Nutrition chapter 6

T/F: Blood LDL values of people eating typical, meat-rich Western diets are generally higher than LDL values of vegetarians.

True

T/F: Under certain conditions, amino acids can be converted to glucose and so serve the energy needs of the brain

True

T/F: in the intestine, amino acids of the same general type compete for the same absorption sites, so a large dose of any one amino acid can limit absorption of another

True

example of a person in positive nitrogen balance is a pregnant women (T/F)

True

some segments of a protein strand coil, are somewhat like a metal spring because:

amino acids at different places along the strand are chemically attracted to each other

Eating a vegetarian diet may offer protection against developing ______ , which often lead to increased mortality. Vegetarians tend to have ____ blood pressure and reduced risk of _____ compared to meat-eaters.

chronic disease low blood pressure cancer

Eating a variety of protein foods from plants so that amino acids that are low in some foods will be supplied by the others are:

complimentary proteins ex: peanut butter on whole-wheat breadF

protein digestibility is highest for which foods?

eggs

_____ are proteins that can chemically change the shape of other substances, such as during digestion. Heat can _____ a protein, making it non-functional. Different proteins, such as _____, can transport oxygen via blood. Other proteins, ______ , act as glue between the cells.

enzymes denature hemoglobin collagen

Which amino acids cannot be synthesized in amounts sufficient to meet physiological needs?

essential amino acids

Legumes are a particularly nutritious choice among protein-rich foods because they also provide

fiber, B vitamins, iron and other minerals

Digestion of food proteins in the stomach is carried out by the enzyme pepsin, which is activated in the presence of __________. This enzyme reaction attacks food protein's __________.

gastric acid peptide bonds

diagnostic criterion for celiac disease

high levels blood antibodies

What are chemical messengers that travel through the bloodstream, resulting in a cellular response? Many are made from amino acids.

hormones

denaturation

irreversible change in a proteins folded shape brought about by heat, acids, bases, alcohol, salts of heavy metals, or other agents

What are plants that accumulate nitrogen and are efficient at trapping nitrogen that farmers often grow them in rotation with other crops? These plants are often included with meat in the protein food groups.

legumes

To prevent wasting of dietary protein, which conditions must be met?

-dietary protein must not exceed the body need in quantity, must supply all essential amino acids in the proper amounts, the diet must supply enough carbohydrate and calories -excess protein in a diet may have adverse effects, such as worsening kidney disease -insufficient dietary protein can cause slowed protein synthesis

problems with consuming too much protein include:

-increased risk for cancer from eating a high fat diet of red meat and processed meats often seen in individuals with a high protein intake -increased risk for kidney disease from kidney processing extra nitrogen due to high protein intake -increased risk for heart disease from eating too many high fat sources of protein

The DRI for protein intake for an adult is __________ of body weight.

0.8 g/kg

DRI for protein

0.8 g/kg of body weight

Approximately the same amount of protein is provided by each of the following foods, which are all cooked or ready to eat: ½ cup legumes; 1½ cups broccoli; 1 oz cheese; and 2 T peanut butter. Which of these would be the most nutrient-dense food choice for protein?

1.5 cups broccoli

Polypeptides are proteins that contain how many different kinds of amino acids?

10-50

What is the DRI for protein for a 37-year-old female who is 5'4" tall and weighs 110 lb?

40g

proteins (examples and roles)

Ex: insulin, collagen, antibodies, gluten roles: balance of acid and bases, providing energy, transport of substances in the bloodstream, cell structure, component of all enzymes, used to make antibodies, maintains fluid and electrolyte balance, blood clot formation, tissue repair, immunity

T/F: Essential amino acids are those that play an important role in the body and can only be obtained through supplementation.

F: essential amino acids are those that the body cannot make and must be provided by the diet

Fried banana or vegetable snack chips make a healthy everyday snack choice for vegetarians

False: fried banana or vegetable chips are often high in calories and saturated fat, and are best reserved for an occasional treat

what is important for protein synthesis?

RNA

A protein deficient diet can cause symptoms of malnutrition. These symptoms include impaired _______ and kidney function, weakened _______defenses, and impaired nutrient _____. However, overconsumption of protein also poses health risks, particularly for individuals with weakened _____

brain immune absorption kidneys

amino acids

building blocks of proteins compounds comprise of carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen and are arranged as strands of amino acids

What protects the stomach from digesting itself?

mucus lining of the stomach

Proteins are complex compounds within living tissue composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and ____ atoms. Proteins are made of smaller units called _____ each with a unique side chain that differs in size, ______ , and electrical charge.

nitrogen amino acids shape

Under normal circumstances, healthy adults are in __________.

nitrogen equilibrium

amino acids are linked together to form a protein strand by:

peptide bonds

protein functions as the body's ______ helping maintain normal pH

protein buffers pick up hydrogen acid when there are too many in the bloodstream and release them again when there are too few

gluten

protein that forms in grain foods, best known for providing a pleasing starchy texture to yeast breads toxic to a person with celiac disease

Amino acids are needed each day to support the new growth and maintenance of cells because there is a continuous breakdown and synthesis of proteins within the body called __________.

protein turnover

The ____ of the proteins side group determines the proteins ______

shape: hollow, spiral, positively charged function: hemoglobin, collagen, buffer

Which snack should someone who wants to stimulate muscle protein synthesis consume after a strength-building exercise?

skim milk

What contains enzymes that split peptide strands into tripeptides, dipeptides, and amino acids? It is also where amino acids are absorbed.

small intestine

protein digestion and denaturing begins in the _____

stomach

(T/F) Two tablespoons of peanut butter offer about the same amount of protein as a hot dog

true

When amino acids are consumed in excess of what is needed, all the following are possible fates of the excess amino acids

used for fat, stored in muscle tissue, used to make glucose for storage as glycogen

A vegetarian diet planner must make an effort to obtain adequate _____

vitamins B(12)

enzyme

works as a catalyst: substance speeds the rate of a chemical reaction without itself being permanently altered in the process