Nutrition & Drugs - Ch. 5 Carbohydrates

Identify names of sugars that may be found in foods. Select all that apply. a) sugar b) cellulose c) molasses d) honey

a) sugar c) molasses d) honey

Match the sweetener with its brand name. Sweetener: - aspartame - saccharin - sucralose Brand Name: - Sweet N Low - Nutrasweet & Equal - Splenda

aspartame: Nutrasweet & Equal saccharin: Sweet N Low sucralose: Splenda

In which food category is galactose typically found? a) fruit b) dairy c) meat d) grains

b) dairy

Which of the following are sugar alcohols? Choose all that apply. a) cyclamate b) xylitol c) sorbitol d) mannitol

b) xylitol c) sorbitol d) mannitol

Most cases of type 1 diabetes begin with an immune system disorder, which causes destruction of the insulin producing cells of the pancreas called _____ cells.

beta

When sugars and other carbohydrates are metabolized by bacteria into acids that dissolve the tooth enamel, this results in tooth _____.

decay

Nutritionally similar to table sugar, honey contains (select all that apply): a) glucose b) galactose c) tagatose d) fructose

a) glucose d) fructose

The primary function of carbohydrates in the body is to provide _____ for all cells.

energy

True or False: Dietary fiber includes indigestible plant and animal materials.

false

True or False: Individuals with type 1 diabetes may or may not require insulin.

false

Sucrose is made up of two monosaccharides: glucose and _____.

fructose

Name the most abundant monosaccharide found in the body.

glucose

The monosaccharide that serves as the basic unit of all carbohydrate structures is _____.

glucose

_____ is also known as dextrose or blood sugar.

glucose

Match the hormone with its effect on blood glucose. Hormones: - insulin - glucagon Effects on Blood Glucose: - increases blood glucose - decreases blood glucose

insulin: decreases blood glucose glucagon: increases blood glucose

Low-carbohydrate diets lead to a condition which can disturb the body's normal acid-base balance and is called _____.

ketoacidosis

Fructose is known as fruit sugar or _____.

levulose

_____, or malt sugar, has two glucose molecules bonded together.

maltose

What does the term starch mean?

the storage form of carbohydrates in plants

Rank the order of blood glucose regulation beginning with eating a meal. - eating a meal - blood glucose level returns to normal - insulin released from the pancreas - elevated blood glucose

1) eating a meal 2) elevated blood glucose 3) insulin released from the pancreas 4) blood glucose level returns to normal

What is another name for polysaccharides? a) complex carbohydrates b) starch c) soluble fiber d) simple carbohydrates

a) complex carbohydrates

Women who experience gestational diabetes during pregnancy are more likely to (select all that apply): a) give birth prematurely b) have a miscarriage c) deliver a child with a birth defect d) have a stillbirth

a) give birth prematurely b) have a miscarriage d) have a stillbirth

Match the following descriptions with the correct polysaccharide. Descriptions: - A long, straight chain of glucose units - A highly branched chain of glucose units Polysaccharides: - Amylose - Amylopectin

amylose: a long, straight chain of glucose units amylopectin: a highly branched chain of glucose units

Which of the following statements about fiber are true? Select all that apply. a) can be digested by human enzymes b) is a complex carbohydrate c) a substance found in plants d) adds bulk to feces

b) is a complex carbohydrate c) a substance found in plants d) adds bulk to feces

What is a major food source of lactose? a) bread b) milk c) fruit d) fat

b) milk

Fiber is mostly made up of _____ and is connected by bonds that humans cannot digest. a) starches b) monosaccharides c) amylose d) amylopectin

b) monosaccharides

What are other names for sugar that may be listed on food products? Select all that apply. a) glycogen b) raw sugar c) maltodextrin d) lactose

b) raw sugar c) maltodextrin d) lactose

Food labels are not required to provide information about which of the following? a) sugars b) soluble fiber c) total carbohydrates d) dietary fiber

b) soluble fiber

Why is sugar often added to foods? Select all that apply. a) to improve the nutritive value of the food b) to serve as a preservative c) to increase the browning of the food d) to improve food tenderness

b) to serve as a preservative c) to increase the browning of the food d) to improve food tenderness

Which monosaccharide is commonly found as a component in fruit? a) galactose b) maltose c) fructose d) lactose

c) fructose

What is the primary source of fuel for the body's cells? a) amino acids b) fructose c) glucose d) fatty acids

c) glucose

How do you determine the type of added sugars used in food? a) total carbohydrate b) adding total sugars and fiber and subtract from total carbohydrate c) read the ingredients list

c) read the ingredients list

What is a hemorrhoid? a) swelling of a large vein in the stomach b) swelling of a large vein in the small intestine c) swelling of small rectal veins in the anal region d) formation of a pouch in the wall of the large intestine

c) swelling of small rectal veins in the anal region

(Glycemic Index x Grams of _____) / 100 = Glycemic Load

carbohydrate

The disease characterized by elevated blood glucose levels during pregnancy is called:

gestational diabetes

Glycogen is a branched structure comprised of many _____ units bonded together.

glucose

Symptoms that include irritability, restlessness, shaking, sweating, and confusion are often observed during periods of low blood sugar called _____.

hypoglycemia

When an individual's blood sugar level falls below 70 mg/dl they are diagnosed with:

hypoglycemia

The hormone secreted by the pancreas in response to high blood sugar which causes a lowering of blood sugar is _____.

insulin

People with undiagnosed type 1 diabetes may experience excessive thirst, frequent urination, a blood glucose of more than 250 mg/dl, and breath with a fruity smell. These are all signs and symptoms of _____.

ketoacidosis

Match the word with its best definition. Vocab.: - ketone bodies - ketoacidosis Definitions: - chemicals that result from incomplete fat breakdown - condition that occurs when the body forms excessive ketones

ketone bodies: chemicals that result from incomplete fat breakdown ketoacidosis: condition that occurs when the body forms excessive ketones

The three most important single sugars or _____ are glucose, fructose, and galactose.

monosaccharides

Yes or No: Is milk a natural source of sucrose?

no

Which of the following is a form of starch? a) amylopectin b) cellulose c) psyllium d) pectin

a) amylopectin

Signs and symptoms of ketoacidosis include (select all that apply): a) blood glucose level above 250 mg/dl b) excessive thirst c) frequent urination d) anxiety and hyperactivity e) fruity smelling breath

a) blood glucose level above 250 mg/dl b) excessive thirst c) frequent urination e) fruity smelling breath

The brain's primary source of fuel is _____. a) simple sugars b) short-chain fatty acids c) long-chain fatty acids d) proteins

a) simple sugars

If you are trying to lose weight, it may be helpful to add more high- _____ foods to your diet because these foods tend to be more filling resulting in satiety.

fiber

Match the word with its correct definition. Vocab.: - glycogenolysis - lipolysis - lysis Definitions: - breakdown of something - breakdown of glycogen - breakdown of fat

glycogenolysis: breakdown of glycogen lipolysis: breakdown of fat lysis: breakdown of something

What American populations are at a particularly high risk for the development of type 2 diabetes? Select all that apply. a) African Americans b) Caucasian Americans c) Latino/Hispanic Americans d) Native Americans

a) African Americans c) Latino/Hispanic Americans d) Native Americans

Which alternative sweetener contains the amino acids phenylalanine and aspartic acid? a) aspartame b) neotame c) sucralose d) saccharin

a) aspartame

Choose all of the following foods which are good sources of soluble fiber: a) beans b) carrots c) brown rice d) oat bran

a) beans b) carrots d) oat bran

In metabolic syndrome, which of the following may be elevated? Select all that apply. a) blood pressure b) triglycerides c) high-density lipoprotein d) fasting glucose

a) blood pressure b) triglycerides d) fasting glucose

Ketosis occurs when the diet is low in: a) carbohydrates b) fats c) proteins d) vitamins and minerals

a) carbohydrates

Soluble fibers (select all that apply): a) dissolve or swell in water b) are metabolized by intestinal bacteria c) do not readily dissolve in water

a) dissolve or swell in water b) are metabolized by intestinal bacteria

Which macronutrient provides 9 kilocalories per gram? a) fats b) carbohydrates c) protein

a) fats

For a grain to be classified as a whole grain it must contain the (select all that apply): a) fiber-rich bran seed b) vitamins A and D c) oily germ d) starchy endosperm

a) fiber-rich bran seed c) oily germ d) starchy endosperm

What are probably causes of hyperactivity? Select all that apply. a) genetic factors b) sugar intake c) level of physical activity d) environmental factors

a) genetic factors d) environmental factors

Scientists studied a rural African population that rarely developed colorectal cancer until they adopted a western diet. What did they consume that may provide this reduced risk for colorectal cancer? a) high-fiber intake b) high healthy fat intake c) low-fiber intake d) low saturated fat intake

a) high-fiber intake

What is the technical term for high blood sugar? a) hyperglycemia b) hyperinsulinemia c) hyperactivity d) hypoglycemia

a) hyperglycemia

A diet high in processed foods _____ a very healthy diet a) isn't b) is

a) isn't

What disaccharide can be found in certain animals products? a) lactose b) sucrose c) starch d) fructose

a) lactose

Type 2 diabetes can be prevented or its onset delayed by (select all that apply): a) losing excess body fat b) increasing physical activity c) changing to a high carbohydrate diet

a) losing excess body fat b) increasing physical activity

When people consume adequate fiber they experience (select all that apply): a) more regular bowel movements b) explosive diarrhea c) softer stools d) more compact stools

a) more regular bowel movements c) softer stools

Which of the following nonnutritive sweeteners are currently available in the food supply in the United States? Select all that apply. a) neotame b) cyclamate c) aspartame d) acesulfame-K

a) neotame c) aspartame d) acesulfame-K

Dietary changes that can benefit a patient with metabolic syndrome include (select all that apply): a) reducing salt intake b) decreasing intake of saturated fat c) increasing sugar intake d) increasing cholesterol intake

a) reducing salt intake b) decreasing intake of saturated fat

Which of the following are symptoms of hypoglycemia? Select all that apply. a) shakiness b) irritability c) cramping d) bone pain

a) shakiness b) irritability

Alternative sweeteners include (select all that apply): a) sorbitol b) alcohol c) mannitol d) xylitol

a) sorbitol c) mannitol d) xylitol

Which of the following are examples of polysaccharides? Select all that apply. a) starch b) fiber c) lactose d) sucrose e) maltose f) glycogen

a) starch b) fiber f) glycogen

Sugar alcohols are used in _____. (select all that apply) a) sugar-free gum b) breath mints c) snacks such as chips and pretzels d) diabetic candy

a) sugar-free gum b) breath mints d) diabetic candy

What type of diabetes is strongly associated with genetics, physical inactivity, poor diet, and obesity? a) Type 1 b) Type 2

b) Type 2

Which of the following patients may or may not require the use of insulin? a) Type 1 diabetic patients b) Type 2 diabetic patients

b) Type 2 diabetic patients

Stephen complains to his doctor of frequent urination and extreme thirst. Over the past 3 months, he also lost 12 pounds without dieting. His doctor sends him for tests to see if he has: a) hyperthyroidism b) diabetes c) cancer d) a kidney infection

b) diabetes

Diets high in fiber can lower the risk for developing which of the following? Select all that apply. a) liver disease b) heart disease c) obesity d) diabetes

b) heart disease c) obesity d) diabetes

Individuals with type 1 diabetes have to be treated with which approach? a) oral medications b) insulin c) weight loss d) immune suppressants

b) insulin

List in order the body's preference for using nutrients for energy. - Protein - Carbohydrate

1) carbohydrate 2) protein

Which of the following are true of polysaccharides? Select all that apply. a) they are found chiefly in grains, vegetables, and fruits b) they are made of 10 or more monosaccharides bonded together c) they are sometimes called simple carbohydrates d) they are sometimes called complex carbohydrates e) they are disaccharides

a) they are found chiefly in grains, vegetables, and fruits b) they are made of 10 or more monosaccharides bonded together d) they are sometimes called complex carbohydrates

Simple carbohydrates include _____, which contain only one sugar unit, and _____, which are compounds of two sugar units.

monosaccharides; disaccharides

True or False: A diet that is very high in sugar is linked to health problems such as obesity.

true

True or False: Millions of Americans show signs of lactose intolerance.

true

Place the following foods in order of dietary fiber content, from highest to lowest. - baked potato with skin (approx. 6 1/2 oz) - black beans, cooked (1 cup) - Kellogg's All-Bran cereal (1/2 cup) - Almonds (1 ounce)

1) black beans, cooked (1 cup) 2) Kellogg's All-Bran cereal (1/2 cup) 3) baked potato with skin (approx. 6 1/2 oz) 4) almonds (1 ounce)

According to the Food and Nutrition Board, carbohydrates should provide _____% to _____% of total calories in the diet.

45; 65

Lactose-containing foods fall into which food category? a) fruit b) meat c) grain d) dairy

d) dairy

The body is able to convert fructose into glucose or _____. a) amino acids b) protein c) glycogen d) fat

d) fat

Glycogen is stored in the liver and can be released by the hormone _____. a) protease b) thyroxine c) insulin d) glucagon

d) glucagon

Having too much _____ in the bloodstream contributes to hypoglycemia. a) glucose b) protein c) dietary fat d) insulin

d) insulin

Where is glucose stored in the body? a) heart b) brain c) blood d) liver

d) liver

Which food is a source of refined carbohydrates? a) potato b) apple c) steak d) soda pop

d) soda pop

Examples of complex carbohydrates include: a) glucose b) sucrose c) peptides d) starch

d) starch

Both starch and glycogen contain hundreds of glucose molecules bound together and are thus types of _____.

polysaccharides