Nutrition Chapter 8

Pellagra, death

A niacin deficiency disease is ________. Symptoms include the 3 D: dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia, and eventually the fourth D: ________

protein, acid and pepsin, small intestine, absorption, colon

Absorption of Vitamin B12 1) Vitamin B12 in food is bound to ______. 2) in the stomach, __________ help release vitamin B12 from food proteins 3) cells in the stomach lining release intrinsic factor (IF) 4) in the upper portion of the ____________ (duodenum), intrinsic factor binds to vitamin B12 5) in the lower part of the small intestine (ileum), the vitamin B12- intrinsic factor complex binds to receptors on cells, allowing ___________. 6) in the _________, vitamin B12 is synthesized by microorganisms but cannot be absorbed

Enrichment

Adding nutrients back to foods that have lost nutrients due to processing. An example is the addition of B vitamins to white rice.

B vitamins

Any metabolism of protein, carbs, or fat uses ____________

B12 deficiencies

Atrophic gastritis may lead to ___________________

Coenzymes, chemical group, incomplete enzyme, enzyme, coenzymes

B vitamin functions- __________________. 1) the vitamin combines with a ____________ to form the functional coenzyme (active vitamin). 2) the functional coenzyme combines with the ________________ to form the active _______. 3) The active enzyme binds to one or more molecules and accelerates the chemical reaction to form one or more new molecules. 4) The new molecules are released, and the enzyme and ______ (vitamin) can be reused or separated

40-90, small intestine

Bioavailability of vitamins- Approximately _______ percent of vitamins are absorbed in the ______________

inactive provitamin, vitamin percursor

Bioavailability of vitamins- Some vitamins are absorbed in ___________ or ________________ forms that must be converted into active forms by the body

Vitamins

Bioavailability of vitamins- _________ must be absorbed by the body in order to perform their functions

fat

Bioavailability of vitamins- fat-soluble vitamins require ______ int he diet to be absorbed

transport, specific

Bioavailability of vitamins- water-soluble vitamins may required ______ molecules or ___________ molecules in the GI tract

liver

Biotin's dietary sources are _____, egg yolks, yogurts, and nuts

Avidin

Biotin- ___________ in raw eggs binds to biotin

weak, abnormal

Collagen molecule --> no vitamin C --> ______________ connective tissue

strong, healthy

Collagen molecule --> vitamin C --> _________, cross-linked connective tissue

Protein

Finding vitamins in foods- ___________ include Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Biotin, Pantothenic acid, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Vitamin A, Vitamin D

Grains

Finding vitamins in foods- ___________ include Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Pantothenic acid, Vitamin B6, Folate, and Vitamin E

Fruits

Finding vitamins in foods- ____________ include Folate, Vitamin C, Vitamin A

Dairy

Finding vitamins in foods- ____________ include Riboflavin, Vitamin A, Vitamin D, Vitamin B12

Vegetables

Finding vitamins in foods- ______________ include Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin C, Vitamin A, Vitamin E, Vitamin K

FAD, FMN

Flavin adenine dinucleotide (__________) and Flavin mononucleotide (________) are the coenzyme form of riboflavin

neural tube

Folate deficiency- ________ defects

Macrocytic anemia, macrocyte

Folate deficiency- ___________. Red blood cell precursor --> folate deficient --> cells are unable to divide (megaloblast) --> ________

cardiovascular disease, vitamin B6, cysteine

Folate, Homocysteine- high levels of homocysteine in the blood increase the risk of __________________. If __________ is deficient, homocysteine cannot be converted to ________, so levels rise

folate, vitamin B12

Folate, Homocysteine- if _________ or _________ is deficient, homocysteine cannot be converted to methionine (which converts to proteins), so level rise

Vitamin C, DNA

How antioxidant work- without _______________, free radicals can damage ______ and other molecules. Vitamin C neutralizes free radicals so they can no longer damage molecules such as DNA

lumen, water-soluble vitamin

In the ________ of small intestine, ______________________ breaks down and enter the blood vessel

lumen, Bile, digested lipids, fat-souble vitamins, Microvilli

In the _________ of small intestine, ______, ____________ and _________________ form Micelle, which breaks into fat-soluble vitamins and Fatty acid, and they enter into _________ to form chylomicron and enter the lymph vessel

early pregnancy

Low folate intake in ______________ is associated with an increased risk of rural tube defects (NTD)

energy, metabolism

Niacin plays an important role in the production of _______ and in general ___________

Chicken

Number one source for niacin is _________

red blood cells

Red blood cell precursor --> folate adequate --> normal cell division --> ______________

citric acid cycle, absorption

Riboflavin is an important component in the __________________ and for assisting the body with the ________ of other vitamins

folic acid

The folate listed on labels of fortified foods is primarily ______________, which is more available than natural forms of folate. In order to compare the folate content of these foods to recommendations, the amount of folic acid must be converted to dietary folate equivalent, expressed as ug DEF. Daily value of folate is 400 ug. Convert ug flocate acid into ug DFE is to muyltiply the ug folic acid by 1.7

energy production, carbohydrate metabolism, the production of ribose, nervous system

Thiamin assists in ____________, ________________, ________________, and the health of the _____________________

Acetyl Co-A, pyruvate

Thiamin gets __________ out of ______________, Acetyl-CoA then produces neurotransmitter synthesis and ATP

iron

Vitamin B12 is necessary for the proper abosorption of _____ in the body

iron supplementation

Vitamin B12- pernicious anemia is a form of anemia that does not respond to ____________________

Decarboxylation reactions

Vitamin B6 functions-________________________ removes the acid group (COOH) from amino acids, so they can be used to synthesize neurotransmitter

nerve damage

Vitamin B6- a toxicity from supplements can cause irreversible ____________________

scurvy, 2000

Vitamin C deficiency is called ________. Vitamin C UL is _______ mg. Vitamin C does not cure the common cold

antioxidant, collagen, iron absorption

Vitamin C functions as an _______ in the body, help maintain the immune system, is important in the production of _____ and aids in _________

oxygen, light, and heat

Vitamin C in foods can be destroyed by _________, as well as contact with copper or iron cookware

Vitamins, growth, health

______ are organic compounds essential in the diet to promote _____ and ______ maintenance

Milk

______ is number one source of riboflavin

Enzyme

_______ alone cannot act on molecules

Folate, DNA synthesis

_______ coenzymes are needed for ____________ and the metabolism of some amino acids

Vitamin C

_______ is also known as ascorbic acid or ascorbate

Niacin, tryptophan

________ can be synthesized in the body from the essential amino acid, __________, if the diet is adequate in tryptophan

Thiamin, B1

________ was the first B vitamin to be identified, and also called ______

Alcohol, pork

_________ decreases thiamin and absorption of thiamin and absorption of thiamin. Thiamin is found in meat, fruit, nuts, and grains. Number one source is ______________

Riboflavin

_________ is easily destroyed by heat and exposure to light

chicken

__________ is high in vitamin B6

B vitamins

__________ were originally thought to be one chemical substance, but are actually many different substances. That is the reason for B1, B2, B12...

Vegan diets

____________ need to be supplemented with readily-absorbable form of B12

Frozen foods, more, high temperatures, lower

_______________ are often frozen in the field in order to minimize nutrient losses. Thus frozen fruits and vegetables may supply _________ vitamins than fresh ones. The ___________________ used in canning reduce nutrient content. However, because canned foods keep for a long time, do not require refrigeration, and are often less expensive than fresh/frozen foods, they provide an available, affordable source of nutrient that may be the best choice in some situation. Sometimes, fresh produce is ___________ in nutrients than you would expect because it has spent a week in a truck, traveling to your store, several days on a shelf, and maybe another week in your refrigerator.

Dietary supplements

_______________ can be another source of vitamins in the modern diet

Vitamin preservation, heat, vegetables, boiling, nutrients, water-soluble vitamins

________________ - 1) store food away from ______ and light, and eat it soon after purchasing it 2) Cut fruits and vegetables as close as possible to the time when they will be cooked or served. 3) don't soak ___________ 4) cook vegetables with as little water as possible by microwaving, pressure-cooking, roasting, grilling, stir-frying, or baking rather than _______ them 5) if foods are cooked in water, using the cooking water to make soups and sauces so that you can retrieve some of the ________________ 6) don't rinse rice before cooking, in order to avoid washing away _____________________

Water-souble vitamins

________________ include the B vitamins and Vitamin C

Fat-soluble vitamins

________________ include vitamin A,D,E and K .

Vitamin B6

________________ is also called pyridoxine and comprises a group of compounds including pyridoxal, pyridoxine, and pyridoxamine

Dietary supplements, wide variety

_________________ cannot replace the benefits of a diet containing a ____________ of foods

Dietary supplements

_________________ contain some combination of vitamins, minerals, herbs, botanicals, amino acids, enzymes or extracts

alcoholics

a deficiency of thiamin in _____________ is called Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

beri beri

a deficiency of thiamin is called ______________

pyridoxal phosphate

all three forms of vitamin B6 can be converted into _______________, which is required for many enzyme reactions in the body

energy metabolism

biotin functions as a coenzyme in ________________________

carbocyclic acid

biotin transfers ________________

absorption of vitamins

depend on vitamins' concentration and form

folic acid

excessive intake of ______________ can mask B12 decencies

fruit and oatmeal

good sources of vitamin C in dietary source include ____________________

heart disease

low folate intake has been associated with an increased risk of _________________ related to the metabolism of the amino acid homocysteine

niacin supplements

niacin toxicity from overuse of __________ can result in elevated blood pressure, cardiac arrhythmia, nausea, vomiting, elevated blood sugar levels and impaired liver function

Sunflower seeds

number one dietary source for pantothenic acid is ______________________

Trout

number one dietary source of vitamin B12 is ____________

Lentils

number one dietary sources for folate is _____________

Fortification

process of adding nutrients to foods. The added nutrients are generally not found in the food or are added in much larger amounts, such as fortifying orange juice with calcium

bioavailability

the amount of Vitamin C absorbed and used

NAD, NADP

two active coenzymes are nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (_________) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (____________)

nicotinic acid, nicotinamide

two forms of niacin are ___________ and ___________

animal products

vitamin B12 is most readily absorbed from ______________

anemia

vitamin B6 deficiency may result in ________ due to impaired hemoglobin synthesis and neurotransmitter issues

transamination reaction

vitamin B6 functions- ______________ synthesize nonessential amino acids by transferring an amino group to a carbon compound. transamination = steals nitrogen group

deamination reactions

vitamin B6 functions-_________________ removes the amino group from amino acids, so they can be used to produce ATP or to synthesize glucose