Nutrition ch 4

How much bile does the liver make every day?

2-4 cups

GI tract

A hollow muscular tube that extends approximately 16 feet in length

Lumen

A hollow space within the intestine through which food and fluids can flow

A "fecal transplant" (taking feces from a healthy person and introducing it into the large intestine of a patient) is used to treat

C-diff

The breakdown of food due to the action of enzymes would be an example of

Chemical digestion

Amylase

Digests starch

Which of the following represents the sections of the small intestine in order?

Duodenum, jejunum, ileum

T/F: Heartburn is usually the result of an underlying heart problem.

False, Heartburn is caused by the passage of acidic contents from the stomach into the esophagus. Underlying heart problems are typically unrelated.

Recommendations to reduce the risk of _______ include losing excess body weight, not overeating at mealtimes, elevating the head of the bed higher than the foot of the bed, and not wearing tight belts or tight waistbands.

GERD, heartburn, acid reflux

The two major components of the digestive system are the

GI Tracts Accessory organs

Which of the following are typical causes of vomiting? Multiple select question. Common cold Hormonal changes during pregnancy Restless leg syndrome Migraine headaches Head injury

Hormonal changes during pregnancy Migraine headaches Head injury

Bicarbonate

Increases the pH in the small intestine so enzymes can function to digest food

Place items in order from lowest pH ending with the item that has the highest pH. Position 1 of 5 lemon juice correct toggle button unavailable lemon juice

Lemon juice Black coffee water baking soda oven cleaner

The _____ uses cholesterol to make bile

Liver

Accessory Organs include

Liver gallbladder

The cavity or channel within a tube such as the GI tract is called the

Lumen

Chewing food or _____ makes it easier to swallow food increasing the surface area of the food, giving enzymes greater access to nutrients.

Mastication

The contraction of muscles in the esophagus is called

Peristalsis

Waves of muscular contractions that propel food along the gastrointestinal tract are called

Peristalsis

Which of the following are functions of the stomach?

Produces and secretes HCl Secretes protective lubricant Begins chemical digestion of protein

Lingual lipase and salivary amylase are two components of the liquid called _______ , which is produced by glands in the mouth.

Saliva

Components of saliva

Salivary amylase Lingual lipase

The 6 primary taste sensations are sweet, sour, salty, bitter, ______ , and fat.

Savory

Which of the following senses has the greatest effect on taste?

Smell

Chyme is formed in the

Stomach

What are causes of diarrhea? Multiple select question. The GI tract absorbs less water than normal. Less water than normal is secreted into the GI tract. More water than normal is absorbed by the GI tract. More water than normal is secreted into the GI tract.

The GI tract absorbs less water than normal. More water than normal is secreted into the GI tract.

Mechanical Digestion

The mixing of food by muscular contractions

Sphincters

Thickened regions of muscle that function like valves to control the flow of contents at various points in the GI tract

T/F: An item with a low pH is acidic

True

Which of the following is a primary taste sensation?

Umami

Which statement about the digestion of nutrients is true? Very little carbohydrate, protein, or fat escapes digestion and absorption in the small intestine. Any carbohydrate, fat, and protein that is not needed by the body eventually moves into the rectum for removal from the body. Almost all carbohydrate and fat are absorbed in the small intestine, leaving protein to be predominately absorbed in the large intestine.

Very little carbohydrate, protein, or fat escapes digestion and absorption in the small intestine.

_________ is a process of absorption that requires energy and a carrier protein

active transport

One substance responsible for the digestion and absorption of fat in the small intestine is

bile

The main function of _______ is to emulsify fat, thus assisting in fat digestion

bile

The amount of a nutrient in a food is not as important as how much of that nutrient is used by the body, called the nutrient's ______.

bioavailability

When an intestinal sphincter contracts, it _____ the passageway and restricts the flow at that point in the digestive tract.

closes

Antibiotic use, opiates, lack of dietary fiber, low water intake, psychological disturbances, and changes to routine can contribute to ______.

constipation

Choose the functions of intestinal bacteria

controls inflammation synthesis of vitamins and certain neurotransmitters

Protease

digests protein

The pressure commonly found with chronic constipation can sometimes force small pouches to form in the wall of the colon is called ______.

diverticuli

______ is a condition characterized by the presence of tiny pouches that form in the wall of the colon.

diverticulitis

Choose helpful strategies to reduce the risk of heartburn. do not wear tight belts or clothes with tight waistbands do not overeat at mealtimes lose excess body weight lower the head below the waist when sleeping

do not wear tight belts or clothes with tight waistbands do not overeat at mealtimes lose excess body weight

Each villus (singular of villi) has an outer lay of absorptive cells called ______.

enterocytes

________ is a process of absorption which requires a carrier protein but no energy.

facilitated diffusion

Researchers are testing the safety and effectiveness of using ______ to treat a Clostridium difficile (C. diff) infection.

fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT)

Symptoms of a peptic ulcer include ______.

feeling of fullness that occurs about 2 hours after eating deep dull upper abdominal pain

The FDA ______ approved health claims for probiotics.

has NOT

The pH of household ammonia is ______ than the pH of lemon juice.

higher

Simple diffusion is when a nutrient moves from the lumen where it is in _____ concentration to the absorptive cell where the nutrient is in _____ concentration.

higher, lower

What is the benefit of the thick layer of mucus that lines the stomach?

it protects the stomach wall from being damaged by acid and digestive enzymes

Irritable bowel syndrome can be characterized by

loose stools. sensation of incomplete elimination. constipation.

Constipation can be caused by a diet that is _____ in fiber and water

low

A slippery, alkaline substance that protects the stomach from its acid and digestive enzymes is called _____.

mucus

When we have a cold, food often does not taste as good because _____.

our noses are blocked, and our sense of smell contributes to our sense of taste.

The movement of a nutrient from higher concentration (i.e. lumen) to where it is less concentrated (i.e. absorptive cells) is called

simple diffusion

GI Tract includes

stomach small intestine

A primary purpose of the villi is to increase the _______ of the small intestines in order to enhance absorption rates.

surface area

In cases of _____, the inflammatory process causes ulcers to form in the mucosa of the colon and rectum.

ulcerative colitis

The _______ are tiny, fingerlike projections that provide an increased surface area for absorption in the small intestines. Your answer must be spelled correctly to receive credit. The answer requires the answer in plural form.

villi

Diarrhea is most often caused by _____.

viral infections bacterial infections

The gut microbiota is an ecosystem of ______ that colonize the intestinal tract.

viruses bacteria fungi

Irritable bowel syndrome is more common in

women