Nutrition Ch. 12 & 13

How many more grams of protein does a pregnant woman need above pre pregnancy needs?

25 grams of protein.

How much weight should a woman gain during pregnancy if her pre-pregnancy weight was within the normal BMI range?

25-35 pounds.

During the 2nd trimester of pregnancy, a woman needs how many additional calories (above the allowance for non-pregnant women)?

340.

At what age is it appropriate to begin feeding an infant iron-fortified cereals?

6 months.

What is the danger zone, i.e. the temperature range in which bacteria and other microorganisms grow rapidly?

Bacteria grow most rapidly in the range of temperatures between 40 °F and 140 °F, ( 4.4°C- 60°C) doubling in number in as little as 20 minutes.

The time to focus on nutrition and pregnancy is _____________

Before and during.

What is colostrum? What are benefits to the infant?

Colostrum is a milk-like secretion from the breasts after giving birth, before milk appears. It is rich in protective factors (immune factors and protein).

Why do many pediatricians advise continued use of breast milk or infant formula and NOT cow's milk throughout the first year of life?

Cow's milk has high amounts of calcium, protein, and low amounts of vitamin C. This inhibits iron absorption and can cause blood loss and anemia. Breastfeeding is more appropriate as it causes fewer respiratory tract infections, GI tract infections, and SIDS (Sudden Infant Death Syndrome).

What are the negative effects on the fetus and child of alcohol exposure during pregnancy?

Drinking alcohol during pregnancy threatens the fetus w/irreversible brain damage, growth restriction, mental retardation, facial abnormalities, vision abnormalities, and many more health problems - a spectrum of symptoms known as fetal alcohol spectrum disorder, fetal alcohol syndrome.

What are some things a mother could do that would be harmful to the fetus?

Drinking, smoking, and any drugs. Insufficient or excessive weight gain can also be harmful.

List the benefits of breastfeeding for babies.

Excels as source of nutrients, energy nutrient balance - lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins, vitamins & minerals in breast milk - vitamin D supplements, supplements for infants - Vitamin D, Iron, immune factors.

Define and describe fetal alcohol syndrome.

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs) are a group of conditions that can occur in a person whose mother drank alcohol during pregnancy.Problems may include an abnormal appearance, short height, low body weight, small head size, poor coordination, low intelligence, behavior problems, and problems with hearing or seeing.Those affected are more likely to have trouble in school, legal problems, participate in high-risk behaviors, and have trouble with alcohol or other drugs.

What is the stage of human gestation from 8 weeks after conception until birth?

Fetus.

Which nutrient is necessary to prevent neural tube defects?

Folate.

What food group(s) is/are appropriate for a 6 month old infant to consume?

Grains.

Be able to describe alcohol's harmful effects on a fetus.

Irreversible mental and physical retardation; when alcohol crosses the placenta, it can deprive the fetus of nutrients and oxygen.

Some fish are contaminated with mercury, specifically methyl-mercury. What health issues or abnormalities are associated with regular intake of this contaminant?

Methyl-mercury is a powerful neurotoxin, and people exposed to high levels may experience adverse health effects such as loss of peripheral vision, "pins and needles" feeling on hands and feet, lack of coordination, impairment of speech hearing and walking, and muscle weakness.

What characteristic is the single most potent indicator of an infant's future health status?

Mother's pre-pregnancy nutrition status.

What are the symptoms of E. coli infection?

Nausea, vomiting, stomach cramps, diarrhea that often is bloody, fever of about 100 F to 101 F (37.7 C to 38.3 C), loss of appetite, mild dehydration.

How much alcohol is healthy during pregnancy?

None.

Through what organ does the fetus receive its nourishment?

Placenta.

What is the safest method for thawing frozen meats?

Putting them in the fridge.

Which types of foods are most susceptible to bacterial contamination?

Raw meat, fish, shellfish, unpasteurized milk, soft cheeses, and unwashed fruits and vegetables.

What is salmonella? What foods are likely to be infected with salmonella?

Salmonella is a bacterial disease that affects the intestinal tract. Salmonella bacteria typically live in animal and human intestines and are shed through feces. Commonly infected foods include raw meat, poultry, and seafood and raw eggs. Fruits and vegetables can also be contaminated, but it is less likely.

What are the signs and symptoms of botulism? What should a person do who experiences these symptoms?

Signs and symptoms include difficulty swallowing or speaking, dry mouth, facial weakness on both sides of the face, blurred or double vision, drooping eyelids, trouble breathing, nausea, vomiting and abdominal cramps, paralysis. If untreated, these symptoms and signs may progress to cause paralysis in various parts of the body, often seen as a descending paralysis of the arms, legs, trunk, and muscles that can lead to death. All forms of botulism are considered medical emergencies, so the person should seek medical attention as soon as possible.

What determines whether the placenta is healthy?

The placenta performs the nutritive respiratory, and excretory functions that the fetus digestive system, lungs, and kidneys will provide after birth.

The potato salad you brought to the picnic in the park has been sitting out for 4 hours during the meal on a hot, sunny day. What should you do with the leftovers once the meal is finished?

Throw it away because it was at an unsafe temperature for too long.

How much caffeine and coffee is appropriate during pregnancy?

Under 300 milligrams (2 cups).

List the benefits of breastfeeding for mothers.

Weight loss, helps shrink uterus to pre-pregnancy size, less postpartum bleeding, promotes maternal infant bond, cost $0.

Describe the proper way to wash hands when handling foods.

Wetting hands with warm/cold water, using soap to form a lather, and rubbing hands together for 20 seconds before rinsing them off.

When is the use of commercial infant formula for feeding an infant most appropriate?

When a premature infant has special medical needs.

Does alcohol cross the placenta? Is it toxic to the fetus?

Yes, alcohol crosses the placenta freely and is directly toxic.