Nutrition Chapter 1

The body requires ____ types of nutrients.

- 6 types

Describe the characteristics of the six stages of behavior change

-Behavior change follows a predictable pattern. -Setting goals and monitoring progress facilitate behavior change.

Explain how the concept of nutrient density can facilitate diet planning.

-Choosing nutrient-dense foods is important to achieve both nutritional adequacy and calorie control. -Nutrient-dense foods include seafood, beans, fruit, and vegetables—particularly the non-starchy vegetables such as dark leafy greens (cooked and raw), red bell peppers, broccoli, and carrots.

List the seven major categories of nutrition and weight-related objectives included in the publication Healthy People 2020.

-Each decade, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services sets health and nutrition objectives for the nation.

Give examples of the challenges and solutions to choosing a health-promoting diet.

-Foods that form the basis of a nutritious diet are whole foods, such as ordinary milk and milk products; meats, fish, and poultry; vegetables and dried peas and beans; fruits; and grains. -A well-planned diet is adequate, balanced, and moderate in energy; moderate in unwanted constituents; and offers a variety of nutritious foods. -Cultural traditions and social values often revolve around foodways. -Many factors other than nutrition drive food choices.

Describe the science of nutrition.

-Nutrition is a young and fast-growing science. -Scientists ask questions and then design research experiments to test possible answers. -Researchers follow the scientific method and apply it to various research study designs. -Single studies must be replicated before their findings can be considered valid. -A theory is strengthened when results from follow-up studies with a variety of research designs support it. -News media often sensationalize single-study findings and so may not be trustworthy sources. -National nutrition research projects, such as National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES), provide data on U.S. food consumption and nutrient status.

______ prevails as the number-one factor driving people's food choices.

-Taste

Name the six classes of nutrients.

-The energy-yielding nutrients are carbohydrates, fats (lipids), and protein. -The regulator nutrients are vitamins and minerals. -Foremost among the nutrients in food is water. -Essential nutrients in the diet prevent deficiencies. -Food energy is measured in calories; nutrient quantities are often measured in grams. -Nutritious food is superior to supplements for maintaining optimal health. -Most healthy people who eat a nutritious diet do not need supplements at all.

Describe the ways in which food choices impact a person's health.

-The nutrients in food support growth, maintenance, and repair of the body. -Deficiencies, excesses, and imbalances of energy and nutrients bring on the diseases of malnutrition. -Nutrition profoundly affects health. -Diet influences long-term health within the range set by genetic inheritance. -Nutrition exerts little influence on some diseases but strongly affects others. -Life choices, such as being physically active or using tobacco or alcohol, can improve or damage health.

Evaluate the authenticity of any given nutrition information source.

-When a news article describes a study, the study should have been published in a peer-reviewed journal and the article should describe the research methods and limitations of the study. -For reliable information sources, search for review articles on the current nutrition topic.

_________ examine populations and are used to find correlations between two factors, and ______________ are a study design in which one group receives a treatment (experimental group) and another group receives a placebo (control group) and the outcomes between the two separate groups are compared.

-epidemiological studies -controlled clinical trials

Proteins

-macronutrients made of amino acids and yield 4 cal/g energy

Carbohydrates

-macronutrients made of simple sugars and yield 4 cal/g energy

Fats

-macronutrients with the highest energy yield, 9 cal/g of energy

Select a statement about micronutrients that is true.

-micronutrients assist in all body processes

Foods contain ________, compounds that confer color, taste, and other characteristics of food. Foods that have been around a long time, such as vegetables, fruit and meats, are __________, while ________ are foods that may have been subjected to milling, texture alterations, or cooking. Rice, potatoes, or corn are ________ that provide a foundation for a healthful diet.

-phytochemicals -whole foods -processed foods -staple foods

Which macronutrient can yield energy and provide materials that form structures and working parts of body tissues?

-protein

Which nutrients contain organic carbon?

-proteins, fats and vitamins (Water and minerals are considered to be inorganic, that is they do not contain organic sources of carbon atoms)

Which of the six classes of nutrients is foremost in quantity and must constantly be replaced?

-water

How many calories are provided by a food that contains 29 g carbohydrate, 6 g protein, and 1 g fat? a. 195 cal b. 149 cal c. 212 cal d. 267 cal e. 245 cal

b. 149 cal

Select that list that accurately lists the six stages of behavior change in order.

b. Precontemplation, Contemplation, Preparation, Action, Maintenance, Adoption/Moving On

Which foods should form the basis of a nutritious diet?

b. Whole foods that include ordinary milk and milk products; meats, fish, and poultry; vegetables and beans; fruits; and grains

What are the only energy-yielding nutrients? a. carbohydrates, minerals, and proteins b. carbohydrates, fats, and proteins c. fiber, fats, and protein d. carbohydrates, vitamin water, and minerals e. fiber, carbohydrates, and vitamin water

b. carbohydrates, fats, and proteins

What type of research uses the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES)?

b. epidemiological studies

Malnutrition only occurs when there are nutrient deficiencies, such as in developing countries. a. true b. false

b. false Occurs when there are deficiencies, imbalances and excesses of nutrients.

Which of the following is a Healthy People 2020 objective?

b. increase the number of schools offering breakfast

Dark leafy greens, red bell peppers, broccoli, and carrots are examples of _________, unlike chips, buns, and donuts. a. calorically high foods b. nutrient-dense foods c. foodways d. moderate foods e. ethnic foods

b. nutrient-dense foods

What characteristic or class best describes a carbohydrate?

b. organic, nutrient-yielding

Many agencies are involved in nutrition policy development, research, and monitoring. Which large program of studies is designed to assess the health and nutritional status of adults and children in the United States by conducting interviews and physical examinations? a. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) b. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) c. National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) d. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) e. U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)

c. National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES)

Identify benefits associated with combining regular physical activity with a nutritious diet. a. More muscle strain and loss of bone density b. Increased risk of developing chronic diseases c. Reduced body fat and increased lean tissue d. Decreased risk of developing sickle-cell anemia

c. Reduced body fat and increased lean tissue

What is the unit used to measure energy in foods? a. macronutrient b. dietary supplement c. calorie d. gram e. food scale

c. calorie

Eating away from home (e.g., at a restaurant) can negatively impact a person's diet in all the following ways EXCEPT

c. eating away from home limits food choices that appeal to omnivores

Which list most accurately represents the categories of nutrition and weight-related objectives included in the publication of Healthy People 2020? a. Poverty, Substance Abuse, Malnutrition b. Mental Illness, Genetic Diseases, Weight Loss c. Tobacco Use, Obesity, Cardiovascular Disease d. Chronic Diseases, Food Safety, Maternal/Infant/Child Health

d. Chronic Diseases, Food Safety, Maternal/Infant/Child Health

Which statement about nutrient density is incorrect? a. A nutrient-dense food provides needed nutrients with relatively few calories. b. Fat-free milk is a good example of a nutrient-dense food. c. Nonstarchy vegetables are often high in nutrient density. d. Ice cream is a good example of a nutrient-dense food.

d. Ice cream is a good example of a nutrient-dense food.

Sarah has started reading books on weight loss and fitness and has decided she needs to improve her fruit consumption and physical activity. Sarah is in which stage of change?

d. contemplation

One cup of vanilla milkshake provides 254 cal and 332 mg calcium; one cup of nonfat milk has 86 cal and 301 mg calcium. Choosing the nonfat milk would be an example of applying the principle of ________ a. variety b. moderation c. budgeting d. nutrient density e. adequacy

d. nutrient density

Single studies must be ________ before findings can be confirmed and considered valid. a evaluated b. isolated c. FDA approved d. replicated e. identified

d. replicated

Which environmental factor is most likely to have the greatest impact on a person's health? a. Hemophilia b. Osteoporosis c. Heredity d. Stress

d. stress

Foremost among the six class of nutrients in foods is _________, the most important essential nutrient. a. fats b. carbohydrates c. minerals d. water e. vitamins

d. water

All of these chronic diseases are connected to diet EXCEPT ________. a. heart disease b. diabetes c. cancers d. stroke e. None; All of these diseases are linked to diet.

e. None; All of these diseases are linked to diet

What is an essential nutrient?

e. a nutrient that must be consumed in the diet

Adding meats, fish, poultry, and legumes is an easy way to get a(n) ________ amount of iron in your diet. a. balanced b. variety c. caloric controlled d. moderate e. adequate

e. adequate

Liquid formulas that have been introduced as "meal replacers" have been shown to ___________.

e. have limited use that is lifesaving for hospitalized patients who cannot eat ordinary foods

The three energy yielding nutrients

protein, fat and carbohydrates

Select the list of convenience foods that are all nutrient-dense.

a. Ready-to-cook fresh vegetables, canned beans, and frozen vegetables

Jack has recently increased his consumption of whole grains and has just purchased a high-fiber cereal to eat for breakfast each morning, unlike the high-sugar cereal he used to eat. Jack is currently at which stage of behavior change? a. action b. resolution c. maintenance d. contemplation e. preparation

a. action

What includes whole populations to search for correlations between dietary habits and disease incidence? a. an epidemiological study b. a personal interview c. case study d. an intervention study e. a laboratory study

a. an epidemiological study (measure the risk of illness or death in an exposed population compared to that of an unexposed population)

A healthy diet can be characterized by adequacy, balance, calorie control, moderation, and variety. a. true b. false

a. true

What is a characteristic of an elemental diet? a. It can be life-saving for those who are hospitalized and cannot eat ordinary food b. It is sufficient to enable people to thrive c. It always involves organic foods d. It is too elementary to provide the basic nutrients e. It can support optimal growth and health

a. It can be life saving for those who are hospitalized and cannot eat ordinary food (elemental diet- comprised of easily digestible formulas that come in liquid or powder form and provide all the nutrients your body needs)