nutrition ch.7

what is the RDA for protein

0.8 g/kg

1 hemoglobin 2. lipoprotein 3. retinol-binding protein 4. transferrin

1. carries oxygen 2. transports lipids 3. carries vitamin A 4. carries iron

1. lacto-ovo 2. lacto 3. vegan

1. consumes milk and eggs 2. consumes milk 3. does not consume any animal products

there are a total of ___ nonessential amino acids that the body needs in order to function

11

proteins supply the body with about __ kilocalories per gram

4

if Jonas weighs 154 pounds, how many kilograms does he weigh?

70

if your carbohydrate intake is inadequate, the liver is forced to make glucose from ____

amino acids in the body tissues, protein in body tissues, and stored glycogen

which of the following describe the components of an amino acid

amino group, side chain, and acid group

when a person has a protein deficiency it can result in immune incompetence called

anergy

proteins from ___ are considered to be a good source of all 9 essential amino acids

animals

pulses are a group of 12 crops, including

beans, peas, and lentils

this is a measurement of how efficiently the absorbed food protein is converted into body tissue protein

biological value (BV)

protein deficiency is rarely an isolated condition and usually accompanies

calorie deficiency, lack of nutrients

changing a protein's shape ___ destroy its ability to function normally

can

a diet high in animal protein can increase a person's chance of developing___

cancer, CVD

an amino acid without an amino group is called a

carbon skeleton

which of the following are the wo primary sources of fuel for cells

carbs and fats

____ triggers the release of the hormones secretin and CCK

chyme

the hormones secretin and CCK act to stimulate the pancreas to release

chymotrypsin and trypsin

the nucleotide units that contain instructions for protein synthesis are called ____

codons

which of the following are common reasons why marasmus occurs in infants

diluted formula, poverty, unsafe water

fluid buildup in the interstitial spaces is called

edema

the blood proteins ____ and ____ are important in maintaining fluid balance

globulin, albumin

blood proteins have what type of influence on body fluids

help to maintain body fluid

____-protein diets can lead to kidney problems and are not recommended for people with (or at risk for) kidney disease

high

although a vegan may be getting adequate total protein, what specific type of protein may be deficient in their diet

high biological value

amino acids are important in the synthesis of many ____ such as insulin and glucagon

hormones

the RDA for proteins would be higher

in highly trained athletes and during the recovery from illness or injury

lack of protein can negatively affect many metabolic processes causing

increased risk of infection, inefficient functioning of the immune system

which of the following individuals requires a positive protein balance

middle-aged adult recovering from an injury, older adult recovering from an illness, adolescent boy during growth spurt

North Americans consume ___ protein from animal sources in comparison to people from other countries

more

which of the following might happen to someone with an illness

negative protein balance

which of the following occurs when a person consumes less protein than what is needed

negative protein balance

which of the following is the amino acid that can be synthesized by a healthy body in sufficient amounts

non-essential

amino acids that are ___ can also be referred to as dispensable amino acids

nonessential

amino acid needs should be met

over the course of the day

what is the term for the chemical bind formed b/t amino acids and protein

peptide bond

___ proteins are heart-healthy bc they contain no cholesterol and little saturated fat

plant

most ___ proteins are examples of lower-quality proteins

plant

a ___ protein balance occurs when protein intake exceeds daily protein losses

positive

identify the different levels of protein organization

primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary structure

which macronutrient is a key component of the cells within the immune system and makes up many of the antibodies that defend the body from illness

protein

____ help regulate acid[base balance in the blood

proteins

all ____ contain nitrogen

proteins

almost all enzymes are ____

proteins

the body links amino acids with peptide bonds in order to form

proteins

protein serve which of the following functions

proteins play a role in enzyme and hormone production; proteins regulate and maintain essential body functions; proteins aid in cell synthesis

the liver and kidneys must work hard to use protein to meet energy needs because

proteins require a lot of processing to produce energy

which of the following supply the body with usable energy

proteins, lipids, carbs

protein synthesis takes place in the ____, which are located in the cytosol of the cell

ribosomes

final digestion of protein occurs in the ___

small intestine

all of the following are components that make up an amino acid except _____

sodium

quinoa and _____ protein is an example of a plant-based protein that meets the essential amino acid needs

soy

what is the reason why energy needs may not be met in infants and children following a vegetarian or vegan diet

they consume a diet rich in fiber, low calorie foods that cause fullness

the amino group from an amino acid is excreted in the

urine

Incorrect mRNA production and incorrect polypeptide chain production both result from an error in the _____ code.

DNA

___ is a double stranded molecule in a helical form

DNA

_____ acids are the building blocks of protein

amino

what is it called when two sources of protein combine to form a complete protein, whereas by themselves, they supply an inadequate amount of essential amino acids

complementary protein

losing an amino group from an amino acid without transferring it to a carbon skeleton is called ____

deamination

what is the process of altering the 3-dimensional structure of a protein by treatment with heat, enzymes, acids, bases, or agitation

denaturation

in order for amino acids to be available for absorption, proteins must be ____ during digestion

denatured

the protein digestibility corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS) is derived by multiplying a food's chemical score by the food's digestibility

digestibility

which of the following is the best example of a situation where the denaturation of proteins is useful

digestion

which of the following statements about kwashiorkor are true?

edema and fatty liver are possible consequences of kwashiorkor; a young child may develop kwashiorkor when he is abruptly weaned from breast milk to starchy gruels

when excess protein is consumed, it can be used for ___ or other purposes

energy

a (n) ____ amino acid, also called indispensable, cannot be synthesized by humans in sufficient amounts, if at all, and must be included in the diet

essential

there are 9 ____ amino acids that cannot be produced by the body and must be consumed as part of our diet

essential

indispensable amino acid is another term for a (n)

essential amino acid

healthy individuals need to consume protein in amount that replaces the protein lost in

feces, hair, and urine

whenever Suzy eats spinach she gets an upset stomach, Suzy is most likely experiencing a

food intolerance

a diet rich in animal sources of protein may increase risk for CVD bc

foods of animal origin are often higher in cholesterol and saturated fat

what is the primary cause of marasmus

lack of food/nutrients

PKU

leads to a lack of tyrosine production and is caused by an enzyme inefficiency

a(n) amino acid is the essential amino acid in lowest concentration in a food or diet relative to body needs and limits the amount of protein a body can synthesize

limiting

when carbohydrates are in short supply, the ___ can make glucose from amino acids present in body tissues

liver

what individuals are at risk for PEM

living in poverty, hospitalized patients, and suffering from anorexia nervosa

what is the best way to consume amino acids

whole food