys. The excess fatty acids of a high-protein diet stress the baby's heart.

The excess nitrogen and minerals of a high-protein diet stress the baby's kidneys.

The deliberate introduction of harmful agents, biological and otherwise, into the food supply chain with the intent of causing actual or perceived damage is called agroterrorism. food insecurity. agricultural targeting. foodborne pathogenesis.

agroterrorism.

Am I Aging Healthfully? Take Control of Your Aging by Dr. William B. Malarkey includes a plan that incorporates various diet and lifestyle factors associated with successful aging. Indicate the degree to which you are following such a plan (or alternatively, fill this out with a parent or another older relative in mind). Physical: Do you eat a well-balanced dietary pattern, engage in physical activity on a regular basis, remain free of illness, abstain from smoking, refrain from drinking alcohol excessively, and experience refreshing sleep? Yes Intellectual: Are you analytical, do you read regularly, do you learn new things each day, do you engage your mental ability at work (or at school), and do you often reflect on your life? Yes Emotional: Are you at peace, do you like who you are, are you optimistic, and do you laugh and relax regularly? Yes Relational: Are you a good listener, do you feel supported by friends, do you attend social functions, do you talk with family members often, and do you feel close to coworkers (or fellow students)? Yes Spiritual:Do you appreciate nature, give to or serve others, meditate or seek religious worship, and feel life has meaning? Yes

all yes

Vitamin D regulates the absorption of ______ from the small intestine. calcium and magnesium calcium and fluoride calcium and phosphorus phosphorus and magnesium

calcium and phosphorus

Taking megadoses of individual mineral supplements can decrease the absorption and metabolism of other minerals. supply unneeded calories and promote weight gain. increase blood pressure. enhance the absorption of certain vitamins.

decrease the absorption and metabolism of other minerals.

As school-age children get older, time spent in physical activity generally increases. does not change. decreases.

decreases.

Sodium, potassium, chloride, and phosphate are all electrolytes. free radicals. coenzymes. antioxidants.

electrolytes.

Dehydration leads to increased ion concentration of the blood. This causes water to move out of cells. move into cells.

move out of cells.

Healthy sources of fat, such as _____, will boost levels of omega-3 fatty acids in the body. grapeseed oil, safflower oil, and eggs mushrooms, red wine, and chia seeds walnuts, canola oil, flaxseed oil, and fatty fish tropical and coconut oil

walnuts, canola oil, flaxseed oil, and fatty fish

The most common organisms causing food spoilage are bacteria, yeasts, and molds. insects, and parasites. molds, and insects. yeasts, and insects.

yeasts, and molds.

A reduction in the sense of taste can be caused by a deficiency of zinc. magnesium. iron. calcium.

zinc.

Animal sources of iron are ______ bioavailable than plant sources of iron. less more

You have finished your dinner, but you look at Lila's plate and see that 2 ounces of chicken, ½ cup of green beans, and about ¾ cup of mashed potatoes remain uneaten. Apparently, you have given her too much to eat! Which of the following would have been appropriate portions for Lila? 3 ounces of chicken, 1 cup of green beans, and 1 cup of mashed potatoes 2 ounces of chicken, 1/2 cup of green beans, and 1/2 cup of mashed potatoes 3 to 4 tablespoons each of chicken, green beans, and potatoes 1 to 2 tablespoons each of chicken, green beans, and potatoes

1 to 2 tablespoons each of chicken, green beans, and potatoes

The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that all infants, including those who are exclusively breastfed, should be given ______ of supplemental vitamin D per day until intake from food sources reaches this amount. 5 micrograms 10 micrograms 15 micrograms 20 micrograms

10 micrograms

Lino is a linebacker on his college football team. He is concerned about achieving adequate hydration during intense, hot summer football practices. Lino weighs himself before and after practice and notices that he loses five pounds by the time practice is over. How many cups of water should he drink to replace these fluid losses? 21 cups of water 7 cups of water 2 cups of water 14 cups of water

14 cups of water

The Adequate Intake (AI) for sodium for adults is ______ milligrams per day. 1200 1500 2000 2300

1500

After reaching age ______, children who drink cow's milk should switch from whole cow's milk to reduced-fat or skim cow's milk. 2 6 12 1

Gabe was experiencing fatigue, despite sleeping eight hours per night. He went to the doctor and was diagnosed with iron-deficiency anemia. In addition to an iron supplement, the doctor recommended he eat iron-fortified breakfast cereals. Which food would be the best accompaniment for his iron-fortified breakfast cereal and why? A cup of orange juice or an orange; vitamin C increases iron absorption A banana; potassium increases iron absorption A cup of milk; vitamin D increases iron absorption An egg; biotin increases iron absorption

A cup of orange juice or an orange; vitamin C increases iron absorption

How is excess body weight related to hypertension? Excess potassium intake increases blood volume. Insulin resistance increases sodium excretion. Additional blood vessels place extra strain on the heart All of the choices are correct.

Additional blood vessels place extra strain on the heart

Bone loss is of particular concern for women. At what period of life does most bone loss in women occur? During adolescence and teenage years After menopause During childbearing years During early childhood

After menopause

Worldwide, daily hunger is a reality for almost 1 billion people. Which statement applies to world hunger? Agricultural production is sufficient to provide enough food energy for the world's 7.6 billion people. Seniors are the most susceptible to malnutrition. Almost all of those who suffer from food insecurity, hunger, or malnutrition are employed in some capacity. North America is the part of the world with the greatest number of hungry people.

Agricultural production is sufficient to provide enough food energy for the world's 7.6 billion people.

The fat composition of human breast milk is ideal for human infants because it is easily digested and absorbed by the infant's gastrointestinal tract. it provides fatty acids that are important for proper brain and eye development. it provides a dense source of energy for the rapidly growing infant. All of these are correct.

All of these are correct.

Benefits of genetic engineering in agriculture include increased crop yield. enhanced food safety and food security. reductions in soil erosion and environmental stress. All of these choices are correct.

All of these choices are correct.

Financial support for urban agriculture can come from local businesses. private foundations. government grants. All of these choices are correct.

All of these choices are correct.

Which of the following problems could be associated with excessive fruit juice consumption? Diarrhea Childhood obesity Failure to thrive All of these choices are correct.

All of these choices are correct.

Which of the following meals would help to ensure adequate nutrition to support healthy red blood cells? Wheaties® cereal with fat-free milk Spinach salad with diced eggs and sweet and sour dressing Soft tacos with slow-cooked sirloin, veggies, and black beans Paella with shrimp, clams, and mussels All of these would support red blood cell health.

All of these would support red blood cell health.

How common are food spoilage microorganisms? They are extremely rare. Almost none of our foods contain them. Almost all of our foods contain them. A few of our foods contain them.

Almost all of our foods contain them.

The thrifty metabolism has been theorized to affect longevity. Which of the following most accurately describes the thrifty metabolism concept? An individual on a low-income budget and restricted caloric intake tends to live longer than one who doesn't. An individual who requires more calories for metabolic processes and who does not store fat easily will thrive in times of adequate food and tends to live longer than one who doesn't. An individual who eats small frequent meals and spaces caloric intake out throughout the day tends to live longer than one who doesn't. An individual who requires fewer calories for metabolic processes and can store fat easily would be more likely to survive in times of famine than one who does not.

An individual who requires fewer calories for metabolic processes and can store fat easily would be more likely to survive in times of famine than one who does not.

As a healthier alternative to French fries, some fast food outlets offer presliced, bagged apples as a side option. The ingredients list often reads, "Apples and Ascorbic Acid." Ascorbic acid is another name for vitamin C. What role does the ascorbic acid play in the product? Ascorbic acid is a color additive that makes the color of the apples appear more vibrant. Ascorbic acid is a sequestrant that binds free metal ions and reduces the rancidity of fat in the apples. Ascorbic acid is an antioxidant that prevents discoloration when the apples are cut and exposed to oxygen. Ascorbic acid is a curing agent that prevents the growth of Clostridium botulinum.

Ascorbic acid is an antioxidant that prevents discoloration when the apples are cut and exposed to oxygen.

Research Collection: Curbing Childhood Obesity According to the CDC, rates of childhood obesity have doubled among children and tripled among adolescents in the past three decades. Some of the risk for obesity can be explained by genetics, but changes in lifestyle are mostly to blame. Which behaviors are predictors of childhood obesity? Time spent in physical activity, time spent in sedentary behavior, frequency of family breakfasts, and consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages were all related to percent body fat. Of these behaviors, only physical activity and family breakfasts were significantly related to BMI z-score. How can we explain this inconsistency? BMI does not account for changes in hydration. BMI does not account for changes in age. BMI does not account for changes in muscle and fat. BMI does not account for sex.

BMI does not account for changes in muscle and fat

BMI z-score and percent body fat increased

Which of the following can occur if a person ingests too much fluoride? Enlarged thyroid gland Fishy body odor Hair loss Brown spots on the teeth

Brown spots on the teeth

Which mineral is most important throughout life to assist in maintaining strong bones? Potassium Sodium Phosphorus Calcium

Calcium

About 95% of North American adults exceed the CDRR for sodium. Which of the following represents the best way to limit sodium intake? Use sea salt instead of iodized salt at the table and in cooking. Avoid adding salt to foods while cooking and at the table. Choose home-cooked meals prepared with fresh ingredients rather than restaurant and processed foods. Decrease intake of dairy products.

Choose home-cooked meals prepared with fresh ingredients rather than restaurant and processed foods

______ refers to stunted growth and developmental delays in a child whose mother was deficient in iodine during pregnancy. Pernicious anemia Rickets Beriberi Congenital hypothyroidism

Congenital hypothyroidism

Which of the following has the largest impact on the spread of infectious diseases in the developing world? Contaminated water Lack of fortified food availability Insufficient meat intake HIV/AIDS

Contaminated water

Dana is intending to breastfeed her baby after he is born. She has read that human breast milk differs significantly from cow's milk and cow's milk should not replace human milk (or infant formula) until the baby is at least one year old. How does human breast milk differ from cow's milk? Cow's milk is too high in minerals, too high in protein, and too low in carbohydrates for human infants. The fat in cow's milk contains more omega-3 fatty acids than the fat in human milk. Cow's milk is too low in protein and too high in fat for human infants. Cow's milk provides immune-enhancing antibodies that are not present in human milk.

Cow's milk is too high in minerals, too high in protein, and too low in carbohydrates for human infants.

_____ refers to the intersection of food in culture, traditions, and history. Sustainable socioeconomics Cultural foodways Habitual consumption patterns Historical foodpaths

Cultural foodways

Iron-deficiency anemia is the most common type of malnutrition occurring during the adult years. Which of following is a risk factor for iron-deficiency anemia? During reproductive years, blood is lost during menstruation. Chronic constipation and bloating can cause blood loss. High produce intake can overload the kidneys' ability to process iron. Increases in stomach acid production lead to impaired iron absorption.

During reproductive years, blood is lost during menstruation.

Why is water effective for body temperature regulation? A large volume of water can be lost from the body without ill effects. Water temperature changes quickly. Evaporation of water from the skin releases heat energy. It takes very little energy to separate water molecules.

Evaporation of water from the skin releases heat energy.

Although moderate weight-bearing exercise has a positive effect on the development and maintenance of bone mass, excessive exercise can be detrimental to bone health. Which of the following explains why excessive exercise can be detrimental to bone health? High levels of body fat lead to insufficient production of reproductive hormones, which accelerates bone loss. Excessive exercise without sufficient energy intake leads to low production of reproductive hormones, which can accelerate bone loss. The high energy requirements of athletic training rob bones of crucial nutrients. Athletic activities, particularly resistance exercise, inherently increase the risk for bone fracture.

Excessive exercise without sufficient energy intake leads to low production of reproductive hormones, which can accelerate bone loss.

The current level of folic acid fortification of grain products leads to an intake of about 100 extra micrograms of folic acid per day. Why doesn't the fortification program mandate higher levels of folic acid to more effectively meet requirements? Excessive folic acid can mask a vitamin B-12 deficiency Excessive folic acid increases risk for stroke. Folic acid decreases the shelf life of grain products Folic acid imparts an undesirable flavor to grain products.

Excessive folic acid can mask a vitamin B-12 deficiency

What is food neophobia? Inability to chew and swallow solid foods Fear of new foods Fear of choking A period of time during which a child will only eat a limited variety of foods

Fear of new foods

At what point in pregnancy is the neural tube formed? First trimester Second trimester Third trimester

First trimester

During which trimester is the fetus at greatest risk of malformations? First trimester Second trimester Third trimester

First trimester

As a mother of young children, Laura is concerned about her children's dental health because they live in a community that does not have fluoridated water. Fluoride helps protect against dental caries. Where else can her children get fluoride? Beef Fluoridated toothpaste Bottled water Apples

Fluoridated toothpaste

Lorraine's husband called her at 3:00 p.m. complaining of stomach pains that he thinks were related to the rare hamburger he ate earlier that day at noon. Does he have a foodborne infection or a foodborne intoxication? Foodborne intoxication Foodborne infection

Foodborne intoxication

Frequency of family breakfasts

To assess hunger, the International Food Policy Research Institute annually calculates the _______, a tool designed to measure and track hunger worldwide. Global Hunger Index (GHI) Planetary Food Insecurity Index (PFII) United Nations Hunger and Poverty Score WHO Hunger Map

Global Hunger Index (GHI)

Which of the following is not a consumer, environmental, and industry trend that has increased the risk of contracting foodborne illnesses? Global decentralization of food production facilities so food is less likely to be distributed off-site. Increased number of severe storms and natural disasters resulting in power outages and contamination of water supplies. A greater aging population increasing health vulnerabilities. Greater consumption of raw or undercooked animal products

Global decentralization of food production facilities so food is less likely to be distributed off-site.

Kelly is concerned about the growth of her daughter Quinn. At Quinn's last pediatrician appointment, the doctor assured Kelly that Quinn's head circumference indicates adequate growth. What does head circumference measure in a child? Head circumference predicts growth in weight. Head circumference is a means of assessing brain growth. Head circumference is a means of assessing hydration status. Head circumference predicts growth in length.

Head circumference is a means of assessing brain growth.

Iron is part of the hemoglobin in red blood cells. What is the purpose of hemoglobin? Hemoglobin transports oxygen from lungs to body cells and also returns carbon dioxide to the lungs for excretion. Hemoglobin binds oxygen in muscle tissue. Hemoglobin transports carbon dioxide from the lungs to the body cells and also returns oxygen to the lungs for excretion. Hemoglobin transports copper from the liver to the body cells

Hemoglobin transports oxygen from lungs to body cells and also returns carbon dioxide to the lungs for excretion.

Why does the American Heart Association recommend limiting intakes of red and processed meats? High intakes of saturated fat are associated with increased risk for atherosclerosis. High intakes of protein increase blood levels of LDLs. High intakes of antioxidant additives promote the formation of free radicals. High intakes of vitamin B-6 promote oxidation of LDLs.

High intakes of saturated fat are associated with increased risk for atherosclerosis.

While studying Egyptian anthropology, Lino was surprised to learn that zinc deficiency was common among certain Middle Eastern populations, even though their usual dietary pattern was high in zinc-containing foods. What caused the zinc deficiency in these populations? High phytic acid intake (in unleavened bread) decreases zinc's bioavailability. High oxalate intake (in tea) decreases zinc's bioavailability. High dietary protein intake (in fish and other seafood) decreases zinc's bioavailability. High copper intake (from vegetables grown in copper-rich soil) decreases zinc's bioavailability.

High phytic acid intake (in unleavened bread) decreases zinc's bioavailability.

This vital nutrient contributes to brain growth and development. It is also involved in the synthesis of thyroid hormones, which regulate growth, development, and metabolism. Choline Vitamin A Omega-3 Iodine

Iodine

Dana is pregnant and she is dining at a restaurant with her husband. She has been reading about foodborne illness risk during pregnancy and knows which foods to avoid. Which meal choice is the best for her as it is the least likely to cause foodborne illness? Nigiri sushi: raw fish sampler served on top of short grain white rice A medium-rare hamburger with a side of coleslaw containing raw cabbage Medium-well steak with mashed potatoes and sautéed squash A Greek salad with feta cheese; the server is unable to determine whether the feta cheese is pasteurized or not

Medium-well steak with mashed potatoes and sautéed squash

A number of recent, high-profile foodborne illness outbreaks have increased Americans' awareness of the safety of our food supply. What is the primary cause of foodborne illness in North America? Improper food preservation methods Microbial contamination Ingestion of GRAS ingredients Synthetic food additives

Microbial contamination

Which of these nutrients of concern is supplied by the vitamin-enhanced water product in this example? Calcium Dietary fiber Vitamin D Potassium None of these choices are correct.

None of these choices are correct.

_____ is the leading cause of foodborne illness, causing almost 60% of illnesses in the U.S. annually. Salmonella Escherichia coli (E. coli) Listeria Norovirus

Norovirus

How does phosphorus contribute to bone health? Phosphorus protects bone cells from oxidative damage. Phosphorus is a component of hydroxyapatite crystals, which lend strength to bones and teeth. Phosphorus is required for calcium absorption from the small intestine. Phosphorus is a component of calcitriol, the active vitamin D hormone.

Phosphorus is a component of hydroxyapatite crystals, which lend strength to bones and teeth.

Economists predict that worldwide food production will eventually lag behind population growth, leading to food shortages. Identify a reason below that contributes to this trend in the food-to-population ratio. Per capita income and access to education are on the rise for women in developing nations. Widespread use of GMOs is reducing crop yields. Poor farming practices and competing demands for land use decrease the amount of farmable acres. Many families are having less children that can assist with family farming.

Poor farming practices and competing demands for land use decrease the amount of farmable acres.

Irregular heartbeat is a sign of low blood levels of which of the following electrolyte minerals? Potassium Chloride Phosphorus Sodium

Potassium

In what way is the method used to evaluate Body Mass Index (BMI) in children (2 to 20 years) different from the method used to evaluate BMI of adults? Reference ranges for BMI for children are age- and sex-specific, whereas BMI reference ranges for adults do not account for age and biological sex. Reference ranges for BMI for adults are age- and sex-specific, whereas BMI reference ranges for children do not account for age and biological sex. The formula for childhood BMI includes height, weight, age, and biological sex, whereas the formula for adult BMI only includes height and weight. The formula for adult BMI includes height, weight, age, and biological sex, whereas the formula for childhood BMI only includes height and weight.

Reference ranges for BMI for children are age- and sex-specific, whereas BMI reference ranges for adults do not account for age and biological sex.

This fall, your garden produced a lot of cauliflower, so you'd like to try it in a variety of recipes for your family. You serve steamed cauliflower at dinner one night, but your three-year-old son refuses to eat it. He pushes his plate away and says it looks yucky. What should you do? Offer your son a scoop of ice cream after dinner if he will try a bite of cauliflower at this meal. Tell your son he cannot leave the table until he has eaten the cauliflower served at this meal. Remove the cauliflower from your son's plate at this meal, but try offering cauliflower again at another meal. Remove the cauliflower from your son's plate and never serve him steamed cauliflower again.

Remove the cauliflower from your son's plate at this meal, but try offering cauliflower again at another meal.

Dana and her husband are on vacation at a resort that features a variety of outdoor activities. Because she is pregnant, Dana is cautious about what types of exercise she engages in. All of the following are appropriate exercises for pregnancy except swimming. light aerobics. bicycling. SCUBA diving.

SCUBA diving.

Which of the following describes the antioxidant activity of selenium? Selenium reactivates vitamin E after vitamin E has neutralized a free radical. Selenium donates electrons to free radicals in cell membranes. Selenium is required for the activity of superoxide dismutase, an enzyme that chemically converts the highly reactive superoxide anion into oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. Selenium is required for the activity of glutathione peroxidase, an enzyme that chemically converts peroxides into water.

Selenium is required for the activity of glutathione peroxidase, an enzyme that chemically converts peroxides into water.

The _______ provides food assistance and nutrition education to low-income pregnant and lactating women and their young children under the age of 5. Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) USDA Department of Defense Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Program Commodity Supplemental Food Program Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP)

Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC)

By keeping food cold, the growth of microorganisms is stopped and they are killed. minimized. increased. not changed.

minimized.

One of the mothers in Lorraine's mothers group has started purchasing raw, unpasteurized milk and feeding it to her children. The other women warn her about the potential health hazards of drinking raw milk. The mother insists that pasteurization degrades the nutritional quality of milk and that raw milk is nutritionally superior. What does pasteurization do? The pasteurization process releases bound calcium and increases absorbable dietary calcium in cow's milk. The pasteurization process heats foods to kill pathogenic microorganisms and reduce the total number of bacteria. The pasteurization process denatures protein and kills harmful prions. The pasteurization process evenly distributes fat particles throughout the milk so that the cream does not rise to the top of the milk.

The pasteurization process heats foods to kill pathogenic microorganisms and reduce the total number of bacteria.

Examine the labels above. Which type of milk contains the highest levels of calcium? Whole milk Reduced-fat (2%) milk Fat-free (skim) milk They contain equal amounts

They contain equal amounts

Last summer, Lorraine's garden yielded more food than her family could eat. She chose to extend the life of many of her fruits and vegetables by preserving them. What do most preservation methods have in common? They kill viruses They increase oxygen content to levels that kill bacteria They kill bacteria They decrease water content that bacteria need to grow

They decrease water content that bacteria need to grow

During which trimester does the fetus gain the most weight? First trimester Second trimester Third trimester

Third trimester

How does the problem of malnutrition around the world differ now compared to 30 years ago? Currently malnutrition primarily affects children under the age of 5, whereas 30 years ago, it only affected adults. Malnutrition now primarily affects children in Latin America, whereas 30 years ago, the primarily affected populations were located in Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. Thirty years ago, malnutrition was perceived as a problem with food production for a growing population; now, the problem is more related to food distribution, so that gains in food production and infrastructure would benefit all. Malnutrition 30 years ago was primarily related to micronutrient deficiencies; now, the problem is an inability to achieve macronutrient intake across populations.

Thirty years ago, malnutrition was perceived as a problem with food production for a growing population; now, the problem is more related to food distribution, so that gains in food production and infrastructure would benefit all.Correct

Which of the following MyPlate food groups generally provides the best sources of magnesium? Oils Vegetables Protein foods Dairy

Vegetables

Physiological changes are an inevitable part of the aging process. As the body ages, which of the following increases? Vitamin D needs Basal metabolic rate Kidney nephron function Calorie needs

Vitamin D needs

At 2:30, when Lila wakes up from her nap, she's hungry. Which of the following snack foods would you choose for Lila? Raw baby carrots with ranch dressing Reduced-fat popcorn Whole-grain crackers with sliced cheddar cheese Fat-free yogurt sweetened with aspartame

Whole-grain crackers with sliced cheddar cheese

Should snacking be a consideration when planning a healthy menu for a preschool child? Yes, preschoolers require more sodium, saturated fat, and cholesterol than they can obtain from three meals per day. No, preschoolers should only be allowed to eat at mealtimes to avoid spoiling their appetites. Yes, snacking helps meet nutrient needs because a preschooler has high nutrient needs, but a small stomach capacity. Yes, most snack foods are fortified with calcium, iron, and zinc, which may be deficient in the dietary patterns of preschool children.

Yes, snacking helps meet nutrient needs because a preschooler has high nutrient needs, but a small stomach capacity.

Chronic use of certain medications and/or supplements can have undesirable side effects in the body. Match the medicine or supplement with its potential side effect. a. Aspirin use: b. Antibiotic use: c. Heavy iron supplement use: d. Heavy folate supplement use: Interfere with zinc and copper function Stomach bleeding Can mask vitamin B-12 deficiency Depletion of vitamin K

a. Aspirin use: Stomach bleeding b. Antibiotic use: Depletion of vitamin K c. Heavy iron supplement use: Interfere with zinc and copper function d. Heavy folate supplement use: Can mask vitamin B-12 deficiency

Research Collection: Curbing Childhood Obesity According to the CDC, rates of childhood obesity have doubled among children and tripled among adolescents in the past three decades. Some of the risk for obesity can be explained by genetics, but changes in lifestyle are mostly to blame. Which behaviors are predictors of childhood obesity? The main objective of the study was to determine the average body composition of a community-based sample of children. examine the relationship between BMI and percent body fat among children. examine associations between body composition and a variety of diet and physical activity behaviors. evaluate the effectiveness of a community-based childhood obesity prevention program.

examine associations between body composition and a variety of diet and physical activity behaviors.

An economic measure used to determine if an individual or family qualifies for specific federal benefits and programs is termed the economic entitlement profile. poverty scale. national economic scale. federal poverty level.

federal poverty level.

Urban neighborhoods and rural towns without ready access to fresh, healthy, and affordable food are commonly called _______. These locations are also referred to as low-income, low-access areas (LILA). pockets of poverty food swamps food-secure neighborhoods food deserts

food deserts

Dana is pregnant for the first time, and she is reading a book about healthy pregnancies. The book says that the goal of pregnancy is to achieve optimal health for both the baby and the mother. Two widely accepted criteria for a healthy pregnancy are gestational period longer than 37 weeks and birth weight greater than 5.5 pounds. gestational period longer than 40 weeks and birth weight greater than 2.5 pounds. gestational period longer than 40 weeks and birth weight greater than 5.5 pounds. gestational period longer than 37 weeks and birth weight greater than 2.5 pounds.

gestational period longer than 37 weeks and birth weight greater than 5.5 pounds.

Globally, the use of GMOs holds great promise for reducing the prevalence of nutrition-related deficiencies and disease. For example, a vitamin A-enhanced staple product, also known as ______, can correct vitamin A deficiencies and blindness for millions of people. peanut paste golden rice enhanced bananas baby carrots

golden rice

A state of deficiency in humans of essential vitamins and minerals that occurs largely without signs and symptoms of micronutrient deficiency diseases is called overnutrition. anorexia. anemia. hidden hunger.

hidden hunger.

The best choice for formula-fed infants with an allergy to cow's milk is soy-based formula. goat's milk. hydrolyzed protein formula. nursery water.

hydrolyzed protein formula.

Aiko comes from a family whose members routinely live to be older than 100 years of age. It can be theorized that the centenarians in her family incorporate regular physical activity into their lifestyles. eat mainly animal-based protein sources. prefer a quiet and socially isolated environment. avoid all smoking and drinking.

incorporate regular physical activity into their lifestyles.

Chromium enhances the function of thyroid hormone. ghrelin. lipase. insulin.

insulin.

The most critical micronutrients missing from diets worldwide are iron, vitamin A, iodine, zinc, and various B vitamins. the fat-soluble vitamins. folate, iron, magnesium, riboflavin, and vitamin D. calcium, vitamin A, vitamin D, and biotin.

iron, vitamin A, iodine, zinc, and various B vitamins.

In a state of starvation, the brain is able to utilize _____, or by-products of fatty-acid metabolism, as a source of fuel. glucose brown fat ketone bodies glycogen

ketone bodies

For dinner, you prepare roasted chicken breast, steamed green beans, and mashed potatoes. When it is time to eat, Lila refuses to eat the green beans. You should let her decide how much of her dinner to eat. chop the green beans and mix them into the potatoes. offer her ice cream if she eats her green beans. make her sit at the table until she cleans her plate.

let her decide how much of her dinner to eat.

Anemia symptoms of weakness, fatigue, and shortness of breath are related to low supply of carbon dioxide to body cells. oxidative damage to cells. low supply of oxygen to body cells. impaired enzyme activity.

low supply of oxygen to body cells.

During the toddler and preschool years, a child's appetite is ______ than it was during infancy. higher lower

lower

The primary function of thyroid hormone is to regulate metabolic rate blood calcium levels. conversion of tryptophan to niacin. fluid balance.

metabolic rate

The FAO defines _______ as secure access to an appropriately nutritious diet (i.e., protein, carbohydrate, fat, vitamins, minerals, and water), coupled with a sanitary environment and adequate health services and care, in order to ensure a healthy and active life for all household members. federal poverty level food insecurity nutrition security overnutrition

nutrition security

The simplest way to determine if your fluid intake is adequate is to observe the color of your urine; it should be clear or pale yellow. keep track of fluid consumption; total water intake should be 15 cups per day for adult men or 11 cups per day for adult women. keep track of the frequency of urination; four to eight times per day is normal. weigh yourself several times per day; weight should remain stable throughout the day.

observe the color of your urine; it should be clear or pale yellow

Aiko wants to start a congregate feeding program at the senior center her grandmother attends. If Aiko intends to use federal government money for her program, each meal she serves at the center must provide one-half of the RDA/AI for nutrients needed by older adults. three-fourths of the RDA/AI for nutrients needed by older adults. one-third of the RDA/AI for nutrients needed by older adults. one-quarter of the RDA/AI for nutrients needed by older adults.

one-third of the RDA/AI for nutrients needed by older adults.

Manganese is found primarily in foods of ______ origin. animal plant

plant

High dietary intake of ______ is associated with reductions in blood pressure. potassium sodium chloride iodine

potassium

The leading cause of undernutrition in the United States is lack of knowledge. inadequate food supply. government bureaucracy. poverty.

poverty

Research Collection: Curbing Childhood Obesity According to the CDC, rates of childhood obesity have doubled among children and tripled among adolescents in the past three decades. Some of the risk for obesity can be explained by genetics, but changes in lifestyle are mostly to blame. Which behaviors are predictors of childhood obesity? Locate the full journal article in a library collection or online. Read the article thoroughly and then answer the questions that follow. The study design is best described as a case-control study. prospective cohort study. randomized, controlled trial. retrospective cohort study.

prospective cohort study.

The effects of hunger include reduced energy and strength. impaired vision and hearing. greater birth weights due to edema. overly active immunity to fight infection.

reduced energy and strength.

The loss of lean body mass associated with normal aging is termed cachexia. anorexia. sarcopenia. atrophy.

sarcopenia.

Most picky eating behaviors during the preschool years are a result of slow rate of growth. serious illness. lack of discipline. nutrient deficiencies.

slow rate of growth.

Examples of neural tube defects include All of these choices are correct. spina bifida. brain tumors. cleft palate.

spina bifida.

Lorraine's mother-in-law is babysitting Lorraine's kids and mentions she is going to give them fruit and honey for dessert at lunchtime. Lorraine points out that her baby cannot have honey. Children under age one should avoid honey because it may contain ______ that cause ______ in young children, all of whom have immature immune systems. Salmonella bacteria; enteritis prions; foot-and-mouth disease spores; botulism Listeria monocytogenes; listeriosis

spores; botulism

surveys completed by parents.

Goals of ______ of agriculture are needed to efficiently produce enough food for the world's population using environmentally friendly techniques. These include augmenting plots with trees and shrubs to promote wildlife, reducing nitrogen and phosphorus runoff, engaging in novel technologies, improving soil quality, increasing produce yield, improving crop varieties and nutrients, reducing greenhouse emissions, and decreasing pesticide use. genetic engineering sustainable intensification crop rotation low-tech and local

sustainable intensification

In the United States, ______ is fortified with iodine. table salt bread orange juice milk

table salt

Urban agriculture influences local communities and economies by increasing rates of violent crime. energy and transportation costs. waste, which places a burden on local landfills. the availability of low-cost, nutrient-dense foods.

the availability of low-cost, nutrient-dense foods.

Worldwide, over _______ individuals lack access to safe water. two billion one billion fifty billion ten billion

nutrition

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