Nutrition Chapter 4
What is the composition of maltose?
two glucose units
Which of the following is an approximate recommendation for carbohydrate concentration in a beverage consumed during exercise?
6 to 8 percent
How do fructose and glucose absorption and uptake differ?
Fructose absorption depends on a concentration gradient, but glucose absorption requires active transport.
What hormone is responsible for stimulating the breakdown of liver glycogen and its release as glucose?
Glucagon
b-hydroxy-b-methylbutyrate (HMB) is a metabolite of which of the following amino acids?
Leucine
Exercising muscles prefer to use carbohydrates from which source listed below?
Muscle glycogen
Which term below describes glycerol?
Sugar alcohol
Why are many people unable to digest milk sugar?
They have a lactase deficiency.
Lactose is composed of what monosaccharides?
glucose and galactose
Which term below describes xylitol?
sugar alcohol
What does a food that has a high glycemic index (GI) produce?
A rapid rise in both blood glucose and insulin concentrations
Which of the following is a true statement regarding artificial sweeteners?
Americans report that they use them to reduce caloric intake.
Which of the following is a true statement regarding diabetes?
Being diagnosed does not stop one from excelling in athletics.
Which of the following is a true statement regarding fructose intolerance?
Bloating results because unabsorbed fructose draws water into the gastrointestinal tract.
How does regular aerobic exercise training affect carbohydrate (CHO) usage?
By increasing the number and size of mitochondria
What is the intended meaning of the marketing term "low-impact carbs"?
Carbohydrate foods that result in a slow rise in blood glucose and insulin
Which of the following is considered a functional fiber?
Cellulose
What is the primary benefit to consuming a high-carbohydrate meal 3 hours prior to competition?
Enhanced liver glycogen
Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, nitrogen, and hydrogen.
False
Which hormone produced by the pancreas raises blood glucose concentration?
Glucagon
Which process can produce glucose from lactate, amino acids, and glycerol?
Gluconeogenesis
Which process is controlled when the pathway to glycogen formation is favored and conditions exist to activate the primary enzyme?
Glycogen synthase
Which organ controls blood glucose by secreting insulin and glucagon?
Pancreas
Which term below describes fiber?
Polysaccharide
Which precompetition goal is not directly associated with carbohydrate intake?
Preventing hypohydration
Which of the following best describes the carbohydrate- (CHO) loading protocol currently used by nearly all endurance athletes?
Reduced-CHO diet for 3 days (5 g/kg/day), followed by a high-CHO diet (10 g/kg/day)
Where is the largest amount of glycogen stored?
Skeletal muscle
Which of the following is a true statement regarding vegetarian diets?
Some vegetarians consume milk or yogurt.
Which of the following statements refers to the term hypoglycemia?
Symptoms include hunger, shakiness, lightheadedness, and loss of concentration.
How do epinephrine and norepinephrine raise blood glucose concentration?
They stimulate the conversion of glycogen to glucose.
Glycerol is a sugar alcohol.
True
Sugar does not contain dietary fiber.
True
Which term below describes a blood glucose of 80 mg/dL?
Within the normoglycemia
A blood glucose concentration of 140 mg/dL falls within the reference range.
false
Assuming that both muscle glycogen and blood glucose concentrations are adequate, exercising muscle cells prefer to use blood glucose rather than muscle glycogen.
false
Exercise is not encouraged for individuals with type 2 diabetes.
false
The usual carbohydrate recommendation for most athletes is 75% of his or her total caloric intake.
false
Vegans consume milk and yogurt.
false
What is the type of sugar normally found in blood?
glucose
Which condition describes a blood glucose concentration below 50 mg/dL (2.76 mmol/L)?
hypoglymerica
How much carbohydrate should an athlete consume after exercise?
0.75-1.5 g/kg/hour beginning immediately after exercise
What is the approximate recommended carbohydrate intake per hour for 4 hours after training?
1 g/kg body weight
What is the recommended daily carbohydrate intake during the repletion stage when carbohydrate loading?
10 g/kg body weight
Which of the following is the recommendation for carbohydrate intake per hour for athletes engaged in prolonged exercise?
30 to 60 g
Which of the following is the recommended amount of daily carbohydrate for athletes engaged in high-intensity, short-duration exercise?
5-7 g/kg of body weight
What is the daily intake for endurance athletes in the months prior to competition?
8 g/kg body weight
A food item that contains 20 grams of carbohydrate will yield approximately how many kcal?
80
What is the composition of sucrose?
one glucose and one fructose unit
All starches are eventually broken down to their basic component—glucose.
true
Carbohydrates are the main source of energy for moderate- to high-intensity exercise.
true
Glycemic response describes the effect that carbohydrate-containing foods have on blood glucose and insulin concentrations.
true
In most humans, lactase activity begins to decline at about age 2.
true
It is recommended that endurance athletes consume 30-60 g of carbohydrate per hour during exercise.
true
Starches are referred to as complex carbohydrates.
true
Which method of categorizing foods is based on the body's blood glucose response after their ingestion, digestion, and absorption?
Glycemic index
Which term describes the effect that carbohydrate foods have on blood glucose concentration and insulin secretion?
Glycemic response
Which term refers to elevated blood glucose concentration?
Hyperglycemia
What is an end product of carbohydrate digestion?
In the mouth
Where does digestion begin?
In the mouth
What is the advantage of consuming a drink with glucose polymers during endurance exercise?
It provides a slow, steady supply of glucose into the blood.