Nutrition Chapter 2

Which of the following statements is true? A. A person with a PhD who promotes drinking vinegar as the cure for lung cancer is practicing quackery. B. Scientific evidence supports the effectiveness of most forms of alternative health care. C. The RDN credential can be used by anyone who earns a college nutrition degree. D. Disclaimers are clues that a product will meet your expectations or the manufacturer's claims.

(Not Scientific evidence supports the effectiveness of most forms of alternative health care.)

Which of the following statements is true? A. The First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution often protects people who spread nutrition misinformation. B. Pseudoscience is the scientific study of the causation and treatment of chronic diseases. C. In the United States only registered dietitians and registered dietitian nutritionists can provide nutrition information legally. D. Registered dietitian nutritionists are not required to update their knowledge of nutrition and dietetics regularly.

A. The First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution often protects people who spread nutrition misinformation.

Which of the following statements is false? A. The Internet is generally a reliable source of nutrition information because information posted on websites has been peer-reviewed. B. Websites with .edu in their addresses are likely to provide reliable nutrition information. C. When evaluating claims for dietary supplements that appear on a website, be wary of products that include promises for quick remedies. D. In general, personal websites, such as blogs, are not reliable sources of nutrition information.

A. The Internet is generally a reliable source of nutrition information, because information posted at websites has been peer-reviewed.

Which of the following statements is true? A. A person with a PhD who promotes drinking vinegar as the cure for lung cancer is practicing conventional medicine. B. Scientific evidence supports the effectiveness of most forms of alternative health care. C. Anyone who earns a nutrition degree from a 4-year college can refer to himself or herself as an RDN. D. Disclaimers are clues that a product may not meet your expectations or the manufacturer's claims.

*Not C

A popular fitness magazine has an article about the health benefits of high-fiber diets. If the article's author has the credentials ________ after his or her name, the article is likely to be a reliable source of nutrition information.

RDN

A person who promotes the use of ginseng, garlic, and fish oil as the cure for cancer is practicing quackery.

True

Which of the following observations is an example of a positive correlation?

When women gain less weight than average during pregnancy, the birthweights of their babies tend to be lower than average.

A group of registered dietitian nutritionists is planning to conduct a scientific study to investigate the effects of eating honey on school-age children's behavior. At first, the researchers will ________.

make observations

Which of the following kinds of studies would be the best to use when investigating whether cigarette smoking influences weight gain?

cohort

According to results of a researcher's epidemological study, diets that supply higher than recommended amounts of empty calories are associated with a higher than average risk of a chronic disease that affects the large intestine. This finding is an example of a(an) _______ correlation.

direct (positive)

Which of the following statements is true? A. When interpreting the results of their studies, researchers generally seek to include some bias in their analyses. B. Scientific studies that are designed to investigate the same question can have different findings. C. Dietary recommendations are generally based on the findings of one team of nutrition researchers. D. Since 1990, nutrition information has undergone few updates, because scientists have determined how nutrients maintain health and diets prevent disease.

B. Scientific studies that are designed to investigate the same question can have different findings.

Which of the following periodicals features peer-reviewed articles?

Journal of the American Medical Association

A physician who hosts a popular TV show makes several nutrition-related claims during one of the programs. Which of the doctor's claims is a "red flag" of unreliable information?

Kava cures migraine headaches

A medical researcher reads an article in "Today's Health-Conscious Woman" magazine about the benefits of using the phytochemical capsaicin to treat knee pain. She asks 10 people with arthritic knees to rub a cream that contains the phytochemical on their knee joints for two weeks. At the end of the two weeks, the researcher asks the subjects whether their knee pain improved, stayed about the same, or worsened during the treatment period. After collecting responses from the people, the researcher reports the results of her study during a popular TV show that is hosted by a doctor. Based on this information, which of the following statements is true?

The researcher did not divide the subjects of her study into control and treatment groups.

The professional football star Andro "The Man" McGraw claims the dietary supplement AminoProFixate helped him build muscle mass quickly and safely. His paid endorsement of the product is an example of ________.

a testimonial

After examining a patient, a health care practitioner tells the patient that her mild back pain is caused by poor flow of energy from her mind to her back. The practitioner treats the patient with acupuncture, ginseng, and massage therapy. Based on this information, the practitioner's treatments indicate that he relies on ________.

alternative health care

Derek takes protein supplements before and after his workouts. He told his workout partner that he became 200% stronger within a couple of months after he added the supplements to his diet. His report about the effects of the supplements is an example of a(an) ________.

anecdote

Emily has brittle fingernails that crack and split easily. Emily's mother advises her daughter to take gelatin pills 3 times/day, because she has heard the practice strengthens fingernails. The mother's nutrition-related advice about the benefit of taking gelatin pills is an example of a(an) ________.

anecdote

William takes garlic pills to lower his blood cholesterol level, and he recommends the pills to his friends, because he thinks the supplement is helpful. William's nutrition-related advice to his friends is an example of a(an) ________.

anecdote

A team of scientists extracts a chemical that they call "Zombia" from the leaves of a common houseplant. One of the scientists would like to market Zombia as a dietary supplement because it makes people sleepy, when it is injected into them. Based on this information, Zombia ________.

cannot be marketed as a dietary supplement

A researcher wants to identify lifestyle factors that increase the risk of stomach cancer in men. His study design involves enrolling 250 men who have stomach cancer and 250 men who are cancer-free but have similar characteristics and backgrounds as the men who have stomach cancer. The researcher collects and analyzes information about each participant's lifestyle. Based on this information, what kind of study is the researcher conducting?

case-control

Scientists study 200 adults who have type 2 diabetes and 200 adults who have similar characteristics but do not have the disease. For 18 months, the researchers collect lifestyle information on all the study participants. According to the study's findings, the adults with type 2 diabetes were 25% less physically active than their counterparts who did not have type 2 diabetes. This is an example of a(an) ________ study.

case-control

Having a control group enables researchers to ________.

compare findings of the control group with those of the experimental group

According to the observations of a nutrition scientist, laboratory mice are healthier when their diet contains physiological levels of vitamin D than when their diet lacks the micronutrient. The scientist hypothesizes that mice will be less likely to develop cancer when they consume a diet that supplies megadoses of vitamin D. Based on this information, the scientist is ready to ________.

conduct a controlled laboratory experiment to test the vitamin D and cancer hypothesis in mice

Scientists in a Central American country are studying factors that may be associated with delayed physical growth among a group of low-income children. The children live in a region of the nation that has high levels of lead in drinking water. This study is an example of a(an) ________ study.

epidemiological

Researchers are conducting a study to determine the effects of vitamin C on the human immune system. The study involves providing pills that contain vitamin C to one group of human subjects and pills that do not contain vitamin C or other active ingredients to another group of people. The pills that do not contain the vitamin are _______.

placebos

A magazine article about weight loss diets includes false information about the process of digestion that uses scientific-sounding terms to make it seem factual. The faulty information is an example of ________.

pseudoscience

A person claims his newly invented device treats cancer without surgery, medication, or other forms of conventional medical therapy. However, people who have used the device report that it was not helpful, and it may have harmed them. According to this information, the inventor's claims and his device are ________.

quakery

The host of a radio program makes a "red flag" claim about a nutrition-related product, because the claim is generally an indication that the information about the product is unreliable. The radio program host said, ________.

"All ingredients in this product have been scientifically tested and clinically proven"

As a population reduces its consumption of vitamin A, the number of people in that population who develop blindness increases. This situation is an example of a(an) _______ relationship.

*cause and effect *prospective

Which of the following practices is an example of integrative health care? A. A physician who treats a patient's back pain with cortisone injections and massage therapy. B. A physician who has a patient take prescription medications to reduce chronic heartburn. C. A surgeon who removes a cancerous tumor from a patient's stomach. D. A physician who applies evening primrose oil to the skin of a person to treat a rash.

A. A physician who treats a patient's back pain with cortisone injections and massage therapy.

Which of the following observations is an example of an inverse correlation? A. When members of a population increase their consumption of milk and milk products, their risk of bone fractures decreases. B. As children increase their physical activity level, they develop greater muscle mass than children who are less active. C. When pregnant women gain more weight than average, they are more likely to give birth to babies who are heavier than average. D. When children eat three or more servings fruits and vegetables a day, their blood levels of vitamin C increase.

A. When members of a population increase their consumption of milk and milk products, their risk of bone fractures decreases.

Which of the following observations is an example of an inverse (negative) correlation? A. When a group of adults increases their intake of fruits and vegetables, the percentage of people in the group who have high blood levels of vitamin C levels increases. B. When a group of people decreases their physical activity levels, the percentage of people in the group with healthy levels of body fat decreases. C. When a group of older adults increases their intake of high-fiber foods, the percentage of people in the group who develop intestinal cancer decreases. D. When a group of children eat more sugary foods, the percentage of children in the group who develop two or more decayed teeth increases.

C. When a group of older adults increases their intake of high-fiber foods, the percentage of people in the group who develop intestinal cancer decreases.

Which of the following observations is an example of a positive correlation? A. When teenage girls decrease their intake of iron-rich foods, the percentage of the girls who have iron-deficiency increases. B. When a population consumes fewer fruits and vegetables, the percentage of people in that population with scurvy increases. C. When older adults increase their daily intake of vitamin D, the percentage of the adults that develops infections decreases. D. When teenagers decrease their usual intake of sugar-sweetened beverages, their body fat level declines.

D. When teenagers decrease their usual intake of sugar-sweetened beverages, their body fat level declines.

The government agency that enforces consumer protection laws by investigating false or misleading health-related claims is the ________.

Federal Trade Commission (FTC)

________ can be classified as a dietary supplement.

Ginkgo biloba

A nutrition researcher evenly divides a large group of 3-week-old healthy laboratory mice into two groups and keeps the animals in separate rooms. He adds 30 mg of the mineral iron to the daily diet of one group of the mice. The other group of mice receives the same diet as the first group, but their diet does not contain additional iron. After ten weeks, the scientist takes blood samples from each mouse. According to his findings, the mice that obtained the iron supplement developed abnormal levels of certain enzymes in their red blood cells. Based on this information and your knowledge of scientific research, what would you tell him?

He should report his findings to other nutrition scientists, so they can repeat his study and confirm the results.

Which of the following observations is an example of a positive correlation? A. When teenage girls increase their intake of iron-rich foods, the percentage of the girls who have iron-deficiency decreases. B. When a population consumes more fruits and vegetables, the percentage of people in that population with scurvy decreases. C. When older adults increase their daily intake of vitamin D, the percentage of the adults that develops infections decreases. D. When a group of 6-year-old children increase their physical activity level to 60 minutes a day, the children's muscle mass increases.

Not B

Which of the following kinds of studies would be the best to use when designing a scientific investigation to determine whether there is an association between consuming diets high in sodium during adolescence and developing high blood pressure in adulthood?

Observational epidemiological study

Which of the following kinds of studies would be the best to use to identify lifestyle factors that may be related to the development of liver cancer in an adult population?

Retrospective study

As a population increases its consumption of whole-grain and minimally-processed foods, the number of people in that population who have bowel movements every day increases. This situation is an example of a(an) _______ relationship.

direct (positive)

Scientists who investigate lifestyle factors that influence the prevalence of obesity among different human population groups are conducting a(an) ________ study.

epidemiology

Researchers are conducting a study to determine the effects of vitamin D supplements on the adult human immune system. The study involves providing pills that contain vitamin D to one group of human adults and pills that do not contain the vitamin or other active ingredients to another group of adults. The pills that do not contain vitamin D are _______.

placebos

Researchers are conducting a study to determine the effects of zinc supplements on the human immune system. The study involves providing pills that contain zinc to one group of human subjects and pills that do not contain zinc or other active ingredients to another group of people. The pills that do not contain zinc are _______.

placebos

A group of scientists conducts a scientific study to investigate dietary factors that influence the development of obesity. Which of the following activities is not likely to be a component of their research efforts?

posting findings at the main researcher's internet web site

A group of researchers wants to determine whether certain dietary factors are associated with the risk of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The scientists follow a group of 500 healthy newborn babies for 10 years and collect health information as well as dietary practices for each child. At the end of the study period, the scientists analyze the data for correlations between the children's dietary practices and their likelihood of being diagnosed with ADHD. This is an example of a ________ study.

prospective

Over a 4-year period, a team of scientists records the eating behaviors and physical activity patterns of a group of healthy 8-year-old children to determine whether these factors are associated with excessive weight gain. This study is an example of a(an) ________ study.

prospective

Scientists enroll 500 healthy adults in a study and collect dietary and other lifestyle information about the group. After 6 years, the scientists determine that study participants who ate at least 5 servings of fruits and vegetables daily were less likely to develop high blood pressure than participants who ate fewer than 5 servings of these foods daily. This study is an example of a(an) ________ study.

prospective

Which of the following statements is true? A. Dietary supplements can include substances that are spread on the skin or injected into the body. B. Consumers can report negative health reports that may have resulted from their use of dietary supplements to the FDA. C. Dietary supplements can be recalled if the products contain kava, lysine, or glucosamine. D. Medicinal herbs must undergo testing for safety and effectiveness by the FDA before they can be marketed in the United States.

B. Consumers can report negative health reports that may have resulted from their use of dietary supplements to the FDA.

Which of the following statements is true? A. People who describe themselves as nutritionists are registered, dietitians or registered dietitian nutritionists. B. In general, registered dietitians are reliable sources of nutrition information. C. Pseudoscience is the practice of medicine without proper training and credentials. D. In the United States, a person can obtain a Ph.D. in nutrition only by graduating from an accredited institution of higher learning.

B. In general, registered dietitians are reliable sources of nutrition information.

Which of the following practices is an example of integrative health care? A. Taking an aspirin and resting quietly to relieve a headache B. Having surgery and physical therapy to treat a torn tendon C. Having psychological counseling and taking St. John's wort to improve mood D. Applying a prescription antibiotic to a wound and wrapping the affected area with sterile gauze to prevent infection

C. Having psychological counseling and taking St. John's wort to improve mood

Which of the following observations is an example of a positive correlation? A. When apopulation's vitamin D intake decreases, the percentage of people in thepopulation that have healthy immune systems decreases. B. When apopulation's intake of plant foods decreases, the percentage of obese people inthat population increases. C. When a population's intake of vitamin C decreases, the percentage of people in the population who develop scurvy increases. D. When apopulation's level of physical activity increases, the percentage of people whodevelop heart disease decreases.

D. When apopulation's level of physical activity increases, the percentage of people whodevelop heart disease decreases.

A scientist adds 5 mcg of the mineral cadmium to the daily diet of 100 4-week-old laboratory mice. After twelve weeks, the researcher weighs and takes blood samples from each mouse. According to her findings, the mice lost weight during the 12-week period and they have abnormal levels of certain hormones in their blood. Based on this information and your knowledge of scientific research, what would you tell the researcher about her findings?

The findings arenot meaningful or valid because of the way she designed her study.

Which of the following statements is true? A . According to the legal definition developed by the FDA, a "dietary supplement" is a natural substance that benefits health. B. Physicians and registered dietitian nutritionists do not recommend dietary supplements for their patients. C. Before taking a dietary supplement, people should determine whether the product is necessary and safe. D. People who develop side effects after taking dietary supplements can report their experiences to the GAO.

not A

Which of the following observations is an example of an inverse correlation? A. When members of a population increase their consumption of milk and milk products, their risk of bone fractures decreases. B. As children increase their physical activity level, they develop greater muscle mass than children who are less active. C. When pregnant women are more weight than average, they are more likely to give birth to babies who are heavier than average. D. When children eat three or more servings of fruits and vegetables a day, their blood levels of vitamin C increase.

A. When members of a population increase their consumption of milk and milk products, their risk of bone fractures decreases.

During a television interview, Dr. Ima Quack provides the following statement. "Most Americans suffer from nutritional deficiency diseases and will develop cancer within the next 10 years because they are not taking my megavitamin formula therapy." Dr. Quack's statement is an example of a(an) ________.

scare tactic

Actress Lotta Talent appears in commercials endorsing a dietary supplement containing a substance from dandelions for weight loss. Her paid endorsement is an example of a(an) ________.

testimonial

Which of the following periodicals features peer-reviewed articles? A. Ladies Home Journal B. National Geographic Magazine C. Journal of the American Medical Association D. Men's Journal

C. Journal of the American Medical Association

Which of the following statements is true? A. A person with a PhD who promotes drinking vinegar as the cure for lung cancer is practicing conventional medicine. B. Scientific evidence supports the effectiveness of most forms of alternative health care. C. The RDN credential is legally protected. D. Disclaimers are clues that a product will meet your expectations or the manufacturer's claims.

C. The RDN credential is legally protected.

Zack takes 500 mg of vitamin C daily. He advises his friends to take vitamin C supplements because, he claims, the vitamin protects him from cold viruses. His claim about the usefulness of the vitamin is an ________.

anecdote

A group of nutrition researchers interviews 100 adults who have chronic high blood pressure to determine whether there is an association between consuming diets low in calcium during adolescence and developing high blood pressure in adulthood. This study is an example of a ________ study.

retrospective

A group of scientists suspects that certain dietary practices are partially responsible for different rates of hypertension among adults of different ethnic/racial groups. To test their hypothesis, the researchers examine data concerning the different population groups' hypertension rates and their past dietary practices. This research is a ________ study.

retrospective

A nutrition researcher would like to determine whether healthy women who take fish oil supplements during pregnancy give birth to children who score higher on basic intelligence tests when they are 5 years of age. The scientist plans to compare the IQ test results of this group of children with the test results of a group of 5-year-old children with similar backgrounds whose mothers were healthy but did not take fish oil supplements when pregnant. This kind of research is a(an) ________ study.

retrospective

Scientists would like to conduct a study to identify lifestyle factors that are associated with delayed physical growth among a group of low-income American children. Which of the following research designs would be the best for the researchers to use when designing their study?

epidemiological

Which of the following observations is an example of an inverse correlation? A. When a population increases its daily consumption of foods that supply empty calories, the population's average belt size increases. B. Children whoconsume 3 cups of vitamin D milk daily develop stronger bones than children whodrink fewer than 3 cups of vitamin D milk each day. C. Women who smoke 5or more cigarettes each day during pregnancy are more likely to give birth tounderweight babies than women who smoke fewer than 5 cigarettes a day duringpregnancy. D. As a population's intake of foods that contain beta-carotene increases, the population's tissue levels of vitamin A increase.

C. Women who smoke 5or more cigarettes each day during pregnancy are more likely to give birth to underweight babies than women who smoke fewer than 5 cigarettes a day during pregnancy.

Which of the following websites is most likely a source of biased and unreliable nutrition information?

dietsnomore4u.com

A magazine advertisement for a weight loss product includes before and after photos of a woman who supposedly lost 50 pounds in 3 weeks while taking the product. The bottom of the ad includes the statement, "Results are not typical." This statement is an example of a(an) ________.

disclaimer

Which of the following statements is true? A. A scientist's professional affiliations and sources of financial support may influence his or her research findings. B. The results of one study are usually enough to convince the majority of nutrition scientists to adopt new ideas about nutrition-related topics. C. Dietary recommendations are generally based on the findings of one well-respected team of nutrition researchers. D. Since 1995, nutrition information has undergone few updates, because scientists have discovered all of the nutrients and determined their functions.

A. A scientist's professional affiliations and sources of financial support may influence his or her research findings.

Which of the following statements is true? A. It is not unusual for studies that have similar designs to have different findings, especially when human subjects are used. B. The results of one study are usually enough to convince nutrition scientists to adopt new ideas about nutrition-related topics. C. Dietary recommendations are generally based on the findings of one team of nutrition researchers. D. Since 1970, nutrition information has undergone few updates, because scientists have discovered all of the nutrients and their relationships to health.

A. It is not unusual for studies that have similar designs to have different findings, especially when human subjects are used.