Nutrition Ch. 2

Choose the descriptions that accurately define the scientific method?

-Educated guess about the relationship between a variable and an outcome -A procedure designed to decrease error -Testing a hypothesis in order to draw an evidence-based conclusion

What are some important questions to ask when evaluating the legitimacy of nutrition information?

-What motivates the authors? -Where does the information originate? -Does the author have reliable credentials?

Epidemiologists often rely on ______ people to obtain health data.

-surveys of -physical examinations of

When a friend tells you she is taking a vitamin B complex supplement and she feels more energetic as a result, she is sharing an _______ or a report of a personal experience.

anecdote

Scientists expect researchers to avoid relying on their personal attitudes and ______ when selecting participants for research and collecting and analyzing data.

bias

Observational epidemiological studies cannot establish ______.

causation

A factor that may not be studied but may affect a research outcome is called a ______ variable.

confounding

A physician named Joseph Goldberger discovered that the disease pellagra was related to

diet

Studies that can illustrate differences in dietary patterns among populations and can lead to additional experiments that may be able to test the cause of the disease process are called ______.

epidemiological

A researcher that studies the frequency of diabetes in Pacific Islanders, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic African-American adults is conducting _____ research.

epidemiology

a systematic way of testing a hypothesis.

experiment

Nutrition scientists conduct _____ epidemiological studies to obtain information about health conditions that may result from specific dietary practices.

experimental

A variable is a ______.

factor that can change and influence an outcome of a study

A retrospective study examines the ____ whereas a prospective study examines the _____.

past, future

Cohort studies can be retrospective or

prospective

A process that tests a hypothesis in order to generate a conclusion, which can be reported and then confirmed or refuted by additional studies, is called the ______ method

scientific

A process that tests a hypothesis in order to generate a conclusion, which can be reported and then confirmed or refuted by additional studies, is called the

scientific method

A ______ is a personal endorsement of a product.

testimonial

Which of the following is true about a case-control study?

Individuals with a health condition are matched with individuals without the condition but with similar characteristics.

Choose an example of a nutrient deficiency disease.

lack of niacin leading to pellagra

Pellagra was especially widespread in the United States in the early 1900s in which area of the country?

southern US

A control group is important for which of the following reasons?

-it is important to the validity and accuracy of an experiment. -it allows scientists to determine if a treatment had an effect. -it enables scientists to control the influence of control variables unrelated to the study.

Nutrient deficiency diseases are a result of ______.

-poor diets -lack of proper nutrition

The second step in the scientific method is developing a

Hypotheses

National standards for height, weight, and blood pressure are established using data from ______ research findings (use abbreviation to answer this

NHANES

is a disease that was widespread in the United States during the early 1900s. People with this disease dealt with weakness, diarrhea, skin rashes, and mental confusion.

Pellagra

Medical researchers must be cautious when applying the results of in vivo animal research to people because of the physiological differences between humans and other animals.

True

Prior to publishing the results of an experiment, ______.

the results and analysis are peer-reviewed by other subject-matter experts

Which of the following occurs after completion of an experiment?

-Scientists summarize the findings. -Scientists seek to publish the results in scientific journals. -Scientists figure out if the findings support or disprove the hypothesis.

Observational epidemiological research includes

-cohort studies. -case-control studies.

Diets that lack proper nutrition can lead to the development of nutrient ______ diseases

deficiency