Nutrition Ch 3-5
If a patient complains of diarrhea, which carbohydrate is most likely to be the culprit? a. Sorbitol b. Sucrose c. Mannose d. Pentose e. Aspartame
A
A patient presents the following meal pattern of a typical day. This individual is most likely what type of vegetarian? Breakfast 1 medium orange cup oatmeal cup sliced almonds 1 tsp margarine 1 cup soy milk Lunch 1 cup cooked black beans 1 6-inch tostada 2 slices of tomato 1 leaf of lettuce 1 medium banana 1 cup soy milk Dinner 1 cup bean soup 1 cup raw spinach leaves 1 slice rye bread 1 tsp margarine 1 cup pears 1 cup soy milk a. Vegan b. Lacto-ovo-vegetarian c. Ovo-vegetarian
A
An edentulous patient dislikes eating meat. What substitutions could the dental hygienist suggest to provide the most protein intake? a. Milk b. Grains c. Fruits d. Vegetables
A
Bile is produced and secreted by the liver and stored in the small intestine. Production of bile is stimulated by salivary amylase. a. Both statements are false. b. Both statements are true. c. The first statement is true; the second is false. d. The first statement is false; the second is true.
A
Carbohydrates alone do not cause obesity. Excessive caloric intake and inadequate energy output are the primary causes of obesity. a. Both statements are true. b. Both statements are false. c. The first statement is true; the second is false. d. The first statement is false; the second is true.
A
Each is true of microflora within the colon, except one. Which is the exception? a. Approximately 50 different species of microorganisms compose the microflora. b. Microflora break down substances that human enzymes are unable to digest. c. Vitamin K and numerous B vitamins are synthesized by the microflora. d. Microflora inhibit pathogenic bacteria.
A
Each is true of protective elements within the microflora, except one. Which is the exception? a. Prebiotics are food ingredients that must be digested to stimulate growth and activity of microorganisms. b. Probiotics are living microorganisms that are considered food or dietary supplements in the United States. c. Symbiotics are a combination of prebiotics that support growth of probiotics. d. Probiotics are helpful in managing and treating constipation.
A
Each would be a good source of soluble fiber to recommend to a patient with diarrhea, except one. Which is the exception? a. Bran b. Apples c. Ripe bananas d. Legumes
A
Gustatory and olfactory disorders can result in the deterioration of a patient's general condition or nutritional status. Potentially adverse compensatory habits can contribute to dental caries and systemic conditions. a. Both the statement and the reason are correct and related. b. The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct. c. The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct. d. Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.
A
Hydrolysis of a starch begins with which enzyme? a. Salivary amylase b. Pepsin c. Pancreatic amylase d. Sucrase
A
Intestinal digestion of fats and insoluble molecules is enhanced because emulsification by bile salts facilitates breakdown of such substances into smaller particles. a. Both the statement and the reason are correct and related. b. Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related. c. The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct. d. The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct. e. Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.
A
It is not uncommon for an elderly patient to state that food "just doesn't taste good," because the impairment of the olfactory nerves is prevalent in older adults. a. Both the statement and the reason are correct and related. b. Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related. c. The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct. d. The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct. e. Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.
A
Missing teeth increase the potential for food obstruction in the airway because an inability to masticate food can result in larger chunks of food being swallowed. a. Both the statement and the reason are correct and related. b. Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related. c. The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct. d. The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct. e. Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.
A
Nutrients are absorbed from the small intestine through the mucosa into the portal circulation. Nutrients are transported through the portal vein to the liver where metabolism is initiated. a. Both statements are true. b. Both statements are false. c. The first statement is true; the second is false. d. The first statement is false; the second is true.
A
Patients with periodontal disease might require increased protein intake because the physiologic response to inflammation and infection can negatively affect protein synthesis. a. Both the statement and the reason are correct and related. b. Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related. c. The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct. d. The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct. e. Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.
A
Photosynthesis results in the formation of a carbohydrate and the release of oxygen. A carbohydrate can be referred to as a hydrated carbon. a. Both statements are true. b. Both statements are false. c. The first statement is true; the second is false. d. The first statement is false; the second is true.
A
Poor nutrition results in delayed eruption and exfoliation of deciduous teeth and increased dental caries. Increased caries susceptibility in at-risk children may be related to changes in salivary composition caused by malnutrition. a. Both statements are true. b. Both statements are false. c. The first statement is true; the second is false. d. The first statement is false; the second is true.
A
Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) may be responsible for increased incidence of noma and necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (NUG) because these conditions are associated with depressed immune responses caused by nutritional deficiencies. a. Both the statement and the reason are correct and related. b. Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related. c. The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct. d. The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct. e. Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.
A
Soluble dietary fiber delays gastric emptying because their gel-forming ability increases the viscosity of chyme. a. Both the statement and the reason are correct and related. b. Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related. c. The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct. d. The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct. e. Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.
A
Starches are insoluble in cold water because the cell wall is composed of long, straight tightly bound chains of glucose units. a. Both the statement and the reason are correct and related. b. Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related. c. The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct. d. The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct. e. Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.
A
Sugar substitutes can reduce energy content and decrease cariogenicity of a product. Used in moderation, sugar substitutes are beneficial. a. Both statements are true. b. Both statements are false. c. The first statement is true; the second is false. d. The first statement is false; the second is true.
A
The intake of 193 g/day of protein is the highest level recommended because consumption above this level can jeopardize adequate intakes of nutrients from other food sources. a. Both the statement and the reason are correct and related. b. Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related. c. The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct. d. The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct. e. Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.
A
The most significant dietary influence on the development of dental caries is: a. carbohydrates. b. vitamins. c. minerals. d. fats. e. proteins.
A
The type of vegetarian most at risk for nutrient deficiencies is the: a. vegan. b. lacto-ovo vegetarian. c. ovo-vegetarian. d. pollo-vegetarian. e. semi-vegetarian.
A
The use of over-the-counter enzyme tablets might not be beneficial to patients because the enzymes within the product are digested before they can be used. a. Both the statement and the reason are correct and related. b. Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related. c. The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct. d. The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct. e. Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.
A
The vegan diet requires supplementation or fortification of: a. vitamin B12. b. vitamin C. c. potassium. d. folate. e. magnesium.
A
Which enzyme is most essential for digestion of triglycerides found in butterfat? a. Gastric lipase b. Pepsin c. Mucus d. Intrinsic factor
A
In a 2-oz cooked serving, which food supplies the least protein? a. Light meat chicken b. Dark meat chicken c. Lean pork chop d. Lean cut of beef
B
Analysis of a vegan's diet reveals that the patient has not been consuming any vitamin B12. Which is an inappropriate dietary intervention? a. Brewer's yeast b. White chicken breast c. Soy-fermented tempeh d. Fortified breakfast cereal
B
Carbohydrate metabolism requires an adequate supply of B vitamins and two minerals—calcium and magnesium. Usually, adequate amounts of nutrients accompany carbohydrate intake except when refined sugars and breads are the predominant choices. a. Both statements are true. b. Both statements are false. c. The first statement is true; the second is false. d. The first statement is false; the second is true.
B
Demineralization is a result of acids produced by fermentable carbohydrates combining with proteins to form prebiotics. Demineralization is caused by a lack of calcium intake or a calcium deficiency. a. Both statements are true. b. Both statements are false. c. The first statement is true; the second is false. d. The first statement is false; the second is true.
B
Each accurately describes aspects of the villi, except one. Which is the exception? a. Fingerlike projections called villi rise from the intestinal lumen. b. Villi decrease the surface area of the alimentary tract by contraction and compression. c. Each villus is covered with a layer of epithelial cells called microvilli. d. The brush border of cells is formed by microvilli.
B
Each descriptions of taste papillae is true, except one. Which is the exception? a. A taste bud consists of 30 to 100 papillae. b. Taste papillae appear on the tongue as large red spots or small bumps. c. Taste papillae are most numerous on the dorsal epithelium of the tongue. d. Taste papillae replace themselves every 3 to 10 days.
B
Each is associated with increased dental erosion, except one. Which is the exception? a. Frequent consumption of acidic beverages b. Increased salivary flow c. Prolonged holding of food in the mouth d. Mouth breathing
B
Each is true of enzymes, except one. Which is the exception? a. Enzymes are complex proteins that are very specific. b. Enzymes regulate metabolic reactions so that they proceed slowly and thoroughly. c. Enzymatic reactions require a substrate. d. Only small amounts of an enzyme is needed to complete a reaction.
B
Each is true of secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), except one. Which is the exception? a. sIgA levels are depressed in malnourished children. b. sIgA is rarely found in the oral cavity. c. This secretion provides the first line of defense in the oral cavity. d. sIgA is present in nasal, intestinal and other mucosal secretions.
B
Each statement is correct concerning high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS), except one. Which is the exception? a. HFCS is a popular ingredient in soft drinks. b. HFCS is composed of glucose and glucose polymers. c. HFCS is sweeter than regular corn syrup. d. HFCS is made from corn starch.
B
Each statement is true of sugar substitutes, except one. Which is the exception? a. Sugar substitutes have beneficial ramification for dental hygiene. b. Consumption of caloric sweeteners is increasing faster than that of low-calorie sweeteners. c. Nonnutritive sweeteners make some foods more palatable. d. Each sweetener has different properties.
B
Each statement is true of the physiologic role of protein, except one. Which is the exception? a. The amount of essential amino acid furnished by a food determines its ability to support growth. b. Protein is present in muscle and connective tissue cells only. c. Body proteins are continuously being broken down and replaced. d. Amino acids and proteins are constituents of hormones, enzymes, and other body secretions.
B
For individuals with diabetes, a blood glucose level before meals that is greater than 130 mg/dL is considered hypoglycemic. A blood glucose level that is less than 70 mg/dL is hyperglycemia. a. Both statements are true. b. Both statements are false. c. The first statement is true; the second is false. d. The first statement is false; the second is true.
B
Gluten sensitivity, an allergic condition, is an example of a systemic condition. Gluten-sensitive patients develop impairment of the small intestine. a. Both statements are true. b. Both statements are false. c. The first statement is true; the second is false. d. The first statement is false; the second is true.
B
Glycogen, also known as cellulose, is the carbohydrate storage form of energy in humans. Large reserves of glycogen are stored in the kidney and liver as adipose tissue. a. Both statements are true. b. Both statements are false. c. The first statement is true; the second is false. d. The first statement is false; the second is true.
B
High-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) has been used primarily in carbonate beverages and fruit preparations because sugar alcohols are thought to decrease the risk of dental caries. a. Both the statement and the reason are correct and related. b. Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related. c. The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct. d. The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct. e. Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.
B
In most cases, digestibility and nutritional value are adversely affected by cooking procedures. Although cooking makes egg albumin more readily digestible, cooking soybeans decreases amino acid bioavailability. a. Both statements are true. b. Both statements are false. c. The first statement is true; the second is false. d. The first statement is false; the second is true.
B
Indispensable amino acids are essential for the body but are not required in the diet. Dispensable amino acids are not essential for the body but contribute to protein formation in various ways. a. Both statements are true. b. Both statements are false. c. The first statement is true; the second is false. d. The first statement is false; the second is true.
B
Mechanical aspects of digestion include chewing and hypergeusia. Mechanical actions involve peristalsis, voluntary waves of contraction traveling the whole length of the alimentary tract. a. Both statements are true. b. Both statements are false. c. The first statement is true; the second is false. d. The first statement is false; the second is true.
B
MyPlate recommends 3 oz of cooked lean meat, poultry, or fish daily. A small chicken drumstick or thigh is equivalent to 3 oz of meat. a. Both statements are true. b. Both statements are false. c. The first statement is true; the second is false. d. The first statement is false; the second is true.
B
Proteolytic enzymes are most likely to break down which food type? a. Carbohydrates b. Proteins c. Fats d. Lipids
B
Saliva is supersaturated with bacterial by-products that allow demineralized areas of hydroxyapatite in enamel to be remineralized. Demineralization occurs when calcium, phosphate, and other minerals migrate from the enamel surface into the dentin. a. Both statements are true. b. Both statements are false. c. The first statement is true; the second is false. d. The first statement is false; the second is true.
B
The accessory organs include the large and small intestines. The role of accessory organs is to store foodstuffs during the digestive process. a. Both statements are true. b. Both statements are false. c. The first statement is true; the second is false. d. The first statement is false; the second is true.
B
The lower esophageal sphincter is a bony structure located within the stomach. It relaxes to permit food to move within the stomach on its way to the intestines. a. Both statements are true. b. Both statements are false. c. The first statement is true; the second is false. d. The first statement is false; the second is true.
B
The small intestine is comprised of the cecum, colon, and rectum. The large intestine includes the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. a. Both statements are true. b. Both statements are false. c. The first statement is true; the second is false. d. The first statement is false; the second is true.
B
The substance that is most supportive of bones and teeth is: a. hemoglobin. b. collagen. c. insulin. d. pepsin.
B
Which food is most likely to contribute to protein deficiency? a. Milk b. Legumes c. Meat d. Cheese e. Eggs
B
Which is NOT recommended for a patient who wishes to lose weight and eat a more healthy diet? a. Include two servings every day of food that supply n-3 fats. b. Use meat substitutes to reduce dietary sodium. c. Adequate vitamin D can be obtained through sun exposure, fortified foods, or supplements. d. Eat a variety of protein foods including unsalted nuts and seeds. e. When possible, substitute beans for at least half of the meat in burritos, pasta, stir fry and the like.
B
Which provides the most fructose? a. Milk b. Fruits c. Cereals d. Vegetables
B
Which snacks would the best choice for a dental hygienist to recommend to reduce the risk of dental caries? a. Peanut butter and crackers b. Cheese cubes c. Caramel candy d. Raisins
B
Which substance is most essential for hydrolyzing large protein molecules? a. Gastric lipase b. Pepsin c. Mucus d. Intrinsic factor
B
Although it is controversial as to whether high-protein diets are excessive in content, scientific research has established each fact, except one. Which is the exception? a. Less muscle is lost with higher protein diets. b. Satiation is increased. c. Thermogenesis is decreased. d. Energy efficiency is decreased.
C
Alveolar bone is primarily composed of bony spikes forming a meshwork of spaces within cancellous bone. This spikelike formation is called interdental bone. a. Both statements are true. b. Both statements are false. c. The first statement is true; the second is false. d. The first statement is false; the second is true.
C
Amino acids combine with each other to form polypeptides, which are components of food and body proteins. The number of amino acids in a protein varies between 10 and 25, but each protein has a specific number. a. Both statements are true. b. Both statements are false. c. The first statement is true; the second is false. d. The first statement is false; the second is true.
C
As the frequency of fermentable carbohydrate intake increases, the pH of plaque decreases. A fermentable carbohydrate that can reduce salivary pH to less than 7.5 is considered cariogenic. a. Both statements are true. b. Both statements are false. c. The first statement is true; the second is false. d. The first statement is false; the second is true.
C
Based on the information in the Food Record, which is the best source of cellulose? Food Record Breakfast 1 cup oatmeal 1 slice whole-grain toast cup grapefruit juice 1 cup milk Lunch 2 slices white bread Lettuce leaf and carrot 2 oz slices turkey breast cup corn 1 orange Dinner 1 whole blueberry muffin 3 oz grilled chicken cup baked beans cup cooked cabbage 2 plums a. Oatmeal b. Baked beans c. Cooked cabbage d. Berries
C
Complex carbohydrates contain more than 10 monosaccharides. Complex carbohydrates are also called disaccharides. a. Both statements are true. b. Both statements are false. c. The first statement is true; the second is false. d. The first statement is false; the second is true.
C
Dietary fiber refers to digestible components of food that include polysaccharides, lignin, whole grains, and seeds. Sources or dietary fiber usually contain other macronutrients, but vitamin and mineral components must be obtained through food processing. a. Both statements are true. b. Both statements are false. c. The first statement is true; the second is false. d. The first statement is false; the second is true.
C
Dietary fiber, especially hemicellulose and cellulose, is furnished by grain products such as wheat, corn, rice, and oats. The fiber content of foods claiming "whole-grain" must have more than 5 g of fiber per serving. a. Both statements are true. b. Both statements are false. c. The first statement is true; the second is false. d. The first statement is false; the second is true.
C
During peristalsis, doorlike mechanisms called valves or sphincter muscles perform all of the following functions, except one. Which is the exception? a. Retain food in each segment until mechanical actions is complete. b. Allow measured amount of food to pass to next segment. c. Synthesize dietary enzymes necessary for chemical digestion. d. Prevent food from "backing up" into the preceding area.
C
During some food processing procedures, the amino acid lysine is bound to the protein within cereal. This fortification procedure increases bioavailability of protein from the cereal. a. Both statements are true. b. Both statements are false. c. The first statement is true; the second is false. d. The first statement is false; the second is true.
C
Each is a characteristic manifestation of necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (NUG), except one. Which is the exception? a. Gingival erythema b. Necrosis of interdental papilla c. Marasmus d. Metallic taste and foul odor
C
Each is a portion of the alimentary canal, except one. Which is the exception? a. Oral cavity b. Pharynx c. Larynx d. Esophagus e. Small intestine
C
Each is true of polysaccharides, except one. Which is the exception? a. They are complex carbohydrates. b. They contain more than 10 monosaccharides. c. Cooking decreases the digestive process of some polysaccharides. d. Some polysaccharides have a role in energy storage.
C
Each is true of swallowing and processing food, except one. Which is the exception? a. The swallowing reflex moves a bolus into the esophagus. b. A bolus is a mass of food. c. The bolus is transported to the stomach by osmosis and gravity. d. The bolus penetrates the diaphragm through the esophageal hiatus. e. The lower esophageal sphincter relaxes to permit food into the stomach.
C
Each is true of wheat sensitivity, except one. Which is the exception? a. Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder caused by permanent gluten sensitivity. b. If not treated, celiac disease damages the microvilli in the small intestine. c. Gluten sensitivity is both an allergic reaction and an autoimmune disorder. d. Celiac disease is more common in people of European origin.
C
Each statement describes functions of the small intestine, except one. Which is the exception? a. Complete hydrolysis of most energy-providing nutrients b. Absorption of most vitamins and minerals c. Enzymatic breakdown of cellulose d. Secretion of digestive juices from its luminal wall
C
Each statement regarding protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) is true, except one. Which is the exception? a. PEM is usually accompanied by other nutritional deficiencies. b. PEM affects the whole body. c. PEM during prenatal and postnatal stages can be reversed through proper nutrition during early childhood. d. PEM can be caused by impaired digestion or absorption of protein.
C
Food-drug interactions have the potential to cause nutritional problems. For example, consuming milk or milk products while taking amoxicillin decreases the amount of antibiotic and calcium available to the body. a. Both statements are true. b. Both statements are false. c. The first statement is true; the second is false. d. The first statement is false; the second is true.
C
In a well-functioning alimentary tract, stomach contents do not "back wash" into the esophagus because the pyloric sphincter prevents foodstuff from seeping back into the esophagus. a. Both statements are true. b. Both statements are false. c. The first statement is true; the second is false. d. The first statement is false; the second is true.
C
Increasing whole grains in the diet can lead to improved gastrointestinal and cardiovascular health. Complex carbohydrates are caries-inhibiting. a. Both statements are true. b. Both statements are false. c. The first statement is true; the second is false. d. The first statement is false; the second is true.
C
Loss of smell results in a condition that limits capacity to detect flavor of food and beverages called: a. hypergeusia. b. dysgeusia. c. anosmia. d. phantom taste. e. peristalsis.
C
Nonessential amino acids are produced by the liver. Portions of the carbon framework from the sugar molecule and oxidized fats are utilized in this process. a. Both statements are true. b. Both statements are false. c. The first statement is true; the second is false. d. The first statement is false; the second is true.
C
If a low-quality protein is the only protein source ingested, it cannot support life or normal growth. High-quality proteins are well balanced in their essential amino acid content. a. Both statements are true. b. Both statements are false. c. The first statement is true; the second is false. d. The first statement is false; the second is true.
D
Prognosis for a protein-deficient patient undergoing periodontal surgery is reduced because excess nitrogen reduces the ability of the periodontium to withstand stress of surgery. a. Both the statement and the reason are correct and related. b. Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related. c. The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct. d. The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct. e. Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.
C
Snacks contribute significantly to the nutritional intake of young children and teenagers. Approximately 50% of commonly consumed snack foods contain fermentable carbohydrates. a. Both statements are true. b. Both statements are false. c. The first statement is true; the second is false. d. The first statement is false; the second is true.
C
Sucrose, lactose, and fructose can be metabolized by bacterial plaque. Fructose, also known as levulose and found naturally in honey, is less cariogenic than sucrose and lactose. a. Both statements are true. b. Both statements are false. c. The first statement is true; the second is false. d. The first statement is false; the second is true.
C
Sucrose, lactose, and fructose can result in demineralization of tooth enamel because they rapidly diffuse into plaque biofilm and raise pH levels. a. Both the statement and the reason are correct and related. b. Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related. c. The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct. d. The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct. e. Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.
C
Taste buds, receptors of taste located in the oral cavity, play an important role in the digestive system. Visual sensory perceptions associated with the presentation and color of food are known as gustatory sensations. a. Both statements are true. b. Both statements are false. c. The first statement is true; the second is false. d. The first statement is false; the second is true.
C
The chemical structure of proteins is different from that of fats and carbohydrates because proteins contain nitrogen but not carbon. a. Both the statement and the reason are correct and related. b. Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related. c. The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct. d. The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct. e. Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.
C
The distinguishing feature of amino acids is the amine group. This nitrogen source is not present in carbohydrates but is present in fats and many vitamins. a. Both statements are true. b. Both statements are false. c. The first statement is true; the second is false. d. The first statement is false; the second is true.
C
The principal role of absorbed sugar is to: a. encourage the growth of bacteria. b. accelerate gastrointestinal motility. c. provide energy for body functions. d. lipogenesis.
C
Which animal-derived food contains the most significant level of carbohydrates? a. Egg b. Beef c. Milk d. Poultry
C
Which carbohydrate is the least cariogenic? a. Sucrose b. Glucose c. Lactose d. Fructose e. Fiber
C
Which consumption pattern of fermentable carbohydrate is considered most cariogenic? a. A single exposure to a large quantity b. A single exposure to a small quantity c. Multiple exposures of small quantities d. Multiple exposures followed by chewing sugarless gum
C
Which group is least susceptible to insufficient intake of protein? a. The elderly b. Individuals with low income c. Adults participating in endurance exercise d. Patients who are chronically ill
C
Which is most likely to be absorbed within the stomach? a. Carbohydrates b. Fats c. Amino acids d. Fat-soluble vitamins
C
Which monosaccharide is the most sweet? a. Glucose b. Dextrose c. Fructose d. Sucrose
C
While counseling a patient about the benefits of fiber, each of the following suggestions are correct, except one. Which is the exception? a. Fiber increases the stool bulk. b. Fiber provides muscle tone for digestive muscles. c. Fiber enables increased colonic pressure. d. Fiber slows starch hydrolysis.
C
Galactose, a sugar alcohol called xylitol that is produced from sugar beets, does not contribute tooth decay because oral bacteria lack the enzymes to ferment xylitol. a. Both the statement and the reason are correct and related. b. Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related. c. The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct. d. The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct. e. Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.
D
A patient who reports stomach ulcers should avoid all the following foods, except one. Which is the exception? a. Proteins b. Caffeine c. Calcium d. Wheat
D
A patient would like to increase glycogen stores. Which food could you suggest? a. Beef b. Fish c. Donuts d. Dried beans
D
An adult stomach functions as a reservoir to hold an average meal for 6 to 8 hours. The rate of passage through the stomach (fastest to slowest) is liquids, proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. a. Both statements are true. b. Both statements are false. c. The first statement is true; the second is false. d. The first statement is false; the second is true.
D
Based on the information in the Food Record, which contains lactose, galactose, and glucose? Food Record Breakfast 1 cup oatmeal 1 slice whole-grain toast cup grapefruit juice 1 cup milk Lunch 2 slices white bread Lettuce leaf and carrot 2 oz slices turkey breast cup corn 1 orange Dinner 1 whole blueberry muffin 3 oz grilled chicken cup baked beans cup cooked cabbage 2 plums a. Corn b. White bread c. Plums d. Milk
D
Dietary fiber is digested and absorbed in the stomach. Resistant starch, a form of dietary fiber, functions as a prebiotic and helps with regularity. a. Both statements are true. b. Both statements are false. c. The first statement is true; the second is false. d. The first statement is false; the second is true.
D
Digestion is accomplished solely through chemical activities on food because peristalsis permits blending of foodstuffs with digestive secretions. a. Both the statement and the reason are correct and related. b. Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related. c. The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct. d. The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct. e. Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.
D
During protein deficiency, a decreased amount of protein in the blood causes an accumulation of fluids within the blood vessels because a loss of osmotic balance occurs. a. Both the statement and the reason are correct and related. b. Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related. c. The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct. d. The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct. e. Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.
D
Each is a manifestation of protein deficiency, except one. Which is the exception? a. Frequent or extended periods of fasting b. Medications that cause anorexia c. Abnormal food intake d. Oily hair
D
Each is true of carbohydrate digestion, except one. Which is the exception? a. Digestion begins with salivary amylase. b. Hydrolysis begins within the mouth. c. Ptyalin is an enzyme involved in carbohydrate digestion. d. Xerostomia increases digestive function.
D
Each nonnutritive sweetener can be recommended to patients with phenylketonuria, except one. Which one is the exception? a. Cyclamate b. Acesulfame-K c. Saccharine d. Aspartame e. Sucralose
D
Each statement describes an aspect of ketosis, except one. Which is the exception? a. An accumulation of ketones in the blood results in ketosis. b. Incomplete oxidation of fatty products results in ketosis. c. Ketones are normal products of lipid metabolism in the liver. d. Glucose interferes with the ability of muscles to utilize ketones for energy. e. Oxidation of fats requires the presence of some carbohydrates.
D
Each statement is true of sugar alcohols, except one. Which is the exception? a. Xylitol is anticariogenic because oral bacteria cannot ferment it. b. Sugar alcohols can inhibit growth of Streptococcus mutans. c. Sugar alcohols can prevent the lowering of plaque biofilm pH. d. Lactitol is twice as sweet as sucrose.
D
Ideal foods to recommend to patients to increase their fiber intake include all, except one. Which is the exception? a. Fruits with skins b. Unbuttered popcorn c. Carrots d. Oatmeal cookies e. Whole-grain crackers
D
It is well established that removing sucrose from the diet results in significant reduction of dental caries. Although the total elimination of sweets permanently is unrealistic, the best advice includes consuming sugar in moderation and limiting the frequency of sugar exposure. a. Both statements are true. b. Both statements are false. c. The first statement is true; the second is false. d. The first statement is false; the second is true.
D
Masticatory efficiency refers to enhancement of gustatory effects. Even after a patient becomes fully adjusted to well-fitted dentures, masticatory efficiency is reduced compared with that of patients with their natural teeth. a. Both statements are true. b. Both statements are false. c. The first statement is true; the second is false. d. The first statement is false; the second is true.
D
Most nutrients are absorbed from the small to the large intestine, where the majority of digestion occurs. As the large intestine reabsorbs water and electrolytes, it forms the residue, also called feces. a. Both statements are true. b. Both statements are false. c. The first statement is true; the second is false. d. The first statement is false; the second is true.
D
Pancreatic enzymes enter the colon through the pancreatic duct. Produced and stored in the pancreas, these enzymes hydrolyze carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. a. Both statements are true. b. Both statements are false. c. The first statement is true; the second is false. d. The first statement is false; the second is true.
D
Passage of a permeable substance from a more concentrated solution to an area of lower concentration is called osmosis. Transport requiring a carrier and cellular energy is active transport. a. Both statements are true. b. Both statements are false. c. The first statement is true; the second is false. d. The first statement is false; the second is true.
D
Per kilogram of body weight, which group has the lowest RDA for protein? a. Infants b. Children c. Pregnant women d. Men
D
The maxilla and mandible need the forces of chewing to prevent calcium absorption. Chewing firm food helps to maintain a proper balance between bone breakdown and new bone formation within the alveolar process. a. Both statements are true. b. Both statements are false. c. The first statement is true; the second is false. d. The first statement is false; the second is true.
D
The physiologic role of proteins does NOT include: a. resistance to disease. b. regulation of fluid balance. c. repair of tissue. d. providing the primary source of energy.
D
Vegetables such as lettuce, celery, and broccoli have the potential to cause acid production or demineralization of enamel because they contain carbohydrate. a. Both the statement and the reason are correct and related. b. Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related. c. The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct. d. The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct. e. Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.
D
When carbohydrates are eliminated from the diet to lose weight, which nutrients are most likely to become insufficient? a. Iron, fiber, and protein b. Iron, fiber, and vitamin K c. Vitamin A and vitamin C d. Iron, fiber, and B vitamins
D
Which is least likely to be found free in nature? a. Galactose b. Fructose c. Glucose d. Maltose
D
Which provides the most fiber? a. 3 oz of pot roast with cup gravy b. 1 cup of brown and wild rice blend c. 1 medium orange d. 1.5 cups of Mini-Wheat cereal
D
Which statement is true regarding MyPlate? a. Added sugar is a physiologic requirement. b. MyPlate includes a separate section for sugars. c. Added sugars are excluded from discretionary calories. d. Eating sugar in moderation implies proper nutrient balance.
D
Carbohydrates are referred to as protein-derived because their most efficient function is conversion of protein to monosaccharide for utilization as an energy source. a. Both the statement and the reason are correct and related. b. Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related. c. The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct. d. The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct. e. Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.
E
During pregnancy, saccharin is safe to recommend because nonnutritive sweeteners do not cross the placental barrier. a. Both the statement and the reason are correct and related. b. Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related. c. The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct. d. The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct. e. Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.
E
Each is a combination of plant proteins that creates a complete protein, except one. Which is the exception? a. Black beans and rice b. Peanut butter sandwich c. Lentil and quinoa stew d. Spinach and tofu salad e. Cereal and dairy milk
E
Each is a function of saliva, except one. Which is the exception? a. Saliva is essential to gustatory sensations. b. Saliva lubricates oral tissues. c. Saliva provides antibacterial action. d. Saliva buffers bacterial acids. e. Saliva extracts calcium and phosphate from demineralized tooth surfaces.
E
In patients with liver and kidney disease, increased levels of protein are recommended because these organs require continual cellular and tissue rebuilding that only protein can provide. a. Both the statement and the reason are correct and related. b. Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related. c. The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct. d. The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct. e. Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.
E
Lactose-intolerant individuals have a deficiency of both lactase and sucrase because breakdown of lactose involves conversion into two monosaccharides. a. Both the statement and the reason are correct and related. b. Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related. c. The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct. d. The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct. e. Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.
E
Macaroni and cheese is an example of contributory proteins because the deficiencies in amino acids of one component are offset by the adequacies of another. a. Both the statement and the reason are correct and related. b. Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related. c. The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct. d. The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct. e. Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.
E
Most absorption occurs in the stomach because the gastric juices secreted by the stomach effectively hydrolyze and prepare nutrients for absorption. a. Both the statement and the reason are correct and related. b. Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related. c. The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct. d. The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct. e. Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.
E
MyPlate includes a separate section for sugars because high sugar consumption equates with a poor quality diet. a. Both the statement and the reason are correct and related. b. Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related. c. The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct. d. The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct. e. Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.
E
The basic hydrolysis reactions necessary for food digestion depend upon sugars because these complex carbohydrate-based substances enable completion of metabolic reactions at an efficient rate. a. Both the statement and the reason are correct and related. b. Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related. c. The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct. d. The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct. e. Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.
E
Tissue building, maintenance, and repair are physiologic roles of proteins and carbohydrates because both nutrients provide essential amino acids necessary for these functions. a. Both the statement and the reason are correct and related. b. Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related. c. The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct. d. The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct. e. Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.
E
