Nutrition Chapter 10

hypothermia

a below-normal body temperature.

athlete

a competitor in any sport, exercise, or game requiring physical skill; for the purpose of this book, anyone who trains at a high level of physical exertion, with or without competition.

lactate

a compound produced during the breakdown of glucose in anaerobic metabolism.

atrophy

a decrease in size because of disuse.

hyponatremia

a decreased concentration of sodium in the blood.

growth hormone

a hormone produced by the brian's pituitary gland, necessary for growth of body tissues.

testosterone

a hormone produced primarily by the male testes; also produced to a lesser extent by the male and female adrenal gland and by the female ovaries; testosterone produces sexual maturity and functioning in males, and contributes to muscle growth in both sexes.

pregame meal

a meal eaten three to four hours before athletic competition.

excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)

a measure of increased metabolism that continues for minutes to hours after cessation of exercise.

aerobic physical activity

activity in which the body's large muscles move in a rhythmic manner for a sustained period of time. Improves cardiorespiratory fitness. Brisk walking, running, swimming, and bicycling are examples.

heat stroke

an acute and life-threatening reaction to heat buildup in the body.

overload

an extra physical demand placed on the body; an increase in the frequency, duration, or intensity of an activity. A principle of training is that for a body system to improve, it must be worked at frequencies, durations, or intensities that increased by increments.

hypertrophy

an increase in size in response to use.

physical activity

bodily movement produced by muscle contractions that substantially increase energy expenditure.

glucose polymers

compounds that supply glucose, not as single molecules, but linked in chains somewhat like starch. The objective is to attract less water from the body into the digestive tract.

carbohydrate loading

consumption of a high-carbohydrate diet in a way that enables muscles to temporarily store glycogen beyond their normal capacity.

high-carbohydrate energy drinks

flavored commercial beverages used to restore muscle glycogen after exercise or as a pre game beverage.

branched-chain amino acids (BCAA)

leucine, isoleucine, and valine; amino acids present in skeletal muscle tissue and theorized to enhance protein synthesis and diminish muscle protein breakdown; supplements of BCAA are not needed by athletes who eat sufficient dietary protein.

agility

nimbleness; the ability to quickly change directions.

anaerobic

not requiring oxygen.

heat cramps

painful cramps of the abdomen, arms, or legs, often occurring hours after exercise; associated with inadequate intake of fluid or electrolytes or heavy sweating.

resistance exercise

physical activity that develops muscle strength, power, endurance, and mass. Resistance can be provided by free weights, weight machines, other objects, or the person's own body weight.

vigorous intensity physical activity

physical activity that requires a large increase in breathing and/or heart rate and expends more than 7 calories per minute. Race asking or running at a pace of at least 5 miles per hour are examples.

moderate intensity physical activity

physical activity that requires some increase in breathing and/or heart rate and expends 3.5 to 7 calories per minute. Walking at a speed of 3 to 4.5 miles per hour.

exercise

planned, structured, and repetitive bodily movements that promotes or maintains physical fitness.

training

regular practice of an activity, with leads to physical adaptions of the body with improvement in flexibility, strength, or endurance.

aerobic

requiring oxygen. Aerobic activity strengthens that heart and lungs by requiring them to work harder than normal to deliver oxygen to the tissues.

fatigue

temporarily diminished capacity, due to exertion. Muscle fatigue may result from depleted glucose or oxygen supplies or other causes.

muscle endurance

the ability of a muscle to contract repeatedly within a given time without becoming exhausted.

muscle strength

the ability of muscles to work against resistance.

cardiorespiratory endurance

the ability to perform large-muscle dynamic exercise of moderate-to-high intensity for prolonged periods.

hourly sweat rate

the amount of weight lost plus fluid consumed during exercise per hour.

flexibility

the capacity of the joints to move through a full range of motion; the ability to been and recover without injury.

fitness

the characteristics that enable the body to perform physical activity; more broadly, the ability to meet routine physical demands with enough reserve energy to rise to a physical challenge; or the body's ability to withstand stress of all kinds.

muscle power

the efficiency of a muscle contraction, measured by force and time.

progressive weight training

the gradual increase of stress placed upon the body with use of resistance.

reaction time

the interval between stimulation and response.

VO2max

the maximum rate of oxygen consumption by an individual (measured at sea level).

cardiac output

the volume of blood discharged by the heart each minute.

stroke volume

the volume of oxygenated blood ejected from the heart toward body tissues at each beat.