Nutrition CH 7 HW

Anabolic reactions are those that combine smaller compounds to build larger compounds. Anabolic reactions are favored over catabolic reactions during the fed state. Which of the following statements is correct regarding the anabolic reactions that occur during the fed state?

During the fed state, glycogen synthesis is favored to store excess glucose as glycogen in the liver and the muscle.

Which of the following statements correctly describes lipid metabolism during the fasting state?

Fatty acids are rapidly broken down from adipose tissues and converted to ketone bodies during the later stages of the fasting state.

Which of the following statements correctly describes carbohydrate metabolism during the fasting state?

Muscle glycogen stores are depleted early in the fasting state.

Which statement regarding glycolysis is true? 1. Glycolysis yields three pyruvic acid molecules from one six-carbon glucose molecule. 2. Glycolysis occurs in the mitochondria in the cell. 3. When oxygen is limited in the cell, pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid. 4. Glycolysis yields four ATP molecules from one six-carbon glucose molecule.

When oxygen is limited in the cell, pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid.

Which of the following is converted directly to acetyl CoA without first being converted to pyruvate?

fatty acids

Water plays a significant role in the TCA cycle.

true

How many carbons does acetyl CoA contain?

two

catabolic process

1. Dietary protein from a meal is digested and absorbed as single amino acids. 2. Fatty acids are used as fuel sources for some tissues. 3. Glucose is used as the primary fuel for energy. 4. Dietary carbohydrate from a meal is digested and absorbed as monosaccharides, mainly glucose. 5. Dietary fat from a meal is digested and absorbed as monoglycerides, free fatty acids, and glycerol.

Both Short-Term and Long-Term Fasting

1. Glucose is used as a fuel source for red blood cells, brain cells, and other tissues. 2. Triglycerides in adipose tissue are broken down during lipolysis to provide fatty acids for energy.

Which of the following statements regarding the TCA cycle is FALSE?

Acetyl CoA combines with a two-carbon molecule called malate to form citrate.

The primary high-energy molecule in human metabolism is:

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

The process of breaking down large molecules to release energy is called:

Catabolism

Enzymes break apart molecules during digestion by a chemical process known as __________.

Hydrolysis

Where in the cell is the majority of ATP produced?

Mitochondria

True or false: Glycolysis can occur in either aerobic or anaerobic conditions.

True

To form a larger molecule, a condensation reaction occurs when __________.

a hydroxyl group (−OH) from glucose and hydrogen (H) from glycogen are released and form water (H2O)

What is pyruvic acid?

a three-carbon molecule formed from the breakdown of glucose during glycolysis

The 2-carbon molecule to which all energy-yielding nutrients are converted before entering the TCA cycle is called __________.

acetyl CoA

During hydrolysis, water is used to split apart two glucose molecules by __________.

adding one hydrogen (H) and one hydroxyl (−OH) to each monosaccharide

The chemical process by which glucose is added to a string of glucose molecules to form glycogen in the liver and muscle is called __________.

condensation

An anabolic reaction in which water is released as a by-product is called:

dehydration synthesis.

The final stage of glucose oxidation, which is carried out in the inner membranes of the mitochondria, involves which series of reactions?

electron transport chain

NADH and FADH2 are reduced during the reactions in the electron transport chain.

false

The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources such as glucogenic amino acids is called

gluconeogenesis

Which of the following nutrients is converted to pyruvate before being converted to acetyl CoA?

glucose

Before triglycerides enter the TCA cycle, they are first broken down to __________.

glycerol and fatty acids

Glucose is stored in the body as:

glycogen

The process of converting excess glucose to glycogen in the liver and muscle is referred to as

glycogen synthesis

The process in which glucose is broken down to yield energy is called

glycolysis

What is the name of the process of breaking down glucose to two molecules of pyruvate?

glycolysis

Fatty acids are cleaved from the glycerol backbone to yield free fatty acids in a process called

lipolysis

Which cellular organelle is the primary site of ATP production?

mitochondrion

The first step of glycolysis is:

phosphorylation of glucose.

What is the end product after glucose undergoes glycolysis?

pyruvate

After one rotation of the TCA cycle, two carbons have entered the cycle and two carbons have been released.

true

anabolic process

1. Excess glucose is converted to fatty acids and stored as part of the triglyceride molecule in adipose tissue. 2. Amino acids from the amino acid pool are used to replace old proteins. 3. Excess amino acids are converted to fatty acids and stored as a triglyceride in the adipose tissue. 4. Excess fatty acids combine with glycerol to form triglycerides, which are stored in adipose tissues. 5. Excess glucose is stored as glycogen in the liver and muscle.

short term fasting

1. Glycogen degradation in the liver helps maintain blood glucose levels. 2. Glucose from glycogen degradation in muscle is used for energy by the muscle cells.

long term fasting

1. Muscle protein catabolism yields single amino acids. 2. Liver utilizes single amino acids from the catabolism of muscle for gluconeogenesis. 3. Fatty acids in the liver are converted to ketone bodies that can be utilized for fuel by all cells and tissues except red blood cells.

Which of the following statements correctly describes protein metabolism during the fasting state?

Glucogenic amino acids are used to produce glucose through gluconeogenesis during the fasting state.

Both catabolic and anabolic reactions are regulated by hormones. When the endocrine system detects a change in the concentration of nutrients, such as glucose levels dropping below normal, hormones are released to activate or deactivate the enzymes in the metabolic pathways. Which of the following statements is correct regarding the hormonal control of metabolism during the fed state?

Insulin released from the pancreas stimulates glycogen synthesis, lipogenesis, and protein synthesis.

BLANK is the process in which excess glucose or amino acids are converted into fatty acids to be stored as a triglyceride in the adipose cells.

Lipogenesis

Which of the following statements regarding the electron transport chain is FALSE?

The electron transport chain takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell.

How many enzyme complexes are involved in the production of ATP in the electron transport chain?

four