Nutrition

3) Which of the following is the major role of leptin in the body? A) protect against weight loss during nutritional deprivation B) increase appetite and food intake C) promote weight loss with activity D) shrink fat stores

B) increase appetite and food intake

44) Select the correct statement about proteins. A) Proteins will be used by most cells for ATP synthesis if insufficient carbohydrates are ingested. B) All proteins can be synthesized in the body if most of the amino acids are present. C) Strict vegetarians need not worry about adequate protein intake, as most vegetables are almost perfect sources of amino acids. D) Catabolic steroids (hormones) accelerate the rate of protein synthesis

A) Proteins will be used by most cells for ATP synthesis if insufficient carbohydrates are ingested.

47) Which of the choices below is NOT a source of blood glucose during the postabsorptive state? A) absorption of glucose from the GI tract B) glycogenolysis in the liver C) lipolysis in adipose tissues and the liver D) catabolism of cellular protein

A) absorption of glucose from the GI tract

13) The primary function of cellular respiration is to ________. A) break down food molecules and generate ATP B) provide the body with adequate amounts of vitamins and minerals C) efficiently monitor the energy needs of the body D) determine the amount of heat needed by the human body

A) break down food molecules and generate ATP

12) Catabolism would be best described as a process that ________. A) breaks down complex structures to simpler ones B) elevates glucagon levels C) builds up triglycerides during the postabsorptive state D) causes a decline in circulating ketone bodies

A) breaks down complex structures to simpler ones

21) Glycolysis is best defined as a catabolic reaction based upon the ________. A) conversion of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid B) conversion of glucose into carbon dioxide and water C) formation of sugar D) conversion of pyruvic acid into carbon dioxide and water

A) conversion of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid

57) Several hours after your last meal, declining blood glucose levels stimulate release of the hormone ________, which stimulates glycogenolysis, lipolysis and fat mobilization, and gluconeogenesis. A) glucagon B) thyroxine C) cortisol D) insulin

A) glucagon

1) The molecule that serves as the major source of readily available fuel for neurons and blood cells is ________. A) glucose B) protein C) fat D) acetyl CoA

A) glucose

56) Which term describes the action of an endurance runner the night before the race as she "carbo-loads" when eating a large pasta dinner? A) glycogenesis B) glycogenolysis C) glycolysis D) gluconeogenesis

A) glycogenesis

42) Which of the following does NOT occur in the mitochondria? A) glycolysis B) electron transport C) formation of malic acid from fumaric acid D) citric acid (Krebs) cycle

A) glycolysis

54) Red blood cells lack mitochondria. As a result, ATP production is solely through ________. A) glycolysis B) electron transport chain C) citric acid (Krebs) cycle D) aerobic respiration

A) glycolysis

37) The ________ acts as the body's thermostat. A) hypothalamus B) skin C) liver D) epithalamus

A) hypothalamus

59) While traveling abroad in Africa you observe a large number of people with goiter (enlarged thyroid). Which mineral deficiency could be responsible for this? A) iodine B) chromium C) fluorine D) iron

A) iodine

4) Cholesterol, though it is NOT an energy molecule, has importance in the body because it ________. A) is a stabilizing component of the plasma membranes and is the parent molecule of steroid hormones B) helps mobilize fats during periods of starvation C) helps provide essential nutrients to the brain and lungs D) enters the glycolytic pathway without being altered

A) is a stabilizing component of the plasma membranes and is the parent molecule of steroid hormones

15) Which of the following mechanisms produces the most ATP during cellular respiration? A) oxidative phosphorylation B) oxidation reactions C) lactic acid production D) substrate-level phosphorylation

A) oxidative phosphorylation

38) Which of the choices below is NOT a mechanism of heat transfer used by the body? A) shivering B) evaporation C) conduction/convection D) radiation

A) shivering

52) Which of the following is NOT a function of low-density-lipoproteins (LDLs)? A) transport cholesterol from the peripheral tissues to the liver B) make cholesterol available to tissue cells for membrane formation C) make cholesterol available to tissue cells for hormone synthesis D) assist in the storage of cholesterol when supply exceeds demand

A) transport cholesterol from the peripheral tissues to the liver

55) In India, rice is a large part of the diet. Lack of which vitamin in rice would lead to higher levels of blindness in this population? A) vitamin A B) vitamin E C) vitamin C D) vitamin D

A) vitamin A

43) Which of the following is NOT true of beta oxidation? A) Fatty acids are broken into acetic acid fragments. B) It involves the anabolism of fats. C) It occurs in the mitochondria. D) The carbon in the beta (third) position is oxidized during the process.

B) It involves the anabolism of fats.

2) Which of the choices below is NOT a fate of carbohydrate taken into the body? A) amino acid synthesis B) direct conversion to a nucleic acid C) lipogenesis D) ATP production E) glycogenesis

B) direct conversion to a nucleic acid

20) Gluconeogenesis is the process in which ________. A) glucose is converted into carbon dioxide and water B) glucose is formed from noncarbohydrate molecules C) glycogen is formed D) glycogen is broken down to release glucose

B) glucose is formed from noncarbohydrate molecules

51) Glucose can be obtained from ________. A) triglyceride anabolism B) glycogenolysis C) lipogenesis D) protein anabolism

B) glycogenolysis

8) It is important to ensure that your diet is adequately rich in vitamins because ________. A) very few foods contain vitamins B) most vitamins are coenzymes needed to help the body utilize essential nutrients C) all vitamins are water soluble and pass out of the body too quickly to ensure utilization D) vitamins provide protection against the common cold

B) most vitamins are coenzymes needed to help the body utilize essential nutrients

5) Which of the following statements best describes complete protein? A) derived from meat and fish only B) must contain all the body's amino acid requirements for tissue maintenance and growth C) derived only from legumes and other plant material D) meets all the minimum daily requirements for a healthy diet

B) must contain all the body's amino acid requirements for tissue maintenance and growth

24) In the case of a person who consumes a normal, balanced diet, proteins are essential to the body for all of the following EXCEPT ________. A) production of enzymes, clotting factors, and antibodies B) production of energy C) formation of functional molecules like hemoglobin and cytochromes D) production of some hormones

B) production of energy

60) A recent health screening revealed a low-density-lipoprotein (LDL) level over 130. Which of the following should be prescribed? A) insulin B) statins C) iron D) glucagon

B) statins

32) Which of the choices below is NOT a mechanism of heat production? A) enhanced thyroxine release B) sweating C) vasoconstriction of cutaneous blood vessels D) shivering

B) sweating

30) In gluconeogenesis, during the postabsorptive state, amino acids and ________ are converted to glucose. A) glucagon B) glycerol C) glycogen D) acetyl Co A

B)glycerol

23) Which of the choices below happens during the absorptive state? A) Only glucose metabolism occurs. B) Catabolic processes exceed anabolic ones. C) Anabolic processes exceed catabolic ones. D) No metabolism occurs.

C) Anabolic processes exceed catabolic ones.

48) Which of the following is correct? A) Most of the ATP are produced by substrate-level phosphorylation. B) Glycolysis relies on substrate-level oxidation for the four ATP produced in this pathway. C) Each FADH2 yields about 1.5 ATP via oxidative phosphorylation. D) Most ATP from cellular respiration are produced directly in the citric acid (Krebs) cycle.

C) Each FADH2 yields about 1.5 ATP via oxidative phosphorylation.

53) Which of the following best defines negative nitrogen balance? A) A negative nitrogen balance is normal and is a way of maintaining homeostasis. B) It is a condition usually caused by having a diet low in fish and meat. C) Protein breakdown exceeds protein synthesis. D) It occurs when amino acids are broken down by liver enzymes and carried to the bloodstream.

C) Protein breakdown exceeds protein synthesis.

39) Which of the following statements is FALSE? A) Excess carbohydrate and fat can be stored as such, whereas excess amino acids are oxidized for energy or converted to fat or glycogen for storage. B) Fats and carbohydrates are oxidized directly to produce cellular energy. C) The amino acid pool is the body's total supply of amino acids in the body's proteins. D) Amino acids can be used to supply energy only after being converted to a citric acid cycle intermediate.

C) The amino acid pool is the body's total supply of amino acids in the body's proteins.

49) Which of the following food groups are considered good sources of complete proteins? A) egg yolk, fish roe, and grains B) corn, cottonseed oil, soy oil, and wheat germ C) eggs, milk, yogurt, meat, and fish D) lima beans, kidney beans, nuts, and cereals

C) eggs, milk, yogurt, meat, and fish

10) Which of the choices below describes the pathway of cellular respiration (the complete oxidation of glucose)? A) lipolysis, glycogenolysis, beta oxidation B) glycogenesis, lipogenesis, electron transport chain C) glycolysis, citric acid (Krebs) cycle, electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation D) gluconeogenesis, citric acid (Krebs) cycle, lipolysis

C) glycolysis, citric acid (Krebs) cycle, electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation

22) What is the outcome of ketosis? A) glucogenesis B) water retention and edema C) metabolic acidosis D) glycogen buildup E) metabolic alkalosis

C) metabolic acidosis

46) What process primes a molecule to change in a way that increases its activity, produces motion, or does work? A) beta oxidation B) cellular respiration C) phosphorylation D) glycolysis

C) phosphorylation

40) Which of the following is a source of complex carbohydrates? A) soda B) fruit juice C) potatoes D) pudding

C) potatoes

26) The ingestion of which nutrient type results in the greatest food-induced thermogenesis? A) carbohydrates B) vitamins C) proteins D) lipids

C) proteins

36) Many factors influence basal metabolic rate (BMR). What is the most critical factor? A) an individual's body weight B) the way skeletal muscles break down glycogen C) the ratio of surface area to volume (weight) of the body D) the way an individual metabolizes fat

C) the ratio of surface area to volume (weight) of the body

6) The term metabolism is best defined as ________. A) a measure of carbohydrate utilization, typically involving measurement of calories B) the number of calories it takes to keep from shivering on a cold day C) the sum of all biochemical reactions in the body D) the length of time it takes to digest and absorb fats

C) the sum of all biochemical reactions in the body

25) The most abundant dietary lipids are ________. A) phospholipids B) fatty acids C) triglycerides D) cholesterol

C) triglycerides

33) Heat-loss mechanisms do NOT include ________. A) reducing activity B) the evaporation of sweat C) vasoconstriction of peripheral blood vessels D) behavior measures such as wearing light, loose clothing

C) vasoconstriction of peripheral blood vessels

17) Oxidative deamination takes place in the ________. A) muscles B) brain C) liver D) blood

C)Liver

7) When proteins undergo deamination, the waste substance found in the urine is mostly ________. A) ammonia B) ketone bodies C) urea D) acetyl CoA

C)Urea

18) Glycogen is formed in the liver during the ________. A) period when the metabolic rate is lowest B) postabsorptive state C) starvation period D) absorptive state

D) absorptive state

31) In the liver, the amine group of glutamic acid is removed as ________ in the oxidative state. A) pyruvic acid B) oxaloacetic acid C) glyceraldehyde D) ammonia

D) ammonia

29) As the body progresses from the absorptive to the postabsorptive state, the ________ continues to burn glucose while virtually every other organ in the body switches to fatty acids as its major energy source. A) pancreas B) spleen C) liver D) brain

D) brain

16) Lipogenesis occurs when ________. A) glucose levels drop slightly B) excess proteins are transported through the cell membrane C) there is a shortage of fatty acids D) cellular ATP and glucose levels are high

D) cellular ATP and glucose levels are high

28) Prostaglandins play a role in ________. A) noninflammatory responses B) control of blood volume C) skeletal muscle contraction D) control of blood pressure

D) control of blood pressure

50) Conditions that promote the oxidative deamination and energy use of amino acids include ________. A) ammonia combining with oxygen to form urea B) adequate essential amino acids C) adequate fat calories to provide adequate ATP formation D) excessive amounts of protein in the diet

D) excessive amounts of protein in the diet

41) Which of the following nutrients yield the highest amount of energy per gram when metabolized? A) vitamins and minerals B) proteins C) foods and beverages high in caffeine D) fats

D) fats

35) When ketone bodies are present in the blood and urine in large amounts, it usually indicates increased metabolism of ________. A) amino acids B) lactic acid C) glycogen D) fatty acids

D) fatty acids

27) Which hormone directs essentially all the events of the absorptive state? A) epinephrine B) growth hormone C) thyroid hormone D) insulin

D) insulin

9) Minerals required by the body in moderate amounts include all of the following EXCEPT ________. A) sulfur and potassium B) sodium and chlorine C) calcium and phosphorus D) iron and selenium

D) iron and selenium

11) Anabolism includes reactions in which ________. A) structural proteins are used as a potential energy source B) ketone bodies are formed C) carbohydrate utilization increases D) larger molecules or structures are built from smaller ones

D) larger molecules or structures are built from smaller ones

14) The process of breaking triglycerides down into glycerol and fatty acids is known as ________. A) fat utilization B) lipogenesis C) gluconeogenesis D) lipolysis

D) lipolysis

45) Oxidation reduction reactions ________. A) occur via the gain of hydrogen or the loss of oxygen B) utilize hydrogenases C) are rarely coupled together D) may involve the loss of hydrogen and electrons

D) may involve the loss of hydrogen and electrons

58) At the conclusion of glycolysis, most of glucose's chemical energy is found in the ________. A) NADH B) ATP C) acetyl CoA D) pyruvic acid molecules

D) pyruvic acid molecules

19) Which of the following is a normal consequence of the activation of the heat-promoting center? A) vasodilation of cutaneous blood vessels B) sympathetic sweat gland activation C) increase in ADH production D) release of epinephrine

D) release of epinephrine

34) The amount of ________ produced is probably the most important hormonal factor in determining basal metabolic rate (BMR). A) prolactin B) norepinephrine C) ADH D) thyroxine

D) thyroxine

Describe the processes by which breakdown products of foodstuffs are absorbed by the small intestine.

First, large fat globules are emulsified (physically broken up into smaller fat droplets) by bile salts in the duodenum. Then, digestion of fat by the pancreatic enzyme lipase yields free fatty acids and monoglycerides. These then associate with bile salts to form micelles which "ferry" them to the intestinal mucosa. Fatty acids and monoglycerides leave micelles and diffuse into epithelial cells. There they are recombined and packaged with other lipoid substances and proteins to form chylomicrons..Chylomicrons are extruded from the epithelial cells by exocytosis. The chylomicrons enter lacteals. They are carried away from the intestine by lymph.

4) Define amino acid pool and explain how the pool is maintained even though we excrete amino acids daily.

Own answer :Cells get their amino acids from the blood and we can replenish those through diet.

7) How is the postabsorptive state controlled and initiated?

The postabsorptive state is the period when bloodborne fuels are provided by breakdown of energy reserves. Glucose is made available to the blood by glycogenolysis, lipolysis, and gluconeogenesis. Glucose sparing begins. During prolonged fasting, the brain also begins to metabolize ketone bodies. It is controlled by a combination of glucagon and the nervous system. It is initaiated by declining insulin levels.

3) What are the four mechanisms of heat exchange and how are they defined?

i)Radiation is the loss of heat in the form of infrared waves (thermal energy) ii)Conduction transfers heat from a warmer object to a cooler one when the two are in direct contact with each other. iii)Convection is the process that occurs because warm air expands and rises and cool air, being denser, falls. iv)Water evaporates because its molecules absorb heat from the environment and become energetic enough—in other words, vibrate fast enough—to escape as a gas, which we know as water vapor. The heat absorbed by water during evaporation is called heat of vaporization.