Nutrition Chapter 4. Carbohydrates

What artificial sweetener is also known as "NutraSweet" and "Equal"?

aspartame

Common food sources of amylose?

beans, breads, vegetables

High levels of hemoglobin A1c indicate chronically elevated...?

blood glucose

In metabolic syndrome which of the following may be elevated?

blood pressure, fasting glucose, and triglycerides, low HDL cholesterol, large waist circumference

Examples of whole grains?

bulgur, oatmeal, whole wheat flour

Food that contain essential no carbohydrates?

butter, eggs, beef

Key nutrients provided by dairy products?

calcium, protein, vitamin D, potassium

Refined grains

contain endosperm only and lower in fiber and lighter in texture

Soluble fiber________ the absorption of cholesterol and cholesterol-rich bile acids into the blood

decreases

insulin

decreases blood glucose

Traditional symptoms of diabetes?

extreme thirst, frequent urination, and excessive hunger

When inadequate carbohydrates are consumed what other dietary components can be used to supply energy?

fat and protein

One benefit of having sugar alcohols instead of sugars in a food product?

fewer calories

Functional fiber

fiber added to food that has been shown to have beneficial effect

glucagon

increases blood glucose

Type 2 diabetes

insulin resistance and often associated with obesity

Has two glucose molecules bonded together and is also known as malt sugar

maltose

Symptoms of hypoglycemia?

shakiness, hunger, sweating

Advantame is an alternative sweetener that is...

similar to aspartame but not much sweeter, does not need to include alerts for PKU, and is stable at high temperatures and can be used as a tabletop sweetener

Complex carbohydrates are also known as

starch

Alternative sweetener that is chemically similar to aspartame but much sweeter and does not require the warning for people with PKU?

Advantame

When a person consumes fiber, inadequate fluid intake can lead to what?

Blockages in the intestine

Benefits of including some insoluble fiber in the diet?

reduces transit time of feces and reduces constipation

Foods based on carbohydrate contents from highest to lowest?

1. baked potato 2. fat-free milk 3. egg

Sugar alcohols are advantageous in food products because they...

do not promote dental caries, are more slowly metabolized than sugar, and provide fewer calories than sugar

Which MyPlate food groups provide many high-fiber foods?

fruits, vegetables, and grains

Carbohydrate circulating in blood used for immediate energy?

glucose

In the liver, galactose is transformed into _______________, the most common monosaccharide.

glucose

Major monosaccharide found in the body

glucose

What alternative sweetener has been on the market the longest?

Saccharin

Example of a sugar alcohol?

Xylitol

Stevia is an alternative sweetener derived from

a south american shrub

What nonnutritive sweeteners are currently available in the food supply in the United States?

acesulfame-K, aspartame, neotame

where do enzymes break down the disaccharides sucrose, lactose, and maltose into monosaccharides glucose, fructose, and galactose?

small intestine

Three chlorine atoms to sucrose makes

sucralose

What artificial sweetener is considered useful in baking because it resists destruction by heat?

sucralose

Secondary lactose maldigestion

temporarily decreased production of lactase due to a specific cause, such as an intestinal virus; may cause abdominal pain, gas, and diarrhea after consumption of large quantities of lactose

Type 1 diabetes

total insulin deficiency due to destruction of insulin-producing cells of the pancreas

Types of fruit that are great sources of dietary fiber?

whole and cut up

4 steps in the digestion and absorption process of carbohydrates

1. salivary amylase is inactivated by strong acids in the stomach. 2. enzymes break down starch into maltose in the small intestine. 3. Soluble(viscous) fiber is fermented by bacteria in the large intestine. 4. Non-fermentable fiber escapes digestion and is excreted in feces.

How much milk can most individuals with decrease lactase production tolerate?

1/2 to 1 cup

When bacteria in the mouth break down _______________ they produce acids that dissolve the tooth enamel leading to dental caries

carbphydrates

Examples of polysaccharides?

cellulose, amylopectin, amylose

High fiber diet is helpful for weight management because?

contributes to satiety and provides few calories

What can assist in the digestion of carbohydrates even before the food enters the mouth?

cooking food

Nutritionally similar to table sugar, honey contains...

glucose and fructose

sucrose is made up of?

glucose and fructose

What makes up lactose?

glucose and galactose

Where does the enzymatic digestion of carbohydrates begin?

mouth

Areas of the body that can be permanently damaged by uncontrolled diabetes?

nerves, kidneys, eyes, heart

Sweeteners like monosaccharides and disaccharides provide calories and are designated as

nutritive sweeteners

Gestational diabetes

occurs in some pregnant women and resolves after delivery of the baby

Examples of soluble (viscous) fibers?

pectins, gums, and mucilages

Benefit of soluble fiber?

reduces total serum cholestrol

Consumption of this type of sugar may have a laxative effect

sugar alcohol

Natural food sources of sucrose?

sugar beets and maple sugar

Appropriate uses of aspartame?

sugar free gum, sugar free strawberry preserves, and diet soft drinks

What foods contain the highest percentage of calories from carbohydrates?

table sugar, jam, dried fruit

Highest risk for over consuming empty calories in place of nutrients essential for growth?

teenagers and children

Aspartame supplies 4 kcal per gram and is?

200 times sweeter than sugar

A high fiber diet may improve blood cholesterol measurements because...

1. reduced insulin secretion in lower cholesterol in the liver 2. fatty acids produced during fermentation of soluble fiber in the large intestine reduce cholesterol synthesis in the liver 3. soluble fiber binds to cholesterol in the GI tract, cause it to be excreted

According to Dietary guidelines, how many of our grains should come from whole grains?

1/2

What percent of calories should come from carbohydrates?

45%-65%

Acceptable Daily Intake

Amount of a sweetener an individual can safely consume over a lifetime. Guideline set 100 times less than the level at which no harmful effect were notes in animal studies

What must a grain contain to be considered a whole grain?

Germ, endosperm, and bran. Also typically more expensive but higher in vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants

A prediabetic is someone who has

HbA1c between 5.7% to 6.4% and blood glucose from 100 to 125 mg/dl

diet excessively high in fiber?

My decrease absorption of essential minerals zinc and iron

Primary function of carbohydrates in the body?

To provide energy

What type of sweetener is the sweetest?

alternative sweeteners

Aspartame is an alternative sweetener made of two____________ acids (phenylalanine and aspartic acid) and methanol.

amino

Highly branched chain of glucose units?

amylopectin

Which polysaccharide is digested more rapidly?

amylopectin

Long, straight chain of starch that makes up about 20% of digestible starch

amylose

straight chain of glucose units?

amylose

energy stored i the liver and muscles for later use?

glycogen

What sweetener should not be given to infants?

honey

Fiber

is a complex carbohydrate, found in plants, and adds bulk to feces

Major storage sites for glycogen?

liver and muscle

Hypoglycemia indicates a ______ blood glucose level

low

What disaccharide is important in the formation of alcoholic beverages?

maltose

major food sources of lactose?

milk and dairy products

Primary lactose maldigestion

Chronically decreased production of lactase with no apparent cause; may cause abdominal pain, gas, and diarrhea after consumption of large quantities of lactose