Nutrition Chapter 13: Food Insecurity

SNAP

(formerly known as the Food Stamp Program). Nation's largest domestic food and nutritious assistance program, for low-income Americans

"Feeding America"

A national food-banking network to which food banks belong. The nation's largest supplier of surplus food.

Many countries now offer development programs. Removing barriers to financial credit Providing access to time-saving technologies Providing appropriate training to promote self-reliance Teaching management and marketing skills Making health and day care services available Forming women's support groups Providing information and technology to promote planned pregnancies

Development programs that many countries now offer

households must qualify bases on their income, expenses and assets

How do you receive SNAP?

households with lower income receive higher benefits up to a particular maximum. Most adults are required to work or take part in an employment or training program

How does SNAP work?

Any student in a participating school can get an NSLP lunch regardless of the student's household income Eligible students can receive free or reduced-price lunches. Free lunches are available to children in households with incomes at or below 130% of poverty. Reduced-price lunches are available to children in households with incomes 130% to 185% of poverty.

How does the National School Lunch Program Work?

homelessness, people not wanting to use welfare or charity, elderly health problems, not enough community food sources.

Other causes of food insecuity

- pesticides can accumulate in body fat of animals -they can linger in environment -banned in one country can still pose global impact -greatest risk of pest is by those that can build up in food chain

Pesticide residues

The Elderly Nutrition Program

Provides for congregate and home-delivered meals Meals are provided in a variety of group settings, such as senior centers, faith-based settings, schools Also provided in the homes of homebound older adults

Child and Adult Care Food Program

Provides meals and snacks to children at family day care homes, child care centers, homeless shelters, and after-school programs Provides meals and snacks to older or functionally impaired adults at adult day care centers

What does WIC do?

Supplemental foods, health care referrals, and nutrition education for low-income pregnant, breastfeeding, and non-breastfeeding postpartum women, and to infants and children <5 years who are found to be at nutritional risk.

When plants are transformed into powders and potions their components become more concentrated as do their harmful effects. - Herbal products are not regulated by government

examples of naturally occurring toxins in food

irradiation

exposing food to low doses of radiation

organic halogens: PCB and PBB heavy metals: Lead and mercury

industrial chemicals in the environment

hazard

likelihood of a substance actually causing harm

toxins

what do some microbes produce?

destroys insects and bacteria (ex salmonella), can make food supply safer and can decrease food spoilage and also used to sterilize medical supplies and a number of consumer goods

what does irradiation do?

eating food that contains a harmful toxin or chemical. can also be caused by eating a food that is contaminated with a chemical or heavy metal

what is food intoxication caused by?

destroys target pest and breaks down quickly into other products that don't harm people or animals

what is the ideal pest?

National School Lunch Program

2nd largest food and nutrition assistance program. In 2014, in over 99,000 public and nonprofit private schools (grades K-12) and residential child care settings. Provided low-cost or free lunches to over 30.3 million children daily at a cost of nearly $12.6 billion.

-vast majority of hungry people live in developing countries - Asian is the content with the most hungry people -Sub-Saharan Africa has the largest prevalence of hunger. -Poor nutrition causes half of deaths of children under 5. -1/6 children in developing countries are underweight.

Examples of hunger statistics

supply and demand, inappropriate technology, envir abuse, demographic distribution, demographic distribution, unequal access to resources, and extremes in dietary patterns,

Food insecurity in developing nations happens because?

poverty. 7.1 billion people are affected worldwide

Food security is a problem of what?

School Breakfast Program

Founded by the Child Nutrition Act of 1966, like the National School Lunch Program (NSLP), provides nutritious meals to students at participating schools (and to children in residential child care institutions). Eligible students receive free or reduced-price breakfasts.

-FDA says that the food must carry distinct consequences to consumers before it requires special labeling -If genes from a known allergen are put into a food -If a food has been genetically engineered to significantly change the nutrient composition, the label must state the nature of the change

GE Labeling

The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC)

Serves to safeguard the health of low-income women, infants, and children <5 years who are at nutritional risk The third largest food and nutrition assistance program

-Less synthetic pesticide, hormone, and other chemical fertilizer residues in foods and waterways -Beneficial to the environment: Improved soil fertility and crop diversity; increased water and energy conservation -Farmers may follow more humane animal welfare standards -May be higher in certain phytochemicals

What are some advantages of certified organic foods?

1. The ready availability of nutritious and adequate safe foods. 2. The ability to acquire personally acceptable foods in a socially acceptable way.

What does food security include?

the collection of wholesome food for delivery to hungry people ex: collecting canned or boxed food from supermarkets, rescuing surplus food from restaurants.

What is food recovery?

Meals and snacks provided through CACFP can be especially important to working parents, playing a role in improving day care quality and making day care more affordable for recipients. In child care centers, meals and snacks are reimbursed at either free, reduced-price, or full rate, depending on children's family income—similar to the reimbursement structure for school meals.

What is the importance of the child and adult care food program?

Households with children and a single mother or single man, women and men living alone, households headed by black, non-hispanics, and hispanics, low-income households, and households in rural areas.

Where are food security rates the highest?

Asia and the Pacific

Where do most malnourished people live?

children are rapidly growing

Why are children most at risk for malnutriton?

GRAS List

a list of ingredients established by the FDA that had long been on use and were believed safe.

Clostridium botulinum

a microbial food agent; Grows in warm anaerobic environment that is low-acid, produces a neurotoxin that causes muscle paralysis; improperly canned foods, herbs stored in oil. Honey can contain spores which can grow in gut of small children < 1 year

Mold

a microbial food agent; can produce aflatoxins which are liver toxins and known to be carcinogenic and can be lethal in large amounts; moldy peanuts, beans, grains like wheat and corn.

salmonella

a microbial food agent; cross contamination is common problem; unpasteurized raw eggs and uncooked milk

staphylococcus aereus

a microbial food agent; in the nose and throat of most people, can be transmitted by an infected wound or respiratory infection; meat, poultry and egg products, creamy salads, cream-filled pastries

food security

access at all times to enough food for an active, healthy life.

Neurotoxins

afflict the nervous system

Paralytic shellfish posioning

can occur after eating mollusks (clams. mussels etc) contained with marine alge that produce a neurotoxin

Enterotoxins

cause severe GI distress

food infection

caused by eating a food containing bacteria or other microorganisms capable of growing and thriving in a person's tissue

iodine deficiency

causes goiter and child retardation

pesticide

chemicals intentionally applied to plants, including foods, to precent or eliminate pest damage

plant breeding to improve yield

cross-breeding different varieties of plants to get a plant with the most desirable characteristics of each, like disease resistance But the nature of the plant can be fundamentally changed

Most visible during times of famine, but are widespread even when famine does not occur.

effects of hunger and malnutrition

Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) National School Lunch Program Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) Child and Adult Care Food Program School Breakfast Program Elderly Nutrition Program

examples of US government assistance programs

salmonella, toxoplasma, listeria, norovirus, e coli

examples of microbial agents

Risk of worms, parasites, severe viral intestinal disorders and hepatitis Choose fresh fish steaks and fillets that are moist Buy seafood only from reputable dealers Make sure the fish odor is fresh and mild Cook fish to 145°F or until the flesh is opaque and separates easily with a fork Refrigerate smoked, pickled, vacuum-packed, and modified-atmosphere-packed fish products

examples of seafood safety tips

many mild cases are not reported. Ailments may not be recognized due to food. Symptoms may be misdiagnosed.

food-borne illnesses

genetically engineered (GE) or Genetically Modified (GM)

foods or crops produced by genetic engineering

margin of safety

he zone between the maximum amount that appears to be safe and the amount allowed in the food supply

-boost crop yield -keep price of fruits and veggies down -increase availability of wide variety of produce.

how can pesticides help?

when foods are prepared, cooked, or stored improperly.

how does food poisoning occur?

Use soap and warm water (soap kills bacteria) Keep hot foods hot (above 140F), keep cold foods cold (below 40F) Refrigerate leftovers promptly Prevent cross-contamination between raw and cooked foods knives, cutting surfaces, platters used to marinate or season, storage in frig Do not prepare food if you have a skin infection or infectious disease When in doubt, throw it out Discard food from cans that leak or bulge Cook all meat and poultry to 160°F or higher Wash fruits and vegetables thoroughly before eating

how to precent foodborne illness

poverty

major cause of food insecurity?the lower the family income the less adequate the family's nutritional status.

Escherichia coli

microbial food agent; found in the intestinal tract of most animals is transmitted via feces; undercooked ground beef, alfalfa sprouts, raw milk, raw spinach, fresh apple cider. O157:H7 is a particularly dangerous strain

tetrodotoxin

naturally occurring toxin in puffer fish

food additives

substances added to food

toxicity

the ability of a substance to harm living organisms

reference dose

the amount of a pesticide that the EPA believes can be consumed daily without posing any health risk

gleaning

the harvesting of excess food from farms, orchards, and packing houses to feed the hungry

tolerance

the maximum amount of a pesticide residue allowed in or on a food

genetic engineering

the use of biotechnology to alter the genes of a plant in an effort to create a new plant with different traits

vitamin A deficiency

the world most common cause of preventable blindness and vision impairment.

severe acute malnutrition (SAM)

type of malnutrition characterized by rapid weight loss, wasting and edema from recent or sudden food deprivation

chronic malnutrition

type of malnutrition that takes a long time to develop due to long term undernutrition characterized by stunting

EPA

what agency regulates pesticide use?

moist environment, neutral pH, warm temperature, and some need oxygen.

what are conditions that promote microbial growth?

heat treatments, canning, low temp storage, chemical preservatives, fermentation, control of water content

what are some control measure in food industries?

-USDA makes no claims that it is safer or more nutritious -More expensive -Tend to spoil faster, because they contain no preservatives -May be fertilized with improperly composted animal manure containing potentially harmful organisms, e.g., E. coli -May be cross-contaminated with pesticides from nearby conventionally sprayed fields

what are some disadvantages of certified organic foods?

vitamin A deficiency, iron deficiency anemia, and iodine deficiency.

what are three major worldwide micronutrient deficiencies?

Food grown without the use of: Synthetic pesticides Bioengineered genes Petroleum-based fertilizers Sewage sludge-based fertilizers Organic livestock must Have access to outdoors Be given no antibiotics Be given no growth hormones Organic foods may not be irradiated

what is organic food?

the role of women in developing countries, because women and their child are the majority of people living in poverty. Also nutritional status during pregnancy determines future health of child.

who do development programs aim to help?