nutrition chapter 9&10
If the body doesn't get enough calcium from the diet and blood calcium falls too low, how does the body cope?
1: the small intestine absorbs more calcium 2: the bones release more calcium into blood 3: the kidneys excrete less calcium
At what age range does peak bone mass occur?
20
A nursing mother is advised to eat foods providing an extra __ kcalories each day. The other 170 kcalories can be drawn from the ___ stores she accumulated during pregnancy.
330, fat
In the first trimester, the pregnant woman needs no additional energy, but as pregnancy progresses, her energy needs rise. She requires an additional ___ kcalories daily during the second trimester and an extra _____ kcalories each day during the third trimester
340, 450
The body must excrete a minimum of about ______ milliliters (about ½ quart) each day as urine—enough to carry away the waste products generated by a day's metabolic activities.
500
Water makes up about ____ of the body's fluids
60%
What is simple goiter?
An enlarged thyroid gland that causes the neck to swell
The pregnant woman also needs a greater amount of vitamin _____ to assist folate in the manufacture of new cells.
B12
What is water balance?
Balance between water intake and water excretion that keeps the body's water content constant
What major minerals do most people not get enough of in their diet?
Calcium, chloride, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, sulfur
What does water in body fluids do?
Carries nutrients and waste products, maintains the structure of large molecules, participants in metabolic reactions, serves as the solvent for minerals, vitamins, amino acids, glucose, and many other small molecules, maintains blood volume, aids in regulation of normal body temperature, acts as a lubricant and cushion around joints and inside the eyes, spinal cord and amniotic sad.
What is preeclampsia? What is the only cure?
Condition characterized not only by high blood pressure but also protein in urine. Delivery
Low-birthweight infants are more likely to have what kind of problems?
Contract diseases and are nearly 40 times more likely to die in the first month.
What happens if there is too much zinc ingested?
Copper- deficiency
What is the most potent single predictor of the infant's future health and survival?
Correlates with pregnancy weight and weight gain during pregnancy
Why is the mother's pre-regnancy nutrition so crucial?
Determines whether the uterus will be able to support the growth of a healthy placenta during the first month of gestation
What are the 3 stages of iron deficiency?
First, both iron stores and ferritin levels diminish. second, levels of serum iron fall and levels of the iron carrying protein transferrin increase. Third, the lack of iron limits hemoglobin production.
What impact does potassium seem to have on blood pressure?
Helps lower blood pressure, it helps by balancing out the negative effects of the salts
What is the more absorbable form of iron? What kinds of food is it found in? What things can impair iron absorption?
Heme iron. Meat, poultry, and fish. Tannis of tea and coffee, calcium in milk, and the phytates that accompany fiber in legumes and whole grain cereals.
What is hypertension? What is prehypertension?
Hypertension, high blood pressure. Prehypertension, blood pressure values that predict hypertension
Drinking water to excess can cause what to happen in the body, what is this condition called?
Hyponatremia, excessive water ingestion, within a few hours dilutes the sodium concentration of the blood
What probably creates food cravings and aversions during pregnancy?
If the mother likes something before pregnancy she will tend to crave it during.
What is exclusive breastfeeding? Why is it recommended as an optimal feeding pattern?
Infant consuming milk with no supplements except for vitamins, minerals, and medications. Breast milk's unique nutrient composition and protective factors promote optimal infant health and development.
According to the text, what are 2 major reasons women choose not to breastfeed?
Infant formula manufacturers' public advertising and promotion of their products and the medical community's failure to encourage breastfeeding
Who might be susceptible to manganese toxicity?
Miners who inhale large quantities of manganese dust on the job
Why are electrolytes so important to water balance in the body?
Must be closely regulated to help maintain the appropriate distribution of body fluids
Are major minerals more important than trace minerals? Why or why not?
Neither are more important, a deficiency of the few micrograms of iodine needed daily is just as serious as a deficiency of the several hundred milligrams of calcium
What is flourosis?
Overexposure to fluoride during the first eight years of life
What are some functions of phosphorus in the body?
Phosphorus is part of DNA and RNA, necessary for growth. Also plays a key role in the transfer of energy.
Where is copper deficiency seen?
Premature infants and malnourished infants
What does WIC do? What kind of deficiencies and issues can it help prevent?
Provides vouchers redeemable for nutritious foods, nutritional education, and referrals to health and social services to low-income pregnant and lactating women and their children. Calcium, iron, vitamins A and C, and proteins.
Why would a maternal vitamin D deficiency be harmful to a developing fetus?
Rickets in the infants
How soon after birth should breastfeeding start? What is rooting reflex?
Right after delivery. Rooting reflex is a reflex that causes an infant to turn toward whichever cheek is touched, in search of nipples.
What kind of fish do they suggest pregnant women avoid? Why?
Shark, swordfish, king mackerel, and tilefish because of mercury
what foods are high in zinc?
Shellfish, meat, poultry, and milk products
Why is chloride an important mineral for the stomach?
The chloride ion is part of hydrochloric acid, which maintains the strong acidity of the gastric fluids
What is Pica?
The craving of ice, chalk, starch, and other non-food substances
Why is iron status in the mother important for a developing fetus?
The fetus draws heavily on the mother's iron stores to create stores of its own to last through the first six months after birth.
List 5 ways a woman can prepare for a healthy pregnancy,
achieve and maintain a healthy body weight, choose an adequate and balanced diet, be physically active, regular medical care, avoid harmful influences.
The fetal brain is extremely vulnerable to a glucose or oxygen deficit, and ________ causes both by disrupting placental functioning.
alcohol
______should probably not be used to meet fluid needs. ______ acts as a diuretic, and it has many adverse effects on health and nutrition status.
alcohol, alcohol
Name 3 times when breastfeeding would be contraindicated
alcohol, tobacco, and caffeine
The two most common types of NTD are _____(no brain) and _____ ______(split spine).
anencephaly, spina bifida
What is the one thing that can significant loss of iron?
bleeding
Infants with a strong family history of food allergies benefit from ________
breastfeeding
______ is the most abundant mineral in the body. Ninety-nine percent of the body's calcium is stored in the ____ and teeth and serves as a calcium bank available to the body fluids should a drop in blood calcium occur.
calcium, bones
Because prenatal supplements do not typically contain _____, pregnant women are advised to include ______-rich foods such as eggs, milk and milk products, legumes, and meats and seafood in their eating patterns.
choline, choline
Some research findings suggest that _____supplements may improve glucose or insulin responses in diabetes
chromium
What is the difference between chronic hypertension and gestational hypertension?
chronic- preexisting condition that develops before a woman becomes pregnant. Gestational- develops after 20th week of gestation
What happens if potassium is injected directly into a vein?
could stop your heart
The greatest risk for teen pregnancy with the baby is what?
death
Problems associated with a high birth weight include
difficult labor, birth trauma, and cesarean section
Potassium deficiency is characterized by an increase in blood pressure, kidney stones, and bone turnover and can result from the regular use of certain medications, including _________, ______, and cathartics.
diuretics, steroids
What is the general solution for someone with hemachromatosis?
doctors can remove blood from body regularly
What is the difference between an embryo and a fetus?
embryo is week two to eight after conception and fetus is eight weeks until birth
Before lactation is well established, when the schedule changes, or when a feeding is missed, the breasts may become full and hard—an uncomfortable condition known as ___________.
engorgement
Magnesium is critical to the operation of hundreds of ________ and other cellular functions.
enzymes
A child's first feeding coming from a bottle helps to encourage breastfeeding True or False?
false
Breastfeeding helps the mother lose pregnancy weight True or False
false
Most people get adequate magnesium in their diet True or False?
false
A man's nutrition may affect his _____
fertility
What are some benefits of staying physical active during pregnancy
fewer surgical births, greater number of healthy birthweights
Potassium plays a major role in maintaining ___ and ________ balance and cell integrity.
fluid, electrolytes
Many teens enter pregnancy with deficiencies of vitamins and D, _______, calcium, and iron that can impair fetal growth
folate
What vitamin plays an important role in preventing neural tube defects?
folate
Critical period early malnutrition impairs the ___ and _____ later malnutrition impairs the lungs.
heart and brain
Magnesium deficiency may worsen inflammation associated with many chronic diseases and may increase the risk of stroke and sudden death by ________ _____, even in otherwise healthy people
heart failure
Most of the iron in the body is a component of the proteins ______ in red blood cells and ______ in muscle cells.
hemoglobin, myoglobin
What center of the brain initiates the desire to drink?
hypothalamus
Smoking, drug abuse, and malnutrition during the first week of conception can lead to failure to ______ or to abnormalities such as neural tube defects.
implant
List at least 5 factors for a high risk pregnancy, pregnancy BMI,
insufficient or excessive pregnancy weight gain, nutrient deficiencies or toxicities, poverty, smoking alcohol and drugs
Of the organs, which ones play a primary role in maintaining acid-base balance?
kidneys
List some foods high in magnesium,
leafy vegetables, chocolates, whole grain breads
Why is restrictive dieting during pregnancy a bad idea?
low carbohydrate diet or fasts that cause ketosis deprive the growing fetal brain of needed glucose and may impair cognitive development.
infection of the breast, known as ________, is best managed by continuing to breastfeed.
mastits
Iodine deficiency is the most common cause of preventable ____ ________and brain damage in the world
mental reaction
List two signs of mild dehydration, list two signs of severe dehydration
mild, sudden weight loss, thirst, severe, pale skin, blush lips, and fingertips
If morning sickness interferes with normal eating for more than a week or two, the woman should seek medical advice to prevent ______ _______.
nutrient deficiencies
____ ______is a major factor in low birthweight.
nutritional deficiency
_____ ________ are more likely to suffer from gestational diabetes, hypertension, and complications during and infections after the birth
obese women
Infants should be fed "___ ________" and not be held to a rigid schedule
on demand
Smoking restricts the blood supply to the growing fetus and so limits the delivery of _________ and ________ and the removal of wastes.
oxygen and nutrients
In general, you can tell from the color of the urine whether a person needs more water. _______ _________ urine reflects appropriate dilution.
pale yellow
The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) takes the position that women should stop drinking as soon as they ______ to become pregnant
plan
What is a good non-dairy source of calcium?
seeds, yogurt, beans, almond
A processed food is more likely to be higher in ______ and lower in ______ than a whole food.
sodium, vitamins
Gestational diabetes can lead to _____ __ birth and high infant birth weight.
surgical
Zinc is needed to produce the active form of vitamin A in visual pigments and is essential to wound healing, _______ _________, the making of sperm, and fetal development. What types of issues can occur from a zinc deficiency?
taste perception, dwarfism, arrested sexual maturation
Selenium-containing enzymes are necessary for the proper functioning of the iodine-containing ____ hormones that regulate _____
thyroid, metabolism
What does transferrin do? What does the hormone hepcidin do?
transferrin- carries iron to tissues throughout the body. Hepcidin- produced by the liver, is central to the regulation of iron balance
Blood calcium concentration does not reflect calcium status True or False?
true
Who is more prone to iron deficiency?
women
______ is required for protein synthesis and cell development during pregnancy
zinc
