nutrition combined 2
Healthy couples having regular, unprotected intercourse have a _____ chance of a diagnosed pregnancy within a given menstrual cycle.
20-25%
The estimated minimum Calorie level for an overweight woman with gestational diabetes weighing 200 lb (91 kg) is _____.
2275
Following discharge from the hospital, Rebecca showed signs of fatigue during feeding. The dietitian then recommended a higher-calorie formula. How many Calories/ounce would the new formula most likely contain?
24 calories
Overweight
25-29.9 kg/m BMI,
. The recommended weight gain range for normal-weight women is _____ pounds.
25-35
Twins
25-54 lb recommended weight gain (11.4 - 24.5 kg)
*(Nutrition Facts Label): What is the percent of calories from fat?
26%
Fertility usually resumes within _____ after contraceptive use stops.
3 to 6 months
Based on your answer to question #11, a 5-month-old infant would require approximately _____ total Calories per day based on a weight of 6 kg.
648
Infants weighing _____ are least likely to die within the first year of life.
7 lbs 12 oz to 10 lbs
What is the rate of miscarriages in the first 20 weeks of pregnancy?
7%
The recommended daily protein (g) intake for pregnant women is _____.
71 g
A 7-month-old infant weighing 16 lbs needs approximately _____ Calories/day.
715 calories
Approximately how many exposures to a new food might it take for a toddler to accept the flavor or taste?
8 to 10
A woman eats half of a pita bread sandwich filled with tuna salad. The entire sandwich contained 20 grams carbohydrate, 8 grams protein, and 5 grams fat. Approximately how many calories will she obtain?
80
The ability of the fetus to modify gene functions when exposed to adverse conditions
Developmental plasticity
Vegan diet
Diet in which only plant foods are eaten
What 2 monosaccharides are found in sucrose?
Glucose and fructose
A measure of the extent to which blood glucose levels are raised
Glycemic index
Which of the following combinations represents an example of complementary proteins?
Grains and seeds
lacto-ovo-vegetarian
Grains, beans, dairy products, and eggs allowed
Number of pregnancies a woman has experienced
Gravida
congenital anomalies
Structural, functional, or metabolic abnormalities present at birth. Also called congenital abnormalities.
Taking an unusually long time to conceive or having repeated, early pregnancy losses
Subfertility
essential nutrients
Substances required for growth and health that cannot be produced, or produced in sufficient amounts, by the body. They must be obtained from the diet.
Anaphylaxis
Sudden onset of a reaction with mild to severe symptoms, including a decreased ability to breathe
daily value
Scientifically agreed-upon standards for daily intakes of nutrients from the diet developed for use on nutrition labels.
keotones
Small two-carbon chemicals generated by the breakdown of fatty acids for energy
Signs and symptoms of celiac disease would be least likely to include _____.
bleeding gums
Signs of celiac disease symptoms do not include
bleeding gums
chronic hypertension
blood pressure >140(systolic) or >290(diastolic) mmHg diagnosed before 20th week of pregnancy
The first organ to develop in humans is the _____.
brain
To lessen the risk of food allergies in infants, you can:
breastfeed your infant.
gestational diabetes
carbohydrates intolerance with the first onset in pregnacy
The major class of protein found in mature human milk is:
casein
The process of breaking down body protein to generate energy is known as:
catabolism.
Secretory Cells
cells in the milk gland that are responsible for secreting milk components into the ducts
antioxidants
chemical substances that prevent or repairs damage to cells caused by oxidation
A baby that is NOT given vitamin K at birth may have
excessive bleeding due to lack of blood clotting
It is preferable to meet nutrient requirements through dietary supplements rather than foods.
false
Limiting the amount of saturated and trans fat in your diet will guarantee you freedom from heart disease.
false
Maternal and fetal needs for protein are fulfilled by maternal protein and muscle stores entering pregnancy
false
Over 60% of ideal adult body weight is gained during adolescence.
false
Physician are well trained to counsel women on breast feeding
false
Sizes of commercial, jarred baby food are determined by age appropriate portion size.
false
Slow growth is ALWAYS a symptom of inadequate nutrition.
false
Studies show that overweight and obesity result ENTIRELY from taking in more energy than you are expending.
false
The American Academy of Pediatrics and The European Society for Gastroenterology recommend the SAME level of energy intake for pre-term infants.
false
The DRI for energy is based upon the assumption of a moderate to high activity level.
false
Women with low BMIs (<20 kg/m2) may develop anovulation and amenorrhea due to reduced hypothalamic production of _____.
gonadotropin releasing hormone
Oxytocin
hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that causes milk let down
gestational hypertension
increased blood pressure diagnosed mid pregnancy, not accompanied by proteinuria
pica
the compulsion to eat a non food substance
anthropometry
the scientific study of the measurements and proportions of the human body.
A type of unsaturated fat present in hydrogenated oils
trans fat
Mealtime behavior and eating problems occur along with other behavioral and sensory problems in infants with autism.
true
Menarche may be delayed in highly competitive athletes or in girls who severely restrict their calories to limit body fat.
true
Menopause is associated with an increase in abdominal fat.
true
Organs and systems in infants continue to increase in size and complexity after birth.
true
Phenylketonuria is a preventable cause of intellectual disability.
true
Potassium-rich diets tend to reduce blood pressure.
true
Potential consequences of a weight-loss program in childhood are slowed linear growth and the beginnings of an eating disorder
true
Prevalence of salt sensitivity and early onset of high blood pressure is higher in African Americans compared to whites.
true
The American Academy of Pediatrics and the Academy of Nutrition of breastfeeding for the first year of life is optimal nutrition in infancy
true
The rate of human growth and development is higher during gestation than at any time in life.
true
The size of woman's breast limits her ability to store milk
true
The subfertility of one partner can be overcome by the reproductive capacity in the other partner.
true
Three year old children have an innate ability to control calorie intake
true
inspection of hair, eyes, skin and posture is part of the nutrition assessment component known as:
clinical evaluation
The best way to prevent/cure a plugged duct is to:
completely empty breast
The DiGeorge syndrome is a _____.
condition in which chromosome 22 has a small deletion
anecephaly
condition in which the brain is not formed correctly, resulting in a neonatal death
down syndrome
condition in which three copies of chromosome 21 occur
It will take approximately _____ hour(s) to eliminate the alcohol in one glass of wine from a 120-pound nursing woman.
2 to 3 hours
Young female athletes often experience a delay in menarch of approximately what duration?
2 to 4 years
Untreated phenylketonuria in pregnant women lead to
1. increased risk of heart disease. 2. infants with microcephaly
The RDA for iron for children ages 4-8 years is _____.
10mg/day
The European Society for Gastroenterology and Nutrition recommends that a pre-term baby have an energy intake range of _____ Calories/per kg.
110 to 135 calories/ per kg
Poly Unsaturated Fat
.10
There are _____ essential amino acids.
9
glycemic index
A measure of the extent to which blood glucose levels are raised by consumption of an amount of food that contains 50 grams of carbohydrate compared to 50 grams of glucose. A portion of white bread containing 50 grams of carbohydrate is sometimes used for comparison.
The fat-soluble vitamins include _____.
A, D, E, and K
A mom with a newborn called a nurse practitioner to report that one of her breasts was painful, enlarged and had a red area. In order to distinguish between two common conditions, what additional information would practitioner want?
ALL the above: 1. time is onset 2. where is the pain 3. do you have a fever 4. any flu like symptoms
Which of the following is NOT a common barrier to breastfeeding initiation?
ALL; of these are common barriers 1. embarrassment 2. lack of confidence 3. lack of support 4. fear of pain
The absence of a menstrual cycle
Amenorrhea
No menstrual cycle
Amenorrhea
The water-soluble vitamins include _____.
B-complex and C
Which of the following foods would be the best, most nutrient-dense choice for a pregnant adolescent
Baked potato with low-fat yogurt
Toddlers
Between 1 and 3 years old
A nutrient that would effectively treat heaches and cramps in a women with PMS is
Calcium
If the woman in question #24 drank a glass of regular, fortified milk, what is the most important essential nutrient that she added to her diet?
Calcium
Which nutrients appear to reduce or prevent preeclampsia?
Calcium and vitamin D
A unit of measure of the amount of energy supplied in food
Calorie
Gestational diabetes
Carbohydrate intolerance first discovered during pregnancy
gestational diabetes
Carbohydrate intolerance with onset of, or first recognition in, pregnancy.
food record
Contains self-reported data on diet
pouring rights
Contracts between schools and soft-drink companies whereby the schools receive a percentage of the profits from sales
The mass of tissue formed from the follicle after the egg is released
Corpus luteum
The standard levels of nutrient intakes listed in the Nutrition Facts panel on packaged foods are known as _____.
Daily Values
Hyperbilirubinemia
Elevated levels of bilirubin
. Water is a nonessential nutrient.
False
The actual production of children
Fertility
The developing organism from 8 weeks to birth
Fetus
The involuntary absence of production of children
Fetus
The process of making a vegetable oil solid by adding hydrogen
Hydrogenation
Milk comes in during which stage of lactogenesis?
Lactogenesis II
Define pelvic inflammatory disease and explain its cause.
Pelvic inflammatory disease is a general term applied to infections of the cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes, or ovaries. It occurs predominantly in young women and is generally caused by infection with a sexually transmitted disease, such as gonorrhea or Chlamydia.
PMDD
Syndrome characterized by mood swings, irritability, and physical symptoms
Exposures that produce malformations in embryos or fetuses
Teratogenic
amino acid
The "building blocks" of protein. Unlike carbohydrates and fats, amino acids contain nitrogen.
Echinacea
Used to enhance immune system
Engorgement
When the breast become overfilled
An anovulatory cycle is _____.
a menstrual cycle in which ovulation does not occur
Lactogenesis
another term for milk production
Typical food allergies do NOT include adverse reactions to
corn
The mainstay of treatment for gestational diabetes is to normalize blood glucose levels with _____.
medical nutrition therapy focusing on diet and exercise
Cramps and other side effects of menstruation can be traced back to the production of _____ by the uterus.
prostaglandins
Which characteristic applies to androgens?
may stimulate the development and functioning of male sex organs
The recommendation for very low-birth-weight or extremely low-birth-weight infants who are breastfeeding but have limited pancreatic enzyme production is to supplement them with _____.
medium chain fatty acid
The three components of the female athlete triad are _____
menstrual dysfunction, eating disorder, and osteoporosis
ketones
metabolic by production of the breakdown of fatty acids
*(Jane and her husband are interested in having a child, but she has had a hard time conceiving. She has met with her OB-GYN to have a physical, labs drawn, and a prenatal check-up in order to determine the problem. The lab work and other relevant data for Jane are as follows: Age: 36 Blood pressure 110/70 mm Hg; Fasting blood glucose 130 mg/dL; HDL cholesterol 35 mg/dL; Blood triglycerides 175 mg/dL; Waist circumference = 36"; Current weight 150 lbs; Height 5'3") Based on the data above, Jane will likely be diagnosed with _____
metabolic syndrome
Foremilk
milk at the beginning of a feeding that contains a lower amount of human milk fat
Hindmilk
milk at the end of feeding that contains a higher amount of human milk fat
A child who has Down syndrome would have a poorer health outcome associated with
mismatching his energy needs with food intake, thus leading to excessive weight gain.
A fat containing one double bond is _____.
monounsaturated
Toddlers with breathing problems need _____ calories than/as typical toddlers.
more
Growth rates among infants that have the lung condition bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) are slower due to all of the following EXCEPT
more muscle mass.
Gastroesphogeal Reflux
movement of the stomach contents backward into the esophogus
Essential amino acids _____.
must be obtained in the diet
The test for celiac disease _____.
must be undertaken when individuals are on their normal, non-gluten-free diet
current forms of contraceptives for women include all the following except:
nasal inhalants
Spina bifida is an example of a _____.
neural tube defect
Small for gestational age (SGA)
newborn weight is <10th percentile for gestational age. Also called, small for date (SFD)
disproportionately small for gestational age (dSGA)
newborns weight is < 10th percentile of weight for gestational age; length and head circumference are normal. Also called asymmetrical SGA
Proportionately small for gestational age (pSGA)
newborns weight, length, and head circumference are <10 percentile for gestational age, Also called symmetrical SGA
Does the above diet have an adequate amount of calories for a 9-month-old infant?
no
Will Rebecca be able to sit in a high chair and maintain a stable feeding position at 6 months—the same physical development expected from a term infant?
no
vegan
no animal foods of any kind
Which of the following treatments has been found to be effective in treating children with Down syndrome?
none (no treatment has been found)
what nutritional exposures before and after and very early pregnancy would not disrupt fetal growth and development?
normal iron levels in the blood
When women are trying to get pregnant it is recommended that they _____.
restrict their alcohol intake
hypothyroidism
results from a deficiency of iodine during pregnancy
A disorder where head growth is reduced starting in the toddler years is called _____.
rett syndrome
Which of the following is NOT true about the development of nutrient deficiencies or toxicities?
returning the dietary intake to normal can reverse all the problems that have occured
Alveoli
round or oblong shaped cavities in the breast
Lobes
rounded structure of the mammary gland
Infertility is generally defined as the lack of conception after _____ of unprotected intercourse.
1 year
A critical period of spinal cord development following conception is:
1-2 weeks after conception.
Hyperactive Letdown
Breast milk streams to quickly from breast at the onset of feeding
The fetus comprises approximately _____ of the total weight gained during pregnancy in women who enter pregnancy at normal weight.
1/3
The AVERAGE caloric need of infants in the first six months of life is _____ per kg of body weight, based on growth in breast-fed infants.
108 calories
Approximately what % of couples fail to conceive within 12 months of attempting pregnancy?
15%
It is recommended that overweight women gain approximately _____ pounds during pregnancy.
15-25
It is recommended that overweight women gain approximately _____ during pregnancy.
15-25 lbs
Estimate the energy needs of a four-year-old, female toddler weighing 35 lb (16 kg) who is physically active.
1500 kcalories
A 5-year-old boy is brought in for a nutrition assessment and health check. He weighs 50 lb (22.7 kg), and is 45 in (114 cm) tall. Based on the above information, this boy has a BMI of:
17.4
It is recommended that woman consume at least _____ of carbohydrate during pregnancy to meet fetal needs for glucose.
175 grams per day
Normal weight
18.5 - 24.9 kg/m BMI,
The increased need for energy in pregnancy averages _____ kcal/day.
300
The smallest living newborns who weigh 501-600 grams (1 pound 2 ounces to 1 pound 5 ounces) have a _____ chance of survival at birth.
31%
The 2002 DRI for lactating women is _____ additional calories per day during the first 6 months with a 0.8 kg per month weigh
330
To achieve a 40-pound weight gain, women with twins need to consume approximately how many more Calories during pregnancy than do women with singleton pregnancies.
35,000 calories
According to the text, infants weighing _____ at birth are least likely to die within the first year of life
3500 to 4500 g
Protein content in human milk is affected by the _____.
1. age of the infant 2. hormone variation of the mother
What are the 3 components of the female athlete triad?
1. amenorrhea 2. disordered eating 3. osteoporosis
On average, toddlers gain 8 oz/month and preschoolers gain _____ lb/year.
4.4
The average gestation for a full-term infant is _____ weeks, while an infant born at <_____ weeks is considered pre-term.
40 weeks is full term and less than 37 weeks is considered pre-term
Approximately what proportion of children have an "easy" temperament?
40%
A woman ate 1/2 of a pita bread sandwich filled with tuna salad. The entire sandwich contained 20 grams carbohydrate, 8 grams protein, and 5 grams fat. Approximately how many calories did she obtain?
80 calories
Underweight
<18.5 kg/m BMI
Which of the following factors are not related to infertility in women?
1. having the flu 2. not eating for the day
The major contributors to the increase in childhood weight problems are thought to include:
1. high energy, high fat diet 2. sedentary lifestyles
The primary effect(s) of being underweight on reproduction in women is/are:
1. high likely hood of maternal complications 2. the birth of a small and early childbirth
A male infant can get too much protein when
1. his motor skills are developed. 2. he consumes more formula than recommended for age.
Control of the amount of milk produced is regulated by _____.
1. how many infants are fed 2. how much milk is removed from the breast
An eating disorder that effects fertility is
1. hypothalamic amenorrhea 2. anorexia nervose
Which statement correctly describes non-celiac gluten sensitivity?
Adverse reactions are similar to those of celiac disease when gluten is consumed.
very low birth weight infant
Infants weighing <1500 grams or <3 pounds 5 ounces at birth
low birth weight infant
Infants weighing <2500 grams or <5 pounds 8 ounces at birth
Mastitis
Inflammation of the breast
Cell membranes have reduced sensitivity to insulin
Insulin resistance
Which of the following programs would NOT be a source of nutrition services or finances to help pay for nutritional services for preterm infants or those with special health care needs?
National Council on Pediatric Affairs (NCPA)
Syndrome characterized by mood swings, irritability, and physical symptoms
PMDD
The number of previous deliveries experienced by a woman
Parity
Describe the effect of obesity on the development of gestational and type 2 diabetes.
People with gestational diabetes or type 2 are generally obese and have insulin resistance. Insulin resistance that develops with obesity partly originates from metabolic changes initiated in fat cells. High amounts of body fat are related to an increased release of fatty acids from fat cells into blood. High circulating levels of fatty acids stimulate the production of free radicals and other proinflammatory molecules and the development of oxidative stress and chronic inflammation. These and other changes are related to the development of insulin resistance in liver and muscle cells, excessive fat storage in the liver, and increased insulin output by beta cells of the pancreas. Over time, insulin resistance can lead to the exhaustion of beta cells and decreased insulin production, elevated blood glucose levels, and the onset of type 2 diabetes
The period in life in which humans become biologically capable of reproduction
Puberty
Your best friend had a baby 3 months ago and is anxious to go "out on the town" with her friends. She is still breastfeeding, but would like to be able to have some drinks. What advice would you give her?
Pump milk before going out and use that until the alcohol has been cleared from your system
Hemodilution of nutrients occurs during pregnancy because:
blood volume increases so much.
Specific nutrition assessment for children with cerebral palsy begins with
body compositions indexes such as fat stores
gynecomstia
breast enlargement
Continuing to nurse while you are sick actually protects your baby because:
breast milk is full of antibodies that are passed on to the baby
Which food item would be acceptable in a PKU diet plan?
broccoli
Which of the following conditions results in increased calorie needs?
bronchopulmonary dysplasia
The most commonly observed eating disorder in pregnancy is
bulimia nervorsa
sexual maturation rating
A scale that allows health professionals to assess the degree of pubertal maturation among adolescen
tranferrin saturation
A sensitive measure of iron status
Congenital abnormality
A structural, functional, or metabolic abnormality present at birth
trans fat
A type of unsaturated fat present in hydrogenated oils, margarine, shortenings, pastries, and some cooking oils that increase the risk of heart disease. Fats containing fatty acids in the trans versus the more common cis form are generally referred to as trans fat.
calorie
A unit of measure of the amount of energy supplied by food. Also known as the "kilocalorie" (kcal), or the "large Calorie."
what statement most reflects the most accurate assessment measurement?
a dietitian interviewing a mom with a 5 year old toddler about what he ate over the past 24 hours and then asking her to record what the toddler ate over the next two days
Which term applies to people with diabetes?
carbohydrate intolerant
What are the six categories of nutrients?
carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water
Pregnant women of _____ ethnicity are more likely than those of other ethnicities to have an eating disorder known as pica.
African American
The prevalence of iron deficiency is highest in what two groups of children?
African American and Mexican American
An urban community wants to decrease ethnic and racial disparities in early postpartum breastfeeding rates. Which ethnic group would most likely have the greatest potential for increased breastfeeding rates?
African American rates
Nutritional exposures before and very early in pregnancy may disrupt fetal growth and development. Which of the following would NOT be considered an adverse nutritional exposure?
All are adverse: 1. Iodine deficiency 2. Obesity 3. Alcohol intake 4. Poorly controlled glucose
Which of the following would NOT be considered a common condition that is experienced by a woman who is breastfeeding?
All are common problems 1. sore nipples 2. engorgement 3. mastisis 4. plugged duct
1000 mg/day
RDA for calcium for children aged 4 to 8
25 mg/day
RDA for fiber for children aged 4 to 8 years of age
10 mg/ day
RDA for iron for schooled aged children 4 to 8 years of age
5 mg/day
RDA for zinc for children aged 4 to 8 years of age
Bulimia nervosa
Rapid uncontrolled eating followed by compensatory behaviors
galactosemia
Rare genetic condition of carbohydrate metabolism
Which food would be the most nutrient-dense source of calcium for a pregnant adolescent?
Skim or non-fat milk
A petite Southeastern Asian woman was not planning to breastfeed because she felt her breasts were so small that they would not produce enough milk. What information would be the best information for her to know?
Small breasts would be able to meet infant demands and only store less milk, thus leading to more feedings.
microcephaly
Small head size for age and gender
Discuss the gene variant associated with folate status and its importance to preconceptional women.
Some individuals have an increased need for folate due to specific gene variants involved in folate metabolism. These gene variants can impair the conversion of folate to its active form and increase folate requirement. One of the best-studied and most common gene variants affects 5, 10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) activity. This enzyme is responsible for production of the major circulating form of folate used by the body. The C677T allele of the gene that encodes for MTHFR produces an enzyme that has reduced activity. Women with this gene variant are at increased risk of having an NTD-affected newborn.
Marked by failure of spinal cord to close
Spina bifida
Which of the following would NOT be a cue an infant might give when signaling that he/she is hungry and ready to eat
Spitting out food on the floor
Stature
Standing height
Protein requirements in vegetarians whose main source of protein is _____ may be 30 percent higher than for non-vegetarians.
cereals and legumes
Which food is sure to be gluten-free?
corn
Which of food is gluten free
corn
Two grains that people with celiac disease can safely consume are _____.
corn and rice
Which of the following foods would be an inappropriate choice to feed a child with cerebral palsy who tires quickly at meal time?
corn on the cob
Probiotics may be found in _____.
cottage cheese
The infant formula that is most commonly given if a woman does NOT breastfeed is:
cow's milk-based formula.
infertility
a disease of the reproductive system defined by the failure to achieve a clinical pregnancy after 12 months or more of regular unprotected sexual intercourse
A menstrual flow results from _____.
a drop in progesterone and estrogen levels
placenta
a flattened circular organ in the uterus of pregnant eutherian mammals, nourishing and maintaining the fetus through the umbilical cord.
functional foods
a food product that has a physiological benefit
Children that qualify for early intervention services include all of the following EXCEPT
a four year old preschooler with autism
Rett syndrome is a rare disorder characterized by:
a genetic change on the X chromosome resulting in severe neurological delays.
The appropriate resource that could be used to measure Rebecca's growth velocity would be _____.
a growth chart specifically made for preterm births
corpus luteum
a hormone-secreting structure that develops in an ovary after an ovum has been discharged but degenerates after a few days unless pregnancy has begun
anorexia nervosa
a lack or loss of appetite for food (as a medical condition). an emotional disorder characterized by an obsessive desire to lose weight by refusing to eat.
A child with diarrhea and an allergy to lactose would most likely be given:
a lactose-free formula (Similac Sensitive).
androgens
a male sex hormone, such as testosterone
A calorie is _____.
a measure of the amount of energy transferred from food to the body
A calorie is
a measure of the energy transferred form food to the body
anovulatory cycles
a menstrual cycle characterized by varying degrees of menstrual intervals and the absence of ovulation and a luteal phase. In the absence of ovulation, there will be infertility
leptin
a protein produced by fatty tissue and believed to regulate fat storage in the body
Suckle
a reflexive movement of the tongue moving forward and backward
creatine
a supplement that is thought to increase lean body mass
fecundity
biological capacity to bear children
infecundity
biological inability to bear children after one year of unprotected intercourse
Healthy toddlers are likely to develop diarrhea from _____.
drinking to much fruit juice
Fertility has been known to return immediately upon cessation of contraceptive use.
false
polyunsaturated fatty acids
fatty acids with 2 or more double bonds
monounsaturated fatty acids
fatty acids with one double bonds
The primary goal of PCOS treatment is to _____.
increase insulin sensitivity
Gonadotropin releasing hormone stimulates the release of _____ from the anterior pituitary gland.
luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone
The _____ of the menstrual cycle occurs after ovulation.
lutheal phase
Ovulation results from a surge in the hormone _____.
luthenizing hormone
The primary outcome goal for pregnant women with diabetes is:
maintenance of blood glucose levels within normal range.
The most important step to prevent sore nipples is to :
make sure the baby is positioned properly
When measuring growth in infants, you should do all the following EXCEPT _____ to avoid measurement errors
make sure the infant has a diaper on to keep surfaces clean
Secretory immunglobulin
one of the primary proteins present in colostrum
The female gonads are the _____ while the male gonads are the _____.
ovaries; testes
A body mass index (BMI) in the 90th percentile would indicate that a 3 year old was:
overweight
What hormone is necessary for the let-down reflex?
oxycotin
Carbohydrates and fats provide energy and other nutrients and pregnant women need to have them in the same proportions in the diet as for all adults. If the ideas for meals and snacks in this guide are followed, these will be consumed in about the right amounts.
oxytocin
dysmenorrhea
painful periods, or menstrual cramps, is pain during menstruation. It usually begins around the time that menstruation begins. Symptoms typically last less than three days.
Which of the following foods should be excluded from the diets of children with celiac disease?
pasta
Differences in preterm and term infant feeding include:
preterm infants may have oral hypersensitivity.
A high-quality pregnancy diet would be least likely to include _____.
processed red meat
Pregnant women are more susceptible to infectious diseases due to increased levels of _____.
progesterone
After ovulation, the corpus luteum secretes _____, which _____.
progesterone and estrogen; stimulates development of the endometrium
Contraceptives may contain _____.
progestin only or a combination of estradiol and progestin
Kwashiokor
protein deficiency characterized by edema and fatty liver
When energy generated from carbohydrate and fat consumption is sufficient to meet a newborn's need, protein will be used for growth instead. This process is called:
protein sparing.
Which drugs CANNOT be taken when breastfeeding?
radioisotope drugs
Carbohydrates with a high glycemic index _____.
raise blood glucose levels more than carbohydrates with a low glycemic index
Large doses of St. John's wort decrease prolactin levels in women. This could potentially:
reduce breast milk supply
The best treatment for a pregnant woman with an eating disorder is to _____.
refer her to an eating disorder clinic that uses a team approach to solve nutritional issues
Which diet strategy would be inappropriate to treat individuals with type 2 diabetes?
regular intake of refined grain
Heartburn in pregnant women is likely caused by _____.
relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter at the top of the stomach
The three leading causes of infant mortality in 2009 included all of the following EXCEPT:
respiratory distress syndrome
Recommendations for introducing a baby to food on a spoon include all of the following EXCEPT:
offer a large variety of foods for him/her to choose from
Lack of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase diminishes conversion of _____ to _____.
phenylalanine; tyrosine
Which disorder is characterized by high levels of the amino acid phenylalanine in the blood and can lead to intellectual disability, poor growth, and other problems?
phenylketonuria
Which of the following is an example of an empty-calorie food?
potato chip
Failure to thrive (FTT) may result from a complex interplay of medical and environmental factors that include all of the following EXCEPT:
pre term birth and hight birth weight
Fiber-like forms of indigestible carbohydrates that support the growth of beneficial bacteria in the lower intestine are called _____.
prebiotics
Characteristics of food choices by an autistic child might include all of the following EXCEPT
preferring to eat solid foods rather than drink liquids
A severe form of PMS that occurs in about 5% of menstruating women is called _____.
premenstrual dysphoric disorder
Judy has been suffering from depression, breast tenderness, muscle pain, anxiety, and headaches for the past 2 months; it is likely she has _____.
premenstrual dysphoric disorder
Judy has been suffering from depression, breast tenderness, muscle pain, anxiety, and headaches for the past 2 months; it is likely she is suffering from:
premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)
Semen is composed of _____.
sperm and secretions from the testes, bulbourethral gland, prostate, and seminal vesicles
An example of a central nervous system congenital anomaly is:
spina bifida.
DV's
standards for daily intakes of nutrients developed for use on nutrition labels
Stature means _____.
standing height
bariatric sugery
surgery that is performed on the severely overweight
Secondary malnutrition is sometimes precipitated by a(n) _____.
surgical procedure
subfertility
taking an unusually long time to conceive or having repeated, early pregnancy losses
For a confirmation of celiac disease, a physician will
test the blood for antibodies to gluten
Among the hormonal contraceptives being developed for men are those containing _____ as a means of _____.
testosterone; reducing sperm production
corpus luteum
the mass of tissue formed from the follicle after the egg is released
In men who drink 5-25 alcoholic drinks per week, _____.
the percent of sperm with normal shape decreases
puberty
the period in life in which humans become biologically capable of reproduction
The most common cause of miscarriage for women is
the presence of a severe defect in the fetus
The most common cause of miscarriage for women is _____.
the presence of a severe defect in the fetus
hydrogenation
the process of making vegetable oil solid by adding hydrogen
menstrual cycle
the process of ovulation and menstruation in women and other female primates
The term fetal alcohol spectrum is now being used to describe:
the range of effects alcohol has on fetal growth and development.
placenta abruption
the separation of the placenta from its attachment to the uterus wall
Colic
the sudden onset of irritability, fussiness, or crying in an infant
Eligibility for early intervention services for a child with special health needs is based on all the following EXCEPT:
they are born preterm by at least 8 weeks
Which of the following statements about food labels is FALSE?
they contain information about recommended for ingestion each day
Women with PKU must avoid the essential amino acid phenylalanine and consume a diet low in protein because _____.
they lack the enzyme necessary to convert phenylalanine to tyrosine
Preschool age is a good time to teach children about foods, food selection, and preparation because
they want to be helpful and please parents and caregivers.
Which symptom is least likely to indicate premenstrual syndrome?
thirst
It is recommended that women allow infants to drain one breast completely before offering the other breast primarily because:
this allows the infant to receive both fore milk and hind milk, which will decrease cases of diarrhea
Triglycerides are composed of _____.
three fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule
An example of sensorimotor development is _____.
thumb sucking
The periconceptional period is the _____.
time period around conception measured in weeks or months
The primary goal of (PCOS) is
to increase insulin sensitivity
Alcohol intake has been found to reduce fertility only in women with a specific gene variant that reduces the rate of alcohol breakdown in the body.
true
As of 2012 breastfeeding rates are continuing to rise
true
Breastfeeding may be used to reduce infant discomfort during minor invasive procedures
true
Breastfeeding women on a vegetarian diet tend to get plenty of protein as long as their energy intakes are adequate
true
CHD is the number one cause of death for men and women in the U.S.
true
Celiac disease is three times more common in women than men.
true
Children between the ages of 3 and 5 given energy preload beverages before having lunch consumed fewer calories at lunch
true
Fats and proteins may have a protective effect on tooth enamel.
true
For women with a family history of peanut allergy, exclusive breastfeeding is recommended for 4 months
true
If not accompanied by hypertension, edema in pregnancy generally reflects a healthy expansion of plasma volume.
true
One of the key messages of the WIC Best start campaign is the involvement of family
true
Over one third of adults in the United States are classified as obese.
true
Ovulation and menstruation resume in most women with eating disorders with a return to normal eating behaviors and weight gain.
true
Scoliosis is a secondary condition that can interfere with accurate measurement of height.
true
Severe obesity is defined as a BMI ≥ 40.
true
Snacks provide important nutrients in toddlers and preschool children diet
true
The CDC 2000 Growth Charts are a good place to start to assess growth of children with special health care needs.
true
The highest rate of weight gain generally occurs during mid-pregnancy, prior to the time the fetus gains most of its weight.
true
The luteal phase of the menstrual cycle occurs after ovulation.
true
The years between 20 and 64 are typically associated with a positive energy balance with an increase in weight and a decrease in muscle mass.
true
Type 1 diabetes requires that families and children master a carbohydrate counting system.
true
Weight dissatisfaction is common among adolescent females during and immediately following puberty.
true
Weight gain is the recommended first-line treatment for amenorrhea related to low body weight.
true
Weight maintenance requires lifelong behavioral strategies.
true
in the early 1900's almost all infants in the U.S. were breastfed
true
Adolescents who take vitamin-mineral supplements tend to consume a more nutritionally adequate diet than those who don't.
true
Adolescents who use herbal supplements are more likely to engage in health-compromising behaviors such as smoking.
true
Target behaviors in the prevention of overweight or obesity from birth would include all of the following EXCEPT:
skipping breakfast every day
It is easier and more efficient to build up iron stores before pregnancy than during pregnancy
true
The most common type of multifetal pregnancy is:
twins
The occurrence of _____ is unrelated to obesity.
type 1 diabetes
Which condition is an example of an autoimmune disease?
type 1 diabetes
Which type of diabetes is potentially the most hazardous to the mother and fetus?
type 1 diabetes
Infants often have conditions that reflect the immaturity of the gastrointestinal tract, which include all of the following EXCEPT:
urinary tract infections.
In Indonesia, a couple Bloom's Applying for a marriage license are required to receive advice on iron status from those dispensing the license.
true
In pediatrics, the goal is to strive for BMI for age percentile on the normal range and not a specific BMI range as in adults
true
Infants appear to be interested in their mother's milk when the flavors are new to them
true
Infants born to African American mothers are more likely to have a low birthweight than infants born to Caucasian mothers.
true
Infants who were born preterm or have chronic health problems tend to be more irritable than term infants.
true
Infants with Down syndrome love to suck and have things in their mouth; therefore, it is easy to overfeed them.
true
Insulin-like growth factor-1 is the primary growth stimulator of the fetus.
true
It is appropriate to expect children with special health care needs to become more independent in making food choices.
true
It is better to smoke and breastfeed than to smoke and not breast feed
true
Low levels of plasma volume expansion are associated with reduced fetal growth
true
Low levels of sex hormone binding globulin are related to increased availability of testosterone and estrogen in the body.
true
Neural tube defects are among the most preventable types of congenital abnormalities that exist.
true
Nutrition education is mandated in most middle and high schools.
true
Nutrition, eating, and feeding problems can be addressed in an Individualized Education Plan and nutrition supplements may be purchased by the school if it is part of the education intervention.
true
Obese women tend to have higher levels of estrogen, androgens, and leptin than nonobese women.
true
Older children are not as responsive to internal controls regarding energy density as younger children
true
Which of the following supplements may be recommended to prevent or delay the onset gestational and type 2 diabetes?
vitamin E
During hemodilution, concentration of _____ in blood decreases.
vitamins and minerals
fortification
vitamins or minerals have been added to a food that weren't originally in the food. An example is adding vitamin D to milk.
Large for gestational age (LGA)
weight for gestational age exceeds the 90th percentile for gestational age. Also defined as birth weight greater than 4500g (10lbs) and referred to as excessively sized for gestational age or macrosomic
A woman would likely be advised to switch from a progestin-only hormonal contraceptive to a combination hormonal contraceptive due to _____.
weight gain
Combination hormonal contraceptives are least likely to be associated with _____.
weight gain
the primary reason women have given for not taking progrestin only contraceptives is: (depo - prevera)
weight gain
. The first therapeutic option for infertility in obese people is _____.
weight loss
What is the first therapeutic option for infertility in obese people
weight loss
Which of the following is NOT related to oral contraceptive use?
weight loss
The most effective approach for risk reduction in people with diabetes so far is:
weight loss and excercise
What is one of the signs associated with inadequate growth?
weight remaining stable over 3 months
Appropriate for gestational age (AGA)
weight, length, and head circumference are between the 10th and 90th percentile for gestational age,
Breast feeding rates are highest in ______ and lowest in ____
western and southern states
A food product ingredient label reads: wheat flour, vegetable shortening, sugar, salt, and cornstarch. What item would contribute the greatest amount of WEIGHT in that food?
wheat flour
In the 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, what types of grains are encouraged?
whole grains
Dietary recommendations for women with PCOS emphasize _____.
whole grains, fruits, vegetables high in antioxidants, and lean sources of protein
Catch-up growth and weight gain are typically emphasized with very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) babies; this can sometimes result in:
1. overfeeding. 2. gastrointestinal discomfort
Factors related to the birth of infants who are large for gestational age (LGA) include:
1. pre-pregnancy obesity. 2.. excessive weight gain during pregnancy. 3. poorly controlled diabetes in pregnancy.
which of the following groups of people would be considered most appropriate to recommended a dietary supplement to?
1. pregnant women 2. people with poor monotonous diets
The cyclic release of what 2 hormones governs pubertal breast development?
1. progesterone 2. estrogen
Studies have shown that restricting a young child's access to palatable food may:
1. promote desirability of that particular food. 2. encourage them to over eat foods and have negative feelings
The purpose of a human milk bank is to
1. provide a place to donate milk for women whose supply exceeds the demands of their infants. 2. provide human milk to infants who cannot be breastfed by their mothers.
Which of the following fruits and vegetables would supply a large amount of antioxidants?
1. pumpkin seeds 2. swiss chard 3. blueberries 4. cranberries
What foods could you suggest to increase variety and still make it easy for her to eat?
1. pureed pears or peaches 2. macaroni made with milk and cheese 2. peanut butter 4.fortified juice smoothie
three factors that impair fertility in women
1. recent oral contraceptive use 2. anorexia/bulimia nervosa 3. metabolic syndrome
The two grain that people with celiac disease can consume
1. rice 2. corn
Small for gestational age (SGA) means:
1. small for dates. 2. birth weight is <10th percentile for gestational age.
A child that is allergic to milk protein also may have a high risk of developing an allergy to:
1. soy 2. oranges
The addition of folate into our food supply has helped reduce the incidence of _____.
1. spina bifida 2. anencephaly
There are many nutritional concerns in infants with special health care needs. Feeding problems may result from the disruption of the delivery of nutrients due to:
1. structure or functioning of the mouth or oral cavity. 2. instructions that were too complicated for parents to follow. 3. appetite being suppressed by medications or constipation. 4. inappropriate food choices or methods of preparation.
Recommendations to relieve colic include:
1. swaddling the baby. 2. bathing or otherwise calming the infant. 3. evaluating and improving positioning of the baby for eating. 4. ensuring that the baby is burped often
Foods are made "functional" by
1. taking out potentially harmful components 2.increasing the amount of nutrients and beneficial non nutrients 3. adding new beneficial compounds to them
Hydrogenation is:
1. the addition of hydrogen to oil in order to make it solid 2. a process that enhances the shelf life of a product 3.the alteration of the molecular structure of fatty acids
Natality statistics are data that summarize information about:
1. the occurrence of pregnancy complications. 2. infant morbidity. 3. infant mortality. 4. harmful behaviors during pregnancy.
Producers of bread, cornmeal, crackers, flour tortillas, white rice, and other products made with refined grains MUST use flours enriched with which of the following?
1. thiamin 2. Niacin 3. iron 4. riboflavin
After observing several family meals, you notice that the parents continually praise their children for cleaning their plates. They are:
1. unconsciously rewarding the children for eating. 2. altering the children's ability to self regulate food intake.
Refinements in the usual methods of measurement and interpretation of growth are needed in conditions known to influence growth and development. These include:
1. using specialized growth charts for specific diagnoses. 2. using indicators of body composition, such as body fat measures. 3. special attention to indicators of brain growth, such as measuring head circumference. 4. looking for biochemical indicators of tissue stores of nutrients.
Breast milk jaundice is believed to be caused by
1. variability in the infant's ability to process bilirubin 2. a component in the mother's milk increasing bilirubin absorption 3. infrequent breastfeeding
The major component of breast milk is _____, while the second largest component is _____.
1. water 2. lipids
Dietary management of celiac disease requires the elimination of:
1. what 2. rye 3. barley
Dietary recommendations for women with PCOS emphasize
1. whole grains 2.fruits 3. vegetables 4. lean sources of protein
Foods that should not be served to children less than two years of age because of their potential as choking hazards include:
1. whole grapes. 2. hot dogs. 3. peanuts or popcorn. 4. hard candy.
The specific 2020 nutrition objective to reduce iron deficiency in females of childbearing age by 10% is important because:
1. women with iron deficiency are at increased risk for early delivery. 2. babies of women with iron deficiency are at increased risk for developing iron deficiency within the first year of life.
Iron is absorbed best when:
1. you take a separate iron supplement (not in a multi-vitamin). 2. you have a higher need for iron. 3. you eat meat, poultry, or fish
After class, you go to Jamba Juice and get an "Orange-a-Peel" smoothie that contains the following nutrients: 9 g of protein, 102 g carbohydrate, and 1 g of fat. Given that the daily value of total fat intake is 65 g, what is the % DV of fat in the smoothie?
1.5%
The DRI for protein in infants that do not have special conditions that impair growth or digestion is _____.
1.52 g protein/kg body weight
Recommended protein intake for infants from the ages of 6 to 12 months is:
1.6 g/kg body weight.
Metabolic effects associated with obesity are closely related to the presence of large amounts of visceral fat. These metabolic effects produce which of the following?
1.Chronic inflammation 2. Free radical generation 3. Oxidative stress 4. Insulin resistance
women taking oral contraceptive pills are cautioned against:
1.large amounts of products 2. too many carbohydrates 3. more than 1/2 cup of peanut butter weekly 4. smoking
Once growth is established in preterm infants, the infants' nutritional needs exceed the content of human milk for which of the following nutrients?
1.phosphorus 2. calcium 3. vitamin D 4. vitamin C
Pregnancies among women with chronic hypertension are associated with higher rates of:
1.placenta abruption. 2. preterm delivery. 3. fetal growth retardation.
Fats that are considered unhealthy are those that elevate levels of LDL cholesterol and include:
1.trans fats 2. saturated fats 3.cholesterol
Pregnant women are advised to consume at least _____ of all grains consumed as whole grains.
1/2
What food serving does NOT provide significant amounts of iron?
1/2 cup of peaches
Research is emerging that suggests pregnant women should increase their food sources of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Which of the following foods would provide the most DHA to pregnant women?
1/2 tuna salad sandwich
What percent of women with gestational diabetes will develop type 2 diabetes within 2-5 years.
10% to 15%
Protein should contribute approximately what percentage of energy intake
10% to 35%
If taken on an EMPTY stomach, folic acid supplements are nearly _____ bioavailable.
100%
The recommended age for weaning an infant from the breast or bottle to a cup is from _____ months.
12 to 24 months
Diets that provide low-glycemic index carbohydrates along with _____ g per 1000 calories of fiber daily are associated with improved blood glucose control.
14
Diets that provide low glycemic index carbohydrates along how many grams of fibers is associated with improved blood glucose control?
14 grams per 100 calories
How many Calories would the American Academy of Pediatrics initially recommend for a 1.5-kg infant that was born at 33 weeks gestation?
180 kcal/ day
Young female athletes often experience a delay in menarche of approximately what duration?
2 to 4 years
Temper tantrums generally peak between _____.
2 to 4 years of age
Symptoms such as diarrhea and digestive problems associated with celiac disease usually develop by
2 years of age
Based on your calculations in question #22, what is the % fat in the smoothie?
2%
Percent Daily Values on the Nutrition Facts label are based on a _____-calorie diet.
2000
Percent Daily Values on the Nutrition Facts label are based on a what caloric diet?
2000
Obese
30 kg/m BMI,
How many minutes of physical activity are recommended daily for women at risk of preeclampsia?
30 minutes
Approximately what proportion of women in the U.S. gain within the recommended weight ranges during pregnancy?
30%
The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDRs) for fat are _____ for children 1 to 3 years and _____ for children 4 to 18 years old.
30% to 40% ( child 1 to 3 years) 25% to 35% ( child 4 to 18 years)
Pre-term birth rate is defined as births less than _____ gestation per 100 live births.
37
Assessed from conception, pregnancy averages _____ weeks.
38
Approximately _____ of term infants will become visibly jaundiced with their serum bilirubin levels exceeding 5 to 7 mg/dL.
40% (forty percent)
the recommended daily intake of folic acid for ALL women who may become pregnant is:
400mcg
It is common for women with gestational diabetes to consume _____ % of calories from carbohydrate during pregnancy.
45%
The overall U.S. infant mortality rate decreased by _____ between 1980 and 2008.
45%
It is recommended that ___?__ of calories from carbohydrates
45% to 65%
The total bilirubin content of an infant's meconium is
450 mg
After class, you go to Jamba Juice and get an "Orange-a-Peel" smoothie that contains the following nutrients: 9 g of protein, 102 g carbohydrate, and 1 g of fat. How many total calories does this provide?
453
After class, you go to Jamba Juice and get an "Orange-a-Peel" smoothie that contains the following nutrients: 9 g of protein, 102 g carbohydrate, and 1 g of fat. How many total Calories does this provide?
453 calories
The Dietary Guidelines for Americans must be updated every _____.
5 years
Symptoms of PCOS often improve with a _____ loss of initial body weight.
5-10%
Several studies on weight gain and birth weight have shown that a weight gain of approximately _____ pounds corresponds to healthy-sized triplets.
50 lbs
Approximately _____ of children between the ages of two and five years old consume soft drinks.
50%
A newborn girl weighs 8 pounds at birth. Plot her weight on the provided growth chart and indicate which of the following % tiles she falls into.
50th percentile
Infants need a high-fat diet compared to older people; therefore, up to _____ of calories from fat may be recommended.
55%
Symptoms of PMS occur in whar percentage of menstruating women
55%
The energy content of breast milk in women who deliver pre-term infants is
58 to 70kcal/100ml
Infants who are _____ month(s) and older are better able to let parents know their needs and temperament.
6 months old
How many hours can freshly expressed breast milk be left at room temperature and still be considered safe for a baby?
6 to 8 hours @ 78F
Adults are approximately what percent of water?
60% to 70%
Adults are approximately _____ water by weight.
60-70%
A 3-month-old infant was taking 30 ounces/day of a standard formula. How many Calories did the infant consume each day?
600 calories
The recommended daily dietary intake of folate during pregnancy is:
600 mcg total with 400 mcg from fortified food or supplements
What is the gestation-adjusted age for a 9-month-old infant born preterm (32 weeks)?
7 months
A low-income mom began breastfeeding in the hospital and was discharged with a healthy infant. The critical time for a public health nurse to visit after discharge (which would improve the likelihood of continuing breastfeeding) is _____ after discharge.
7 to 10 days after discharge from the hospital
The goal set for 2020 for at least _____% of women to ever breast feed their infants
82%
Which correctly describes the Healthy People 2020 breastfeeding goals?
82% of mothers initiating breastfeeding, 61% of mothers breastfeeding at 6 months and 34% of mothers breastfeeding at 12 months
At what age range do babies begin to wean from the bottle to the cup?
9 to 10 months
What is the rate of miscarriage in the first 20 weeks of pregnancy?
9%
It is estimated that up to _____ of children with disabilities have some type of nutritional
90%
After plotting his BMI, you see this puts him in the _____ %tile.
90th
If nursing mothers want to store expressed milk in a refrigerator, what should the temperature setting be?
<39 F
Which of the following is NOT appropriate for toddlers/preschoolers?
>9 oz per day of soft drinks
team nutrtion
A USDA program that teaches nutrition education through application of the dietary guidlines
Women that have PKU must avoid the essential amino acid phenylalanine and consume a diet low in protein because:
They lack the enzyme necessary to convert phenylalanine to tyrosine
Colostrum
Thick yellow fluid produced in the first 2 to 3 days after birth
Lactogenesis II
This stage begin 2 to 5 days post partum and is marked by increased blood flow to the mammary gland. Clinicaly it is concidered to the onset of copious milk secretion, or when Milk comes in
Lactogenesis III
This stage of breast milk production begins about 10 days after birth and is the stage in which the milk composition becomes stable
Puberty
Time frame during which the body matures from that of a child to that of an adult
early adulthood
Time of life when people become independence and leave the parental home
A 65-year-old woman is buying an iron supplement for her "weak blood." She asks the pharmacist to advise her on the highest amount that she should take daily. What dietary intake standards could the pharmacist use to provide the best recommendation?
Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULs)
Which statement about foodborne illnesses is correct?
Toxoplasma gondii is a bacterium that can cause foodborne infections.
A parasitic infection that can impair fetal brain development
Toxoplasmosis
Pharmacotherapy
Treatment of disease through the use of drugs
A young female gymnast is diagnosed with female athlete triad. Explain how her condition may be treated and the importance of treatment.
Treatment of the female athlete triad focuses on correction of the negative energy balance and on restoration of ovulation and bone mass accretion. Peak bone mass is established before age 30, so it is particularly important that interruptions in bone development be prevented or short in duration. Vitamin D, calcium, and other supplements may be needed in addition to a balanced and adequate diet to facilitate bone development. Restoration of energy balance can reverse disruptions in reproductive hormones and bone formation.
A component of nutrition assessment in children with special health care needs is to assess the need for added vitamins and minerals.
True
A product labeled "trans fat-free" could contain 0.4 grams of trans fat and of saturated fat.
True
Chronic condition and disability mean the same thing in referring to toddlers and preschoolers.
True
Gastrointestinal bleeding or alcoholism may cause secondary malnutrition
True
Genetic syndromes can affect growth rate.
True
Individuals are 99.9 percent genetically identical, but the 0.1 percent difference in genetic codes makes everyone unique.
True
Poor nutrition, or malnutrition, can result from both inadequate and excessive levels of nutrient intake.
True
Some children have asthma as a result of food allergies.
True
The DASH Eating plan is effective for reducing high blood pressure and risk of some types of cancer, osteoporosis, and heart disease.
True
Explain the similarities and differences between type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is a disease characterized by high blood glucose levels resulting from destruction of the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. This type of diabetes is a carbohydrate intolerance resulting from destruction of insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. Individuals with type 1 diabetes require an external supply of insulin. It is considered an autoimmune disease. Type 2 diabetes is a disease characterized by high blood glucose levels due to the body's inability to use insulin normally, or to produce enough insulin.
Which of the following condition is not seen in higher rates in obese women?
Type 1 diabtes
Which of the following is an example of an autoimmune disease?
Type 1 disease
athetosis
Uncontrolled movements of the large muscle groups
*(Nutrition Facts Label): Which mandatory nutrient is missing from the food label?
Vitamin C
What mandatory nutrient is required on a food label?
Vitamin C
Which vitamin acts as an antioxidant in the body?
Vitamin C
By law, milk must be fortified with _____.
Vitamin D
Rickets is a deficiency disease that is caused by insufficient amounts of which vitamin?
Vitamin D
phytochemicals D
chemical substance found in plants that effect body processes in humans and may benefit health
A fat-like substance found in all animal cell membranes
cholesterol
Which nutrient is considered nonessential?
cholesterol
which of the following nutrient is considered non essential?
cholesterol
Pregnant women should consume higher amounts of _____ than non-pregnant women.
choline
Cystic fibrosis is a condition in which _____.
chromosome 7 is genetically changed, causing pulmonary complications
One of the most positive influences a parent can have on their child's eating habits would be:
acting as a role model
What mechanism of nutrient transport across the placenta utilizes energy (from ATP) and cell membrane receptors?
active transport
When the nutrient concentration in the fetal blood is greater than the nutrient concentration in the maternal blood, nutrients will likely be transferred against the concentration gradient via:
active transport.
Fertility refers to the _____.
actual production of children
fertility
actual production of children
When is the safest time for a nursing mom to take a drug?
after the infant nurses
Beginning at age 3, the DRI equations for estimating a child's energy requirements are based on a child's:
age, height, weight, activity level, and gender.
Which substance readily passes through the placenta to the fetus, where it can act as a toxin and interrupt normal growth and development?
alcohol
Healthy dietary patterns include the regular consumption of _____.
all types of nuts
congenital abnormalities
also known as birth defects, can be defined as structural or functional anomalies (e.g. metabolic disorders) that occur during intrauterine life and can be identified prenatally, at birth or later in life.
The functional units of the mammary gland are the
alveoli
amenorrhea
an abnormal absence of menstruation
glycogenic amino acids
an amino acid that can be converted into glucose through gluconeogenesis. This is in contrast to the ketogenic amino acids, which are converted into ketone bodies.
Reflex
an automatic unlearned response triggered by a specific stimulus
anorexia nervosa
an eating disorder characterized by extreme weight loss, poor body image, and irrational fears of obesity
binge-eating disorder
an eating disorder characterized by periodic binge eating, which is normally Not followed by vomiting
bulimia nervosa
an eating disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of rapid, uncontrolled eating of large amounts of food in a short period of time followed by SELF INDUCED PURGING
pelvic inflammatory disease
an infection of the female reproductive organs. It usually occurs when sexually transmitted bacteria spread from your vagina to your uterus, fallopian tubes or ovaries. Many women who develop pelvic inflammatory disease either experience no signs or symptoms or don't seek treatment.
The Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) refers to _____.
an intake value estimated to meet the nutrient needs of half the healthy individuals in a group
The estimate Average Requirement means:
an intake value that meets the nutrient needs of half the healthy individuals in a group
Hyperbilirubinemia in newborns is caused by _____.
destruction of red blood cells
Which of the following would NOT be a symptom of an infant suffering from an excess of caffeine?
diarrhea
type 1 diabetes
disease associated with having a deficient insulin output and being on exogenous insulin
A baby born to a single mom who lost her job and experienced a severe food shortage near the end of her pregnancy is more likely to be classified as _____.
disproportionately small for gestational age (dSGA)
A baby born to a single mom who lost her job and experienced a severe food shortage at the end of her pregnancy will most likely be classified as
disproportionately small for gestational age (dSGA).
The majority of twins born are _____.
dizygotic
MyPlate tips for an active preschooler include all the following EXCEPT:
drink whole milk
What nutrition interventions are recommended for management of early jaundice?
early and frequent breastfeeding
hyperlipidemia
elevated cholesterol levels
Barriers to breastfeeding and employment have been recognized by the U.S. Surgeon General; these barriers include all of the following EXCEPT:
embarrasment
The stages of development in chronological order are _____.
embryo, fetus, and neonate
The leading diagnoses related to infertility are _____.
endocrine abnormalities that modify hormonal regulation of fertility
The leading diagnosis related to infertility is _____.
endocrine abnormalities that modify hormonal regulation of fertility
TEF
energy expanded through digestion and absorption
activity thermogenesis
energy expended by fidgeting
what does water no do for the body
energy metabolism regulation
A new mother goes to the mall shopping with her friends. She is gone longer than planned and is not able to nurse her baby until she returns 6 hours later. What is the most likely problem she will have?
engorgement
Decreased conversion of glucose to glycogen and fat, lowered maternal utilization of glucose, and increased liver production of glucose help _____.
ensure a constant supply of glucose for fetal growth and development
Decreased conversion of glucose to glycogen and fat, lowered maternal utilization of glucose, and increased liver production of glucose help:
ensure a constant supply of glucose for fetal growth and development.
In males, mature sperm are stored in the _____.
epididymis
docosahexaenioc acid
essential fatty acid important in visual acuity
Women with very low levels of body fat are at an increased risk for osteoporosis due to decreased levels of _____.
estrogen
Which factor has been linked to impaired fertility in males but not females?
excessive heat to the gonads
The development of facial and heart defects in the fetus has been linked to _____ in the mother.
excessive vitamin A intake
The answer that pertained to the maple urine syrup disease was chosen because,
excluding valine, isoleucine, and leucine prevents toxic byproduct buildup.
The primary purpose of increased body water expansion is to _____.
expand blood flow and nutrient transfer to the placenta and fetus
hirsuitism
facial hair
spina bifida
failure of spinal cord to close
A 4 year old male toddler weighting 35 lbs at one egg breakfast and drank 4 oz milk; at lunch he ate a 1 oz slice of cheese, apple sauce and an oz glass of milk. This toddler has NOT met the current RDAs for protein
false
A child with PKU will only have to follow a special diet until adolescence, after which she or he will be able to consume a "normal" diet.
false
A nursing mom should avoid cauliflower because if has the potential to cause gas in her baby
false
A semi-vegetarian diet excludes milk and eggs.
false
Alcohol has been found to be a "galactologue" that facilitates milk let down and helps aid milk insufficiency
false
Alcohol is not transferred thru breast milk
false
All people with type 2 diabetes can manage their glucose levels with diet and exercise only.
false
An infant that is unable to swallow and is having gastrointestinal problems should not be given enteral feedings.
false
As children age, more time is spent eating family dinner together.
false
Asking teens to completely avoid fast-food restaurants is a realistic goal for weight loss.
false
Because of the normal food jags experienced by toddlers, all toddlers need to take vitamins and minerals supplements
false
Because the infant mortality rate has declined, the number of infant's also requiring nutrition services has declined
false
Binge-eating disorder is defined by recurrent episodes of binge eating at least three days a week for 3 months.
false
Bioactive food components are constituents in foods or dietary supplements that are essential nutrients.
false
Body mass index (BMI) is constant throughout childhood.
false
Body mass index calculations account for gender differences.
false
Boys cannot get anorexia nervosa.
false
Breast milk would most likely NOT be recommended for a preterm infant.
false
Breastfeeding has been found to be just as effective as other methods of birth control, such as the birth control pill
false
Children ages 6 to 12 can safely deprive themselves of water in order to participate in wrestling.
false
Children can self regulate caloric intake as well as select and consume a balanced diet because they have an inborn mechanism to guide them
false
Children with cystic fibrosis cannot live active, fulfilling lives.
false
Children with type 2 diabetes are more likely to have both high and low blood sugars.
false
Chronic diseases are contagious.
false
Cow's milk is an equal alternative to human milk
false
Data from a national survey indicates that the toddler who receives vitamins and minerals are those who benefit the most
false
Dietary fiber recommendation s are the same for infants as they are for toddlers and children.
false
Drinking one cup of coffee results in hyperactivity in ALL infants
false
Early onset of a disease is less likely to impact growth than later onset in conditions such as seizures.
false
Environmental factors do not change the risk of developing overweight if an adolescent is already genetically predisposed to obesity.
false
Evaluate the following measurement of a 40-year-old adult female: waist = 34 inches. This measurement places her at a greater disease risk.
false
Healthy newborns typically reach 90% by 6 months
false
High-protein diets are recommended as pre-performance regimens among adolescent athletes.
false
Hypothalamic amenorrhea develops in all women who suffer from anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa.
false
Infants who are breastfeeding cannot develop lactose intolerance
false
It is impossible to consume a high-quality diet if you are a vegetarian.
false
It is necessary to STOP nursing with matitis
false
Letdown only occurs when the infant suckles the breast
false
Mary is 15, and has recurrent binges after which she uses laxatives to purge. Her BMI is in the 95th %tile, classifying her as overweight; therefore, she cannot be diagnosed with bulimia nervosa.
false
Medicinal herbs have been shown to be safe alternatives to drugs during lactation
false
Men and women continue to develop bone density until 40 years of age.
false
phytochemical
(phyto 5 plants) Chemical substances in plants, some of which affect body processes in humans that may benefit health. Also called phytonutrients.
Metabolic syndrome is an uncommon cluster of symptoms.
false
Mortality rates are higher for bulimia nervosa than for anorexia nervosa
false
Neonatal jaundice is a life threatening condition that requires immediate medical intervention
false
Neonatal mortality rate differences between races and ethnicities are primarily related to genetic differences.
false
Nutrient requirements are known for all children with special health care needs due to advances in science.
false
Nutritional claims about herbal remedies for chronic illnesses are ALWAYS supported by scientific evidence.
false
Nutritional supplements provided through gastronomy feedings must be paid for by school lunch programs.
false
Obesity causes polycystic ovary syndrome.
false
On average, adult males ages 20-49 years do not get enough protein.
false
Plant stanols and sterols help control blood pressure.
false
Polycystic ovary syndrome is easy to diagnose because the signs and symptoms are the same for all women.
false
Pregnancy weight-gain recommendations are the same for all women, regardless of their weight status before pregnancy.
false
Regular intake of soy foods such as tofu, soymilk, tempeh, and textured soy protein is related to elevated sperm count in men and increased fertility in women.
false
The desire of couples planning for pregnancy to have a healthy newborn means that the preconceptional period is too stressful a time for psychosocial services.
false
The dietary guidelines to consume 20-35% of calories from fat and reduce cholesterol intake are recommended for infant growth and development.
false
The fetus accounts for approximately 70% of the increased energy needs of pregnancy.
false
The maternal catabolic phase of pregnancy is marked by a decelerated fasting metabolism.
false
The phase around the mid-forties is referred to as the "sandwich' generation.
false
The preschool aged child eat the same amount at breakfast each day
false
The treatment for celiac disease is long-term steroid therapy.
false
The vast majority of women experience SIGNIFICANT problems with breastfeeding
false
Treatment for overweight and obese children should focus on attaining an ideal body weight.
false
Type 2 diabetes is more common in very young children than type 1 diabetes.
false
Undernutrition does not influence cognitive development over time because cognition is 100% genetically programmed
false
When breastfeeding you should hear a smacking or clicking sound which indicate the baby is getting milk
false
Women should continue ALL medication while breastfeeding
false
Women trying to get pregnant should avoid all sources of caffeine.
false
teenagers are the oriented and tend to be concerned to what will happen to them when they get older
false
nutrient dense foods can be defined as
foods that are both good source of nutrition and low in calories
functional foods
foods that have a potentially positive effect on health beyond basic nutrition.
Which of the following statements related to male and female fertility is true?
for both men and women, the quality of eggs and sperm decrease somewhat with age
The recommended first line of treatment for an underweight woman with amenorrhea is to _____.
gain weight
Which of the following foods has been shown to cause colicky babies?
garlic
heart burn
gastric reflux into esophagus
Which food may NOT be appropriate to serve a child with sickle-cell disease also receiving a blood transfusion containing iron?
hamburger with tomatoes
A pregnant woman in the anabolic phase of pregnancy _____.
has increase appetite
What does this boy's BMI mean?
he is overweight
The development of motor control starts with:
head and trunk control, then lower legs.
cephalopelvic disproportion
head to large for birth canal
An example of an anthropometric measurement is the _____.
height of an individual
When a woman develops carbohydrate intolerance during pregnancy, this means that _____.
her blood glucose levels increase abnormally after she eats carbohydrate-containing foods
Which symptoms would indicate that Jane has this diagnosis?
her high fasting blood glucose, blood triglycerides, and HDL cholesterol levels
Which condition would be considered teratogenic?
high blood glucose levels during the first two months of pregnancy
What factor have not been related to impaired fertility in males:
high sperm count
There are several reasons why a baby that is born preterm may be hard to feed. These include all of the following EXCEPT:
high tolerance of volume.
Factors associated with reduced fetal growth include all of the following EXCEPT:
high-carbohydrate diets
Nutritional and physical activity recommendations that may benefit women at risk for preeclampsia include all of the following EXCEPT:
high-dose iron supplements
Nutrient-dense foods have _____ levels of nutrients and _____ calorie values.
high; low
the balance of fluids, nutrients,gases, temperature, and other conditions needed to ensure proper functioning of cells is known:
homeostasis
The balance of fluids, nutrients, gases, temperature, and other conditions needed to ensure proper functioning of cells is known as _____.
homeostasis
Prolactin
hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that stimulates milk production
Which placental hormone maintains early pregnancy by stimulating the corpus luteum to produce estrogen and progesterone?
human chorionic gonadotropin
Severe nausea and vomiting during pregnancy
hyperemesis
A worldwide leading cause of MATERNAL mortality is:
hypertensive disorders of pregnancy.
When cell size increases due to an accumulation of protein and lipids, the increase is characterized as _____.
hypertrophy
A deficiency of sex hormones and poor development and functioning of the reproductive system characterize _____.
hypogonadism
Which eating disorder(s) affect(s) fertility?
hypothalamic amenorrhea only
The _____ releases _____, stimulating the pituitary gland to release FSH and LH.
hypothalamus; gonadotropin-releasing hormone
During pregnancy, as the dose of iron _____ the amount of iron absorbed from supplements _____.
increases/ decreases
The FIRST step in correcting failure to thrive (FTT) is:
increasing calorie and protein intakes.
Infants that did not survive in the past are now being saved. This includes all of the following groups EXCEPT:
incredibly-low-birth-weight infants.
Even though the United States spends more money on health care than any other nation, the _____ rate ranks 56th among countries of the world.
infant mortality
In-depth nutrition assessments make sure nutrition is not limiting an infant's growth and development and are typically needed by three main groups of infants, which include all of the following EXCEPT:
infants born between 37 and 42 weeks
Improvements in _____ have corresponded to greater reductions in infant mortality, while small improvements in infant mortality in the past few decades are largely due to _____.
infectious disease control and sanitation; 2. technical advances in medical care
The biological inability to bear children after one year of unprotected intercourse
infecundity
what is not a component of nutrient assessment?
initial evaluation
Treatment for an anaphylactic reaction to a food is:
injection with epinephrine
DNA methylation _____.
is needed for cellular differentiation
According to the 2015 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, cholesterol intake _____.
is not considered a nutrient of concern for overconsumption
Breast milk is isosmotic, which means breast milk _____.
it has the same concentration as the mother's body plasma
Milk banks store donated milk in plastic containers because it
keeps white blood cells found in breast milk intact
Small for gestational age (SGA) is different than low birth weight because:
low birth weight is <2500 g (5 lb 8 oz), while SGA is ≤10th %tile for gestational age.
What symptom is not related to PCOS
low testosterone levels
Which symptom is least likely to be associated with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)?
low testosterone levels
secondary malnutrition may be precipitated by
1. a disease 2. a surgical procedure
when too few calories are consumed, the body will obtain energy from what source?
1. fat stores 2. glycogen
Foods to avoid if you have celiac disease
1. wheat 2. rye 3.barley
Symptoms of PCOS often improve with what percentage of loss initial body weight
5% to 10%
Dyslipidema
Abnormal blood levels of cholesterol and/or triglycerides
Insulin resistance
Cell membranes have reduced sensitivity to insulin
amenorrhea
absence of a menstrual cycle
pre birth term is defined as
births <37 weeks gestation/ 100 live births
Rooting Reflex
when an infant's cheek is touched, the infant turns head toward cheek and opens mouth
Jane Smith (and her husband) sought medical care for persistent nausea and vomiting throughout the day. Following a pregnancy test and medical examination, the doctor determined that she was in the 5th week of pregnancy. Following this report, Jane's husband remarked, "You will have to stop eating potato chips and eat more healthy foods." What is the best response the doctor could make?
"I recommend that you continue to eat foods that you can tolerate and that will help you gain weight
Which statement made by a mother indicates a need for education about how to keep her infant safe and promote healthy development?
"I've started my baby in a structured exercise program to make sure he stays fit."
hypothalamic amenorrhea
-Cessation of menstruation r/t changes in hypothalmic signals that maintain secretion of hormones required for ovulation -One of most common causes of anovulation and loss of menstrual cycle -Caused by de`icits in energy & nutrients -Most common in those exposed to social stress or intellectual professionals
male and female sex hormones and their role in fertility
-Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) -Stimulates pituitary to release FSH and LH -Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) -Stimulates maturation of ovum & sperm -Luteinizing hormone (LH) -Stimulates secretion of estrogen, progesterone, & testosterone -Estrogen -Stimulates release of GnRH in follicular phase & follicle growth & maturation of follicle -Stimulates vascularity & storage of glycogen & other nutrients within uterus -Progesterone -Prepares uterus for fertilized ovum, increases vascularity of endometrium, & stimulates cell division of fertilized ova
Protein
.10 - 0.35
Mono unsaturated Fat
.20
Carbohydrates
.50 - .60
At what age do early intervention programs occur?
0 to 36 months
Saturated Fat
0.07
The DRI for fluoride in infants < 6 months of age is _____.
0.1 mg
Total fat
0.25 - 0.35
On the second feeding after birth, a first-time mom was concerned that her infant was not getting enough milk. What would the lactation consultant want the new mom to know?
1 The milk is highly concentrated in nutrients and provides a large amount of protein' 2. The infants needs only 1/2 to 2 tsp at each feeding for the first two days
If a 110-lb nursing woman (50 kg) wants to drink alcohol, how many cans of beer (15 g alcohol/12 oz) can this woman drink and stay within the Institute of Medicine's alcohol recommendations?
1 drink
One "rule of thumb" regarding portion sizes for toddlers is: a. Serve them as you would serve yourself and let them decide how much they would like to eat.
1 tablespoon of food per school age
Elevation of ketone levels can occur if calorie intakes are decreased to what level?
1. < 1500 calories daily 2. less than 33% below needs
what are fat soluble vitamins
1. A 2. D 3. E 4. K
Behavioral disorders that impact nutritional status include:
1. ASD 2. attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
How can women with HIV/AIDS during pregnancy decrease the risk of developing a food borne infection?
1. Avoid consumption of honey 2. Avoid drinking unpasteurized milk 3. Make sure all meat is well cooked 3. Follow safe food-handling practices at home
water soluble vitamin vitamins include;
1. B complex 2. Vitamin C
Measurements that are used to track a child's growth over time include:
1. BMI 2. Weight 3. Head circumference 4. Height
6 classes of nutrients
1. Carbohydrates 2. Proteins 3. Fats (Lipids) 4. Vitamins 5. Minerals 6. Water
Treatment of iron-deficiency anemia in the United States includes which of the following?
1. Counseling of parents about diets to include lean meats, fortified cereals, and fruit juices with vitamin C 2. Dietary counseling to have children ages 1-5 drink no more than 24 oz milk/day
What are potential consequences of delaying conception until you are in your 40s?
1. Decreased chance of conception 2. Sperm become less viable 3. Higher likelihood for chromosomal abnormalities
A friend of yours has just given birth to twins and is planning to return to work full time when they are 3 months old. She has a nanny and feels confident that she will be able to breastfeed as well as work 50 hours per week. Which of the following will present a major challenge with this plan?
1. Fatigue and sleep deprivation 2. Lack of time to nurse or pump
Which of the following are the correct six categories of nutrients?
1. Fats 2. carbohydrates 3. protein 4. water 5. vitamins 6. minerals
A woman in her late forties wanted to increase the likelihood of becoming pregnant. She bought natural estrogen capsules over the Internet and increased her dietary fat intake. What information would be important for her to understand?
1. Females are born with their lifetime supply of eggs. 2. Estrogen may have an inhibitory effect on fertility. 3. Weight gain can lead to infertility. 4. Infertility increases with increasing age.
Jane is 30 and has a BMI of 18; she and her husband have been trying to get pregnant for over a year, but she is not ovulating. Why would her doctor recommend weight gain and exercise instead of prescribing medication to induce ovulation?
1. For a woman 30 years old, it is too risky to prescribe medication. 2. There are no medications on the market that induce ovulation. 3. She is underweight and needs to have a BMI >20 before conceiving. d. Drugs that induce ovulation are less effective in underweight women.
what is a true statement regarding the spectrum of fetal alcohol disorders?
1. For fetal alcohol syndrome to be diagnosed, a specific set of characteristics must be exhibited in the child. 2. There is no known absolute safe level of alcohol consumption during pregnancy, so women should be counseled that the safest approach is to not drink during pregnancy.
A premature infant has been on a respirator since birth. He is now 6 months old and ready to start solids, although he does not like it when a spoon is placed in his mouth. What might be the cause of this?
1. He dislikes the spoon because he is associating it with discomfort. 2. A critical period for mouth exploration has been missed due to the respirator.
Which of the following is a major function of the placenta?
1. Hormone and enzyme production 2. Nutrient and gas exchange between mother and fetus 3 Removal of waste products from the fetus
Which of the following statements is a Healthy People 2020 nutrition objective for the nation related to preconception?
1. Increase the proportion of women who are at a healthy weight prior to pregnancy by 10% 2. Reduce the proportion of women aged 18-44 years who have impaired fecundity by 10% 3. Increase the proportion of women who did not drink alcohol prior to pregnancy by 10%
In which of the following cases would EXTRA calories be needed for a child?
1. Infections 2. Fever 3. Difficulty breathing 4. Recovery from surgery
How could having irregular menstrual cycles lead to a lack of early prenatal care for some obese women?
1. When women don't menstruate they may feel they are not ovulating and can't get pregnant, so they don't get prenatal care 2. Women may not be aware they are already pregnant because a delay in their menses is normal
What information should be provided by health care professionals when counseling pregnant teens?
1. Information on how to find food and nutrition assistance programs 2. Information on good sources of iron-rich foods 3. Ideas on how to increase the number of milk and milk product servings to four servings/day 3. Ideas on how to buy foods that contain a lot of nutrients in proportion to the calories
What would be the best response to a new mother who asks you: "My baby is two months old and I just started working again part time; I pump once at work every day, and get between two and three ounces. Is this enough?"
1. It depends on how much the baby drinks 2. you will need to pump or nurse every 2 to 3 hours to maintain your supply 3. it is imperative that you are conssitent with pumping and feeding
Which of the following is a nutritional benefit of breastfeeding?
1. It provides optimal nutrition to the infant. 2 The balance of nutrients matches requirements needed for human growth. 3. Infants do not need additional fluids or water when breastfeeding. 4. The low protein content is easily tolerated.
If an intrauterine insult occurs early in gestation, what would be a likely result?
1. Lower body weight 2. Smaller brain size 3. Shorter length for age
How could the situation in question #41 be resolved?
1. Make sure mother and baby were nursing correctly and for an adequate length of time. 2. Check the mother's milk supply to make sure she is producing enough milk to feed her baby. 3. Monitor infants for stooling. 4. Initiate breastfeeding early.
Which of the following is NOT a maternal benefit of breastfeeding?
1. Minimizes postpartum blood loss 2. Helps uterus return to non-pregnant size 3. Delays return to fertility 4. MAY help lose weight more quickly
Women with which of the following characteristics are at increased risk of developing preeclampsia?
1. Obesity 2. Insulin resistance 3. First pregnancy 4. High triglyceride levels
According to Ellyn Satter, which of the following would be considered a common mistake that a parent might make when feeding a toddler?
1. Parents don't allow the child to determine how much or whether they want to eat. 2. Parents allow the child to determine what food to eat and where the food is eaten. 3. Parents don't provide appropriate eating environments at home and elsewhere.
Which of the following foods would a pediatrician recommend a nursing mother with no history of food allergies in the family restrict?
1. Peanuts and tree nuts 2. Wheat 3. Soy 4. Eggs
Which of the following is a warning sign indicating growth problems?
1. Plateau in head circumference gain for more than one month 2. Lack of height gain 3. Plateau in weight gain for more than one month 4. Drop in weight without regain within a few weeks
Which of the following conditions is associated with a lower calorie need?
1. Prader-Willi Syndrome 2. Down syndrome 3. Spina bifida
What advice would be helpful for a first-time mom who would like to know how to prevent a decrease in milk production?
1. Relax and avoid stress. 2. Breastfeed or pump frequently. 3. Completely empty your breasts at each feeding, either by nursing or pumping.
Preterm birth has been correlated with lifetime impacts on which of the following?
1. School performance 2. Drop-out rates 3. Adult chronic diseases
What are the dietary recommendations for toddlers with bronchopulmonary dysplasia?
1. Small, frequent meals 2. Concentrated sources of calories, such as commercially prepared supplements
John, a first-born, had a low birthweight. He grew steadily in length and continued to gain weight, remaining at the 10th percentile on the CDC growth charts, until age 3. Between ages 3 and 4, his weight declined without any presenting illnesses. Why would it be difficult to diagnose FTT?
1. Typical growth and development for a healthy child includes a decline in appetite and weight at this age. 2. His growth pattern indicated that for the majority of his life he was developing appropriately.
Which of the following vitamins acts as an antioxidant in the body?
1. Vitamin C 2. Vitamin A 3. Beta Carotene
Which of the following statements best describes motor development in infants?
1. Voluntary control of muscles starts from the head and moves down to the legs. 2. Voluntary muscle control develops with central muscles first and then moves out to hand muscles.
Which of the following federally funded programs may benefit young children?
1. WIC 2. Head Start 3. SNAP 4. WIC's Farmers' Market Nutrition Program
Which of the following is a program in which nutrition care may be accessed for children with special needs?
1. WIC 2. head start 3. early prevention programs
Parents can influence the eating behaviors of toddlers in which of the following ways?
1. What they bring into the house and have available to eat 2. How they prepare food and when they serve it 3. Their attitudes and behaviors around food
A decrease in the production of GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone) would result in
1. a decrease in the production of FSH and LH. 2. a lack of follicular development. 3. the absence of ovulation.
Psychologically, women with eating disorders typically have a hard time when they gain weight in pregnancy due to the fact that they:
1. base their self worth on how much they weigh. 2. are dedicated to keeping their body weight low.
The onset of hypothalamic amenorrhea is related to
1. being overweight 2. weight loss accompanied intense exercise, as seen in female triad athletes
If an adult is trying to decrease her risk of heart disease, which of the following should she try to avoid?
1. breaded and fried foods 2. packaged and snack foods 3. foods made with trans fat 4. saturated fats
The mother of a 9-month-old vegetarian infant weighing 19 pounds provided the following diet history for her son. Breakfast: 1/4 cup oatmeal made with water; 1/2 banana; 4 oz. apple juice Lunch: Rice cake with 1 t. peanut butter; 1/2 c. applesauce; 4 oz. soy formula Dinner: 1/4 cup mashed potatoes made with water; 1/4 cup lentil beans; 1/4 c. yam; 4 cherry tomatoes cut; 4 oz. soy formula Snacks: 15 goldfish crackers and 1/4 c. canned fruit at 10 am; rice cake with 1/4 c. canned pears at 3 pm Total calories = ~750 Protein = 21 grams
1. calcium. 2. vitamin B12. 3. vitamin D. 4. iron.
If a child tires out easily while eating a piece of fruit and will not eat anything else, what can be done to increase her intake?
1. change to pureed fruit or a fruit sauce 2. soft cooked vegetables 3. add protein to soups or noodles 4. try nutritional supplements like pediasure
Lactose intolerance is:
1. characterized by cramps, nausea, and pain. 2. caused by a deficiency of the enzyme lactase.
Which of the following foods would you need to have a closer look at to ensure its safety for consumption by someone with celiac disease?
1. cherry pie filling 2.oat cereal
Several mechanisms that may prevent obesity in children who are breastfed have been identified. These include all of the following EXCEPT:
1. children that breastfed exhibited less soft drink consumption as teens. 2. children that breastfed learned self-regulation of energy intake. 3. children that breastfed shared characteristics of parents, including healthy lifestyles. 3. children that breastfed had metabolic programming related to chemical substances in human milk.
A multifetal pregnancy increases the mother's risk for:
1. development of preeclampsia. 2. development of iron-deficiency anemia. 3. preterm delivery. 4. cesarean delivery.
Which of the following is considered a benefit of breastfeeding a preterm infant?
1. ease of protein digestion 2. ease of fat absorption 3. improved lactose digestion 4. better visual acuity
Protein sparing is best defined as:
1. eating enough carbohydrate so that protein can be used for growth. 2. eating enough fat so that protein can be used for growth.
Which hormone(s) produced by the corpus luteum is/are a common component of oral contraceptives and inhibit(s) ovulation?
1. estrogen 2. progesterone
Nutrition concerns with infants that have Down syndrome include:
1. feeding difficulties related to weak muscles in the face and overall. 2. high risk of the child becoming overweight. 3. constipation.
What hormone triggers the production of testosterone by the testes?
1. follicle -stimulating hormone 2. luthenizing hormone
The two hormones secreted by the pituitary gland during the FOLLICULAR phase of a woman's cycle are
1. follicle-stimulating hormone 2. luthenizing hormone
In order to reduce the incidence of spina bifida and neural tube defects prior to conception, women should eat
1. fortified breakfast cereals 2. refined grain cereals
which of the following food choices provides a large amount of dietary probiotics?
1. fresh sauerkraut 2. soy sauce 3. tempeh 4. miso 5. buttermilk
A pregnant woman in the anabolic phase of pregnancy
1. has increased appetite. 2. has decreased exercise tolerance.
key recommendation found in 2010 dietary guidelines for american emphasize:
1. importance of achieving and maintaining a healthy body weight for prevention of overweight and obesity 2. increasing physical activity and reducing time spent doing sedentary behaviors 3. focusing on whole grains and highly colored vegetables 4. cooking foods to safe temperature
Loss of body fat in obese men and women is related to:
1. improved hormone level 2. reduced oxidative stress 3. improved concepto
Diets that include low glycemic index carbohydrates have been found to be beneficial in;
1. improving blood glucose control in people with diabetes 2.reduce elevated levels of blood cholesterol and triglycerides 3. increasing level of HDL cholesterol 4. decreasing the risk developing type 2 diabetes
The initial nutrition problems resulting from VLBW and ELBW include:
1. inability to nurse like a full-term infant. 2. for most, a requirement for respiratory support to breathe.
three factors that impair fertility in men
1. inadequate zinc status 2. steroid use 3. halogen and glycol exposure
High maternal blood glucose levels cause the fetus to _____.
1. increase insulin output 2. convert glucose into triglycerides and store it as fat 3. potentially develop type 2 diabetes later in life
Breathing problems in children:
1. increase nutritional needs. 2. lower interest in eating. 3. slow growth rate.
Maternal psychological benefits to breastfeeding include all the following EXCEPT
1. increased self-confidence. 2. bonding with the breast fed infant. 3. a slower return to pre-pregnancy weight. 4. All of the above are psychological benefits.
The reduction in the U.S. infant mortality rate over the past 20 years has been:
1. increasing at a SLOWER rate than the historical infant mortality rate reductions. 2. due to technological advancements.
The typical diet prescribed for children who are underweight with a chronic condition may be modified by
1. increasing fat calories 2. changing texture 3. increasing portions 4. customizing to the individual child
Characteristics of preschool age children include:
1. increasing language skills. 2. expanding ability to control behavior. 3. increasing autonomy. 4. experiencing broader social circumstances.
What is a possible reason that breastfeeding may prevent allergies?
1. influence on gut microbial flora 2. transfer of maternal immunity 3. transfer of maternal fatty acids and IGA in breast milk 4. low content of allergens
Clinical signs associated with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) include
1. insulin resistance 2. infertility 3. obesity 4. excess abdominal
Excess central body fat is related to
1. insulin resistance 2. ovulatory disorder 3. metabolic syndrome
Pregnancy increases the absorption of _____ and _____.
1. iron 2. calcium
Bariactric surgery increases the risk that women develop deficiencies of:
1. iron 2. zinc 3. calcium 4. vitamin B6, B12, and D
Signs of celiac disease are
1. iron deficiency anemia 2. bloating 3. infertility 4.weight loss
Delayed breastfeeding can lead to jaundice because
1. it produces a state of partial starvation. 2. it can lead to decreased passage of meconium. 3. it causes an increase in bilirubin concentration
Overweight and obesity are common in Down syndrome children because they have lower caloric needs due to:
1. kow muscle mass 2. lower mobility 3. short stature
Breakfast: Instant oatmeal sweetened with brown sugar Mashed banana 8 oz. fortified juice Lunch: Macaroni with butter 8 oz. fortified juice Snack: Goldfish crackers 12 oz. fortified juice Dinner: White bread without crusts and with butter 12 oz. fortified juice What would indicate that the 3-year-old girl following this diet has a potential feeding problem?
1. lack of variety 2. bland food choices 2. excessive fluid intake
what is a functional food?
1. lactose free milk 2. orange juice with vitamin D 3. egg beaters
Signs that indicate feeding problems in toddlers include:
1. low interest in eating. 2. long mealtimes (>30 minutes). 3. preferring liquids over solids. 4. refusing foods.
Decreased fertility in men is related to sperm _____.
1. number 2. motility 3. quality
Good food sources of antioxidants would include which of the following food?
1. oranges 2.sweet potatoes 3. bell peppers 4. spinach 5. blueberries 6. cranberries
Generally, a diagnosis of FTT is suspected in children with chronic illnesses when their growth declines more than _____ percentiles and they are near or below the lowest percentiles.
2%
True food allergies are estimated to occur in _____ of children.
2% to 8%
Approximately what proportion of infants who die within the first year of life die within the first month after birth?
2/3
Approximately what proportion of infants who die within the first year of life die within the first month after birth?
2/3 ( two thirds)
A body mass index (BMI) >_____ is typically needed to sustain normal reproductive function in women
20
A body mass index (BMI) greater than _____ kg/m2 is typically needed to sustain normal reproductive function in women.
20
What daily weight gain goal would the dietitian set for the first three months?
20 to 30 g/day
Couples having regular, unprotected intercourse have a _____ chance of a diagnosed pregnancy within a given menstrual cycle.
20% to 25%
Current recommendations call for what total of calories from fat?
20% to 35%
Based on the calculated Calorie level for the woman with gestational diabetes in the above question (#24), how many Calories would be provided by her evening snack, assuming she had 2 other snacks that day?
220 to 330 calories
According to the American Diabetes Association, when should pregnant women without diabetes have their blood glucose tested
24-28 weeks gestation
The mean weight of newborns from a twin pregnancy is _____.
2400grams
The general fiber recommendation for 5-year-old children is _____/day.
25 grams
The recommended weight gain range for normal-weight women is:
25 to 35 lbs
Healthy People 2020 breastfeeding objectives for the nation include increasing the number of all women who exclusively breastfeed through six months to approximately _____%.
25%
Using the standard rule of thumb, a toddler who is 3 years old would require what serving size of food?
3 tablespoons
What percentage of all newborns are from multifetal births?
3%
hemoglobin
A common but not sensitive measure of iron status
Neonatal Jaundice
A condition caused by having to much bilirubin in the blood
insulin resistance
A condition in which cell membranes have a reduced sensitivity to insulin so that more insulin than normal is required to transport a given amount of glucose into cells.
iron-deficiency anemia
A condition often marked by low hemoglobin level. It is characterized by the signs of iron deficiency plus paleness, exhaustion, and a rapid heart rate.
oxidative stress
A condition that occurs when cells are exposed to more oxidizing molecules (such as free radicals) than to antioxidant molecules that neutralize them and help repair cell damage. Over time, oxidative stress causes damage to lipids, DNA, cells, and tissues.
Metabolic syndrome
A constellation of metabolic abnormalities that increase the risk of heart disease
TLC
A dietary approach for reducing CVD risk
Which statement reflects the most accurate assessment of dietary intake?
A dietitian interviewing a woman about what she ate over the past 24 hours and verifying her responses with a crosscheck food frequency questionnaire
cholesterol
A fat-soluble, colorless liquid primarily found in animals products.
unsaturated fatty acid
A fatty acid, the carbon chain of which possesses one or more double or triple bonds (e.g., oleic acid, with one double bond in the molecule, and linoleic acid, with two); called unsaturated because it is capable of absorbing additional hydrogen.
L. monocytogenes (listeria)
A foodborne bacterial infection that can lead to preterm delivery and stillbirth in pregnant women. Listeria infection is commonly associated with the ingestion of soft cheeses, unpasteurized milk, ready-to-eat deli meats, and hot dogs.
hemoglobin A1c
A form of hemoglobin used to identify blood glucose levels over the lifetime of a red blood cell (120 days). Glucose molecules in blood will attach to hemoglobin (and stay attached). The amount of glucose that attaches to hemoglobin is proportional to levels of glucose in the blood. The normal range of hemoglobin A1c is 4-5.9 percent. Also called glycosylated hemoglobin and glycated hemoglobin.
Rett Syndrome
A genetic change on the X chromosome resulting in severe neurological delays
What during the first 2 months of pregnancy is teratogenic and will lead to a two to three fold risk of congenital abnormalities
A high blood glucose level
HEI
A measure of diet quaility based on the dietary guideine
Glycemic index
A measure of the extent to which blood glucose levels are raised
An infant is diagnosed with maple syrup urine disease and requires a special infant formula. Which of the following would be the best choice?
A mixture of amino acids, carbohydrates, and fats, without the amino acids valine, isoleucine, and leucine
T. Gondii (toxoplasmosis)
A parasitic infection that can impair fetal brain development. The source of the infection is often hands contaminated with soil or the contents of a cat litter box; or raw or partially cooked pork, lamb, or venison.
Anemia
A reduced volume of red blood cells per 100 mL of blood
What dietary modifications would you recommend?
Adding whole grains, fruits, vegetables and high antioxidants to the diet
Factors contributing to the rate of transmission of HIV from the mother to an infant while breastfeeding include all of the following EXCEPT:
All are factors: 1. strain of HIV 2. immune status of mother 3. viral overload 4. better illness
For a woman experiencing let-down failure, good advice would include all of the following EXCEPT
All are recommended techniques: 1. getting out of the house for a walk. 2. changing nursing positions. 3. playing soothing music. 4. increasing water consumption and decreasing caffeine.
Goals for the nutritional management of women with HIV/AIDS include all of the following interventions EXCEPT:
All of these are inclusive: 1. avoidance of high intakes of supplemental vitamins A and D. 2. avoidance of high intakes of supplemental iron. 3. ensuring an adequate intake of calories. 4. treating iron-deficiency anemia with iron supplements.
If a breastfeeding mother needs to use a specific medication, what should you tell her?
All the above: 1. If the hazards are minimal, use the medication after nursing. 2. Try an oral inhalant vs. an oral medication. 3. Take the lowest effective dose of the medication for the shortest duration
The building blocks of proteins
Amino acids
pica
An eating disorder characterized by the compulsion to eat substances that are not food.
BMI
An index that correlates with total body fat; calculated by wt (kg)/ht (m)2
assistive reproductive technology
An umbrella term for fertility treatments such asin vitro fertilization (IVF, a technique in which egg cells are fertilized by sperm outside the woman's body), artificial insemination, and hormone treatments.
Absence of brain or spinal cord
Anencephaly
Describe the impact of eating disorders, such as anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, on women's reproductive health.
Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa are both related to the development of hypothalamic amenorrhea in some, but not all, women with these disorders. Women with these conditions who became pregnant, however, are more likely to miscarry, experience preterm delivery, and deliver newborns that are low birthweight.
How might male reproductive health suffer due to inadequate intake of antioxidant nutrients?
Antioxidant nutrients are needed to protect cells of the reproductive system, including eggs and sperm, from damage due to oxidative stress. Oxidative stress occurs when the production of potentially destructive reactive oxygen molecules (free radicals) exceeds the body's own antioxidant defenses. Reactive oxygen molecules attack polyunsaturated fatty acids in sperm membranes, and that decreases sperm motility and reduces the ability of sperm to fuse with an egg. Once the membrane surrounding sperm is damaged, reactive oxygen molecules can enter the sperm cell and damage DNA. This can result in the passage of defective DNA.
Chemical substance that prevents or repairs damage to cells caused by oxidation
Antioxidant
teratogenic
Any agent that can disturb the development of an embryo or fetus. Teratogens may cause a birth defect in the child. Or a teratogen may halt the pregnancy outright. The classes of teratogens include radiation, maternal infections, chemicals, and drugs.
Interventions are required to ensure adequate growth and development when feeding problems are identified in infancy. Which of the following would NOT be one of these interventions?
Assessing growth less frequently
Rapid uncontrolled eating followed by compensatory behaviors
Bulimia nervosa
Preschool age
Between 3 and 5 years old
prostacyclin
Biologically active substances produced by blood vessel walls that inhibit platelet aggregation (and therefore blood clotting), dilate blood vessels, and reduce blood pressure.
thromboxane
Biologically active substances produced in platelets that increase platelet aggregation (and therefore promote blood clotting), constrict blood vessels, and increase blood pressure.
Plugged Duct
Blockage of milk, which may be caused by stasis
Which of the following statements about the fetal origins hypothesis is NOT true?
Both low birth weights (less than 5.5 lb) and high birth weights (more than 10 lb) in humans are strongly associated with later risk of disease in adulthood .
Which food item could be labeled "enriched"?
Bread
Which of the following foods would NOT be appropriate for a baby with galactosemia?
Breast milk
Because human infants grow at a relatively slow rate, the mineral content of human milk is _____ that of other animals who grow faster.
lower than
Which American Institute released a report in 2006, highlighting recommendations for improving preconception health and health care services?
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
premenstrual syndrome
Characterized by life-disrupting physiological & psychological changes that begin in the luteal phase & end with menses Symptoms occur in 40% of women of childbearing age
nutrients
Chemical substances in foods that are used by the body for growth and health.
antioxidants
Chemical substances that prevent or repair damage to cells caused by exposure to oxidizing agents such as oxygen, ozone, and smoke and to other oxidizing agents normally produced in the body. Many different antioxidants are found in foods; some are made by the body.
Which of the following children would NOT be at risk for a nutrient deficiency?
Children who consume a variety of basic foods
How is the change in lipid blood levels that occurs during pregnancy best described?
Cholesterol and triglyceride levels both increase, though cholesterol to a lesser extent.
How can the change in lipid blood levels that occurs during pregnancy best be described?
Cholesterol and triglyceride levels increase dramatically from pre-pregnancy levels
psychostimulant
Classification of medication that acts on the brain to improve mental/emotional behavior
Chemical substances that activate enzymes
Coenzyme
secondary condition
Common consequence of a condition, which may or may not be preventable over time
essential fatty acid
Components of fat that are a required part of the diet (i.e., linoleic and alpha-linolenic acids). Both contain unsaturated fatty acids.
geophagia
Compulsive consumption of clay or dirt.
Insulin resistance
Condition in which cells resist the action of insulin in facilitating the passage of glucose into cells
Cystic Fibrosis
Condition in which changes to chromosome 7 interfere with all the exocrine functions in the body
seizure
Condition in which electrical nerve transmission in the brain is disrupted, resulting in loss of function
juvenile rheumatoid arthritus
Condition in which joints become enlarged and painful
spinal muscular atrophy
Condition in which muscle control declines over time as a result of nerve loss
Asthma
Condition in which the lungs are unable to exchange air due to lack of expansion of air sacs
scoliosis
Condition in which vertebral bones in the back show a side-to-side curve
autism
Condition of deficits in communication and social interaction with onset generally before age 3
A structural, functional, or metabolic irregularity present at birth
Congenital abnormality
The _____ phase of the menstrual cycle occurs after ovulation
luteal
Describe the difference between congenital malformations and inborn errors of metabolism. Cite one example of an inborn error of metabolism and describe the best nutrition-related intervention.
Congenital malformations are structural abnormalities in the fetus while inborn errors of metabolism are metabolic abnormalities in the fetus. Phenylketonuria is an inherited error in phenylalanine metabolism most commonly caused by a deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase, which converts the essential amino acid phenylalanine to the nonessential amino acid tyrosine. Phenylketonuria can be successfully managed by a low-phenylalanine diet. High phenylalanine protein foods such as meat, fish, eggs, and wheat are excluded from the diet. Supplemental DHA (200 mg per day) should be consumed because PKU diets lack dietary sources of this important omega-3 fatty acid.
Ovulation results from a surge in the _____ hormone.
luteinizing
Which statement correctly describes the health status of mother and infant for small for gestation age (SGA) and large for gestation age (LGA) newborns?
LGA newborns tend to have higher rates of postpartum hemorrhage than SGA newborns.
If a food allergy is suspected, what information is NOT needed?
Laboratory tests to confirm specific allergies during infancy
macrocephaly
Large head size for age and gender
What diet strategies are not appropriate for people with type 2 diabetes
Less than 40% of total intake from saturated fats
What is the most appropriate nutrition intervention for a special needs infant who has gastroesophageal reflux and swallowing difficulty?
Mix baby rice cereal with standard formula
Rotavirus
Most common cause of diarrhea among children
What terms refers to the repeated use of questions that hone the accuracy of information provided by interviewees about the food they ate the previous day?
Multiple pass
Rebecca, an infant born at 32 weeks, weighed 1200 g (2.6 lb), and was SGA. Her head circumference was 30 cm (< 5th percentile). The mother was not interested in breastfeeding. A dietitian evaluated Rebecca and established appropriate growth and development goals for weight, length, head circumference, and body fat stores. A high-calorie formula (22 kcal/oz) was also initiated. Which statement best describes body fat storage changes expected in Rebecca?
Fat stores will increase in 3 months.
Shelly is a 25-year-old breastfeeding mom who is trying to lose weight. Her OBGYN has suggested that she go on a very-low-fat diet (~15% of calories) to help with weight loss. How will this change the fat composition of her breast milk?
Her breast milk will contain more medium chain fatty acids
When a women develops carbohydrate intolerance during pregnancy. What does this mean?
Her pancreas cannot produce insulin, so glucose cannot get into cells
middle chidhood
Describes children between the ages of 5 and 10 years
Pediatric Aids
Destruction of the infection-fighting abilities of the body by a virus
Hyperlipidemia
High blood cholesterol
Type 2 diabetes
High blood glucose levels due to the body's inability to use insulin normally, or to produce enough insulin
Type 1 diabetes
High blood glucose levels resulting from the destruction of insulin-producing cells of the pancreas
Which of the following symptoms would indicate that Jane has this diagnosis?
High fasting food glucose, Blood triglycerides, HDL cholesterol levels
Atheriscelerosis
Narrowing of the arteries due to plaque buildup
The recommendation by the American Academy of Pediatrics to limit juice intake to 4 to 6 fluid ounces per day does NOT apply to children with special needs.
False
There are no programs designed to improve eating behaviors in school-aged children.
False
Typically, we absorb a greater percentage of minerals than vitamins.
False
Define critical periods during pregnancy and explain their importance in embryonic/fetal development.
Critical periods during pregnancy are those pre-programmed time periods during embryonic and fetal development when specific cells, organs, and tissues are formed and integrated, or functional levels established. They are most intense during the first 2 months after conception, when a majority of organs and tissues begin to form. On the whole, critical periods represent a "one-way street," because it is not possible to reverse directions and correct errors in growth or development that occurred during a previous critical period. Consequently, adverse effects of nutritional and other insults occurring during critical periods of growth and development persist throughout life.
Which substance provides the most energy per gram?
Fat
steroid hormones
Hormones such as progesterone, estrogen, and testosterone produced primarily from cholesterol.
An infant with what special condition requires less energy than a healthy infant?
Infant with Down's syndrome
Bronchopulanary dysplasia
Damage that occurs to underdeveloped lungs resulting in breathing that requires extra effort
Diplegia
Damage to the part of the brain controlling movement of the legs, interfering with muscle control and ambulation
The changes in maternal physiology affect all parts of the body. Which of the following would NOT be a normal change in a woman's gastrointestinal tract during pregnancy?
Decreased gastric and intestinal transit time
extremely low birth weight infant
Infants weighing <1000 grams or <3 pounds 3 ounces at birth
What term refers to recommended intake levels of nutrients (intake standards) for planning and assessing diets for healthy people?
Dietary Reference Intakes
Describe the "ripple effect" relating to nutrient intake.
Dietary changes affect the level of intake of many nutrients. Switching from a high-fat to a low-fat diet, for instance, may result in a lower intake of calories and higher intake of dietary fiber and vitamins. Consequently, dietary changes introduced for the purpose of improving intake of a particular nutrient produce a "ripple effect" on the intake of other nutrients.
the general terms used to describe recommended intake levels of nutrient ( intake standards) for planning and assessing diets in all healthy people is
Dietary intake
Which of the following would be considered a cue of readiness for weaning?
Disinterest in breast or bottle feeding
A health care professional was asked by a nursing mom, "How many glasses of water should I drink a today?" What would be an appropriate recommendation?
Drink enough fluids to keep urine pale yellow
galactogogue
Drug or herb used to increase milk supply
Provide two historical examples that indicate the fetal growth trajectory may be established early in pregnancy.
During the Dutch winter famine of 1943-1944, average birthweight declined by 372 grams (13 oz) and delivery of low-birthweight infants increased by 50 percent. Similarly, the siege of Sarajevo, which decreased food availability during 1993-1994, led to reduced caloric and nutrient intakes during pregnancy and reduced maternal weight gain and newborn weights. In both situations, birthweight did not fully catch up in infants born to women exposed to famine early in pregnancy, even if they received enough food later in pregnancy. These results support the notion that the fetal growth trajectory may be established early in pregnancy and that early nutritional deprivations limit fetal growth regardless of food intake later in pregnancy.
Lactogenesis I
During the first stage of milk production, milk begins to form and the lactose and protein content of milk increases.
What nutrition factors would NOT be related to infertility in men?
Eating a diet containing animal products
What would be the best thing to do if you suspected your breastfed baby was responding adversely to milk in your diet?
Eliminate milk from your diet and monitor the baby for changes.
Recommendations for toddlers whose parents are vegetarian include all of the following EXCEPT
Encourage toddlers to eat bran muffins when serving fruits and vegetables.
Describe the physiological demands that increase energy requirements during pregnancy.
Energy requirements during pregnancy increase mainly due to protein and fat tissue synthesis, and the energy cost of maintaining an expanding amount of metabolically active tissues. Protein synthesis primarily occurs in fetal, placental, uterine, and breast tissues. Most of the fat synthesized during pregnancy is used to buildup maternal fat stores. Expanded metabolic activity related to the increased work of the mother's cardiovascular, respiratory, and renal systems are responsible for much of the increase in energy needed for basal metabolism. The fetus accounts for about a third of the increased energy needs of pregnancy.
Heritable changes in gene function that do not entail a change in DNA sequence
Epigenetic
semi-vegetarian
Excludes red meat from diet
Teratogenic
Exposures that produce malformations in embryos or fetuses
A diet low in fat-soluble vitamins will result in a more rapid onset of deficiency symptoms than one low in water-soluble vitamins.
False
A dietary supplement can legally claim to treat, cure, or prevent a disease.
False
A gluten-free diet is recommended for autistic children.
False
Cholesterol must be obtained in the diet.
False
Food allergies are always a direct result of asthma.
False
If a child is allergic to eggs, it is not necessary to avoid a food that has eggs in it as long as it has been cooked
False
Over-the-counter products can never be used in children with special health care needs.
False
The consistent definition that must be met in order to qualify as having a disability in any state is whether a child has the ability to walk independently.
False
Why do obese men tend to have low testosterone and elevated estradiol levels? Explain how this change in hormone levels affects male fertility.
Fat tissue contains an enzyme (aromatase) that converts testosterone to estradiol, and this conversion may be abnormally high in people with high body fat. Consequently, obese men tend to have low testosterone and elevated estradiol levels. Increased blood levels of estradiol inhibit secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) by the pituitary. Alterations in LH and FSH can lower testosterone synthesis. Low levels of testosterone decrease sperm production and promote infertility and subfertility.
Which of the following statements about fat is NOT true?
Fats are easier to absorb for infants with VLBW or ELBW.
Describe the difference in development of mature eggs and sperm.
Females are born with a complement of immature ova and males with sperm-producing capabilities. For women, approximately 7 million immature ova, or primordial follicles, are formed during early fetal development, but only about one-half million per ovary remain by the onset of puberty. During a woman's fertile years, some 400-500 ova will mature and be released for possible fertilization. Due to losses in viable ova over time, very few remain by menopause. For men, sperm numbers and viability decrease somewhat after approximately 35 years of age, but sperm are produced from puberty until death.
Human digestive enzymes are unable to break down _____.
Fiber
competitive foods
Foods sold to children in food service areas during meal times that are not part of the federal meal program
Discuss how using low-glycemic index foods might help someone with diabetes manage his/her blood glucose levels. List several low-glycemic foods that would be appropriate for someone wishing to incorporate them into his/her diet.
Foods with high glycemic index tend to raise blood glucose and insulin levels more than do foods with low glycemic index, and high-glycemic index foods lead to more episodes of hyperglycemia (high blood glucose level) than do diets providing mainly low-glycemic index carbohydrates. Because diabetes is characterized by abnormally high blood glucose levels, low-glycemic index foods would be more beneficial in helping normalize blood glucose levels. Low-glycemic index foods include corn, oranges, peaches, yogurt, milk, and hummus.
Which statement related to male and female fertility is true?
For both males and females, the quality of eggs and sperm decrease somewhat with age.
Gastrostomy
Form of enteral nutrition support for delivering nutrition by tube directly into the stomach
Carbohydrate intolerance first discovered during pregnancy
Gestational diabetes
gestational hypertension
Gestational hypertension is hypertension that first occurs during pregnancy. Women developing gestational hypertension are at increased risk for developing preeclampsia later in pregnancy or during the first week postpartum, and chronic hypertension later in life.
Which of the following is NOT one of the infant growth charts developed by the National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (part of the CDC)?
Head circumference for weight
High blood pressure
Hypertension
chronic hypertension
Hypertension that is present before pregnancy or diagnosed before 20 weeks of pregnancy. Hypertension is defined as blood pressure >140 mm Hg systolic or >90 mm Hg diastolic blood pressure.
Caused by inadequate maternal intake of iodine during pregnancy
Hypothyroidism
Discuss the risks associated with high phenylalanine levels in the mother during pregnancy.
If present during early pregnancy, high levels of phenylalanine accumulate in the embryo and fetus and impair normal central nervous system development. Elevated phenylalanine levels in the first 8 weeks of pregnancy increase the risk of heart defects. The risk increases if high blood levels of phenylalanine are combined with low protein diets early in pregnancy. Untreated women with PKU have a 92 percent chance of delivering a newborn with mental retardation and a 73 percent chance that the infant will be born with an abnormally small head (microcephaly). Infants born to women with high blood levels of phenylalanine during pregnancy are at elevated risk of seizures, hyperactivity, and abnormal behavioral patterns later in life.
What are the consequences of untreated celiac disease in men and women?
In males, untreated celiac disease is related to alterations in the actions of androgens, delayed sexual maturation, and hypogonadism. Hypogonadism is marked by a deficiency of sex hormones, and poor development and functioning of the reproductive system. In females, untreated celiac disease is associated with amenorrhea, increased rates of miscarriage, fetal growth restriction, low birth-weight deliveries, and a short duration of lactation.
Discuss the relationship of weight and body fat in females. How can being very underweight or being very overweight affect fertility?
In normal-weight women, weight loss that exceeds approximately 10-15 percent of usual weight decreases estrogen, LH, and FSH concentrations. Consequences of these hormonal changes include amenorrhea, anovulatory cycles, and short or absent luteal phases. It is estimated that about 30 percent of cases of impaired fertility are related to simple weight loss. Hormone levels tend to return to normal when weight is restored to within 95 percent of previous weight. Weight gain is the recommended first-line treatment for amenorrhea related to low body weight. Obese women tend to have higher levels of estrogen, androgens, and leptin than nonobese women. These hormonal changes favor the development of menstrual-cycle irregularity (it occurs in 30 to 47 percent of overweight and obese women), ovulatory failure and anovulatory cycles, and amenorrhea. Loss of body fat is related to improvements in hormone levels, oxidative stress and chronic inflammation, and conception rates in both men and women.
Why must volume expansion occur BEFORE maternal nutrient stores accumulate?
In order to provide the fetus with sufficient energy, nutrients, and oxygen
A woman attempting to become pregnant wants is recommended to increase her folate levels. Explain the importance of folate during pregnancy and suggest sources of folate that the woman may include in her diet to increase her intake levels.
Inadequate folate intake has been linked to the development of congenital abnormalities and clinical complications of pregnancy. Specifically, inadequate availability of folate between 21 and 27 days after conception can interrupt normal cell differentiation and cause neural tube defects. It is recommended that women consume 600 mcg DFE of folate per day during pregnancy and include 400 mcg folic acid from fortified foods or supplements. The remaining 200 mcg DFE should be obtained from vegetables and fruits. These nutrient-dense foods provide an average of 40 mcg of folate per serving. To reach the recommended folate intake levels, the woman may include folate-rich foods such as oranges, dried beans, and pineapple juice as well as fortified foods such as breakfast cereal, pasta, rice, and bread in her diet.
Macrobiotic diet
Includes foods such as brown rice, grains, vegetables, fish, beans, spices, and fruit
Which of the following would not be used to treat PMS symptoms?
Increased intake of caffeine
Which of the following are considered to be "essential" nutrients?
Linoleic Alpha linolenic Acid
Which substance is considered an essential nutrient? a. fiber b. LDL cholesterol c. linoleic acid d. glucose e. sucrose
Linoleic Acid
miscarriage
Loss of conceptus in 1st 20 weeks of pregnancy
Which of the following would be considered a minor risk factor for severe hyperbilirubinemia?
Male gender
Explain the connection between energy-dense and empty-calorie foods.
Many energy-dense foods are nutrient poor, or contain low levels of nutrients given their caloric value. These foods are sometimes referred to as empty-calorie foods and include products such as soft drinks, sherbet, hard candy, alcohol, and cheese twists. Excess intake of energy-dense and empty-calorie foods increases the likelihood that caloric needs will be met or exceeded before nutrients needs are met.
Fenugreek
May act as galactogogue
Cabbage Leaves
May help reduce discomfort and swelling in breast
Recumbent length
Measurement of length while child is lying down
vegan
Meat, fish, poultry, seafood, eggs, and dairy products are excluded from diet
lacto-ovo-vegetarian
Meat, poultry, fish, and seafood are excluded from diet; okay to consume dairy products and eggs
ketones
Metabolic byproducts of the breakdown of fatty acids in energy formation. b-hydroxybutyric acid, acetoacetic acid, and acetone are the major ketones, or ketone bodies.
Jane and her husband are interested in having a child, but she has had a hard time conceiving. She has met with her OB-GYN to have a physical, labs drawn, and a prenatal check-up in order to determine what the problem is. Lab work and other relevant data for Jane are as follows: Age: 36 Blood pressure 110/70 mm Hg; Fasting blood glucose 130 mg/dL; HDL cholesterol 35 mg/dL; Blood triglycerides 175 mg/dL; Waist circumference = 36"; Current weight 150#; Height 5'3" Based on her information, Jane will likely be diagnosed with:
Metabolic syndrome
Define metabolic syndrome and discuss the conditions associated with it
Metabolic syndrome is a constellation of metabolic abnormalities that increase the risk of heart disease, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and other disorders. Metabolic syndrome is characterized by insulin resistance, abdominal obesity, high blood pressure and triglycerides levels, low levels of HDL cholesterol, and impaired glucose tolerance.
The chemical changes that take place in the body
Metabolism
sandwich gerneration
Middle-aged adults who are multigenerational caregivers
Sore Nipples
Mild discomfort after nursing
Letdown Failure
Milk is not ejected from milk
The loss of a conceptus in the first 20 weeks of pregnancy
Miscarriage
A nonprofit organization wants to support the 2020 nutrition objective for the nation that is related to reducing the incidence of spina bifida and other neural tube defects. Define neural tube defects and describe the time frame for their development after conception. Also, discuss any recommended behavioral or nutritional interventions important for women considering pregnancy.
Neural tube defects (NTDs) are a group of birth defects that are caused by incomplete development of the brain, spinal cord, or their protective coverings. Spina bifida is one of the most common types of NTDs. NTDs develop between the third and fourth week after conception—or before many women even know they are pregnant, and well before prenatal care generally begins. Folate is an essential nutrient required for DNA replication and as a component of enzymatic reactions involved in amino acid synthesis and vitamin metabolism. Knowledge of the folate-neural tube defect relationship, and awareness that folate intake was inadequate in many women of childbearing age, prompted public health efforts to increase folate intake. In particular, efforts are focused on encouraging women to consume folic acid, a highly absorbable, synthetic form of this B vitamin. In 1998, the Food and Drug Administration mandated that refined grain products such as white bread, grits, crackers, rice, and pasta be fortified with folic acid. Many countries now fortify refined grain products with folic acid, and rates of NTDs have decreased significantly in these countries.
Small for Gestational Age (SGA)
Newborn weight is less than 10th percentile for gestational age.
dSGA
Newborn weight is less than 10th percentile of weight for gestational age; length and head circumference are normal.
pSGA
Newborn weight, length, and head circumference are less than 10th percentile for gestational age.
Is it normal for colostrum to be green?
No. This is definitely wrong , you should talk to your doctor about it (Colostrum should be yellow)
A breastfeeding mother asks you if alcohol can be eliminated from her breast milk by pumping immediately after drinking a few glasses of wine. What would you tell her?
No; the alcohol will still be in the breast milk and will clear from the milk as soon as it clears from the blood stream: roughly 2 to 3 hours per drink for a 120-pound woman.
gravida
Number of pregnancies a woman has experienced.
Give five examples of the ways in which nutrient requirements during pregnancy change.
Nutrient requirements vary during the course of pregnancy depending on pre-pregnancy nutrient stores, body size and composition, physical activity levels, stage of pregnancy, and health status.
nutrient-dense food
Nutrient-dense foods are foods that have a lot of nutrients but relatively few calories.
Chemical substances used by the body for growth and health
Nutrients
nonessential nutrients
Nutrients required for growth and health that can be produced by the body from other components of the diet. (Cholesterol, creatine & glucose)
ergogenic aids
Nutritional product purported to enhance performance
Which statement correctly describes nutritional needs during the life cycle?
Nutritional status at one stage in life influences the health status in the next stages.
_____ do(es) NOT pose any food borne bacterial risks in pregnant women.
Organic bananas
Jane and Julie are in their early 30s and both are overweight. Jane runs half-marathons and participates in an aerobics class, while Julie seldom exercises. All else being equal, who has a better chance of conceiving a child?
Overweight females who engage in long-distance running, fast cycling, and other aerobic physical activities tend to experience improvements in reproductive hormone levels and increased fertility compared to overweight women who are sedentary. Thus, Jane has a better chance of conceiving a child.
Women should have annual examinations by their obstetrician to make sure they do not have pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) because:
PID can lead to scarring and blockage of eh fallopian tubes
The time period around conception
Periconceptional period
postictal state
Period of altered consciousness after a seizure appearing as a deep sleep
endocrine
Pertaining to hormones and the glands that make and secrete them into the bloodstream through which they travel to affect distant organs
neuromuscular
Pertaining to the central nervous system's control of muscle coordination
neurobehavariol
Pertains to control of behavior by the nervous system
List common physical symptoms associated with premenstrual syndrome.
Physical symptoms associated with premenstrual syndrome are tender breasts, abdominal bloating, headache, and swelling.
secondary sexual characteristics
Physiological changes that signal puberty
An eating disorder characterized by the compulsion to eat substances that are not food
Pica
A friend was recently diagnosed with polycystic ovary disease (PCOS). Describe some characteristics of the disease, the first line of therapy, and dietary changes needed.
Polycystic ovary disease is a condition in females generally characterized by insulin resistance, high blood insulin levels, obesity, polycystic ovaries, menstrual dysfunction, amenorrhea, infertility, hirsutism, and acne. The preferred first-line treatment for women with PCOS is dietary modification, weight loss if needed, and exercise. Dietary recommendations for females with PCOS emphasize lean sources of protein, whole grains, fruits and vegetables high in antioxidants, ample fiber intake, regular meals, nonfat dairy products, vitamin D adequacy, and low-GI carbohydrates. Basic foods such as whole grains and high-fiber, low-GI carbohydrates are encouraged to limit blood glucose surges and insulin production.
critical periods
Pre-programmed time periods during embryonic and fetal development when specific cells, organs, and tissues are formed and integrated, or functional levels established. Also called sensitive periods.
Which statement correctly describes preconception health care?
Preconception health care may concern topics such as weight and dietary supplement use.
Describe the difference between gestational age and menstrual age.
Pregnancy begins at conception; that occurs approximately 14 days before a woman's next menstrual period is scheduled to begin and ovulation occurs. Assessment of duration of pregnancy as weeks from conception is termed gestational age. Commonly, however, pregnancy duration is measured from the date of the first day of the last menstrual period (LMP). Time in pregnancy estimated from LMP reflects menstrual age.
List at least four cases in which multivitamin and mineral prenatal supplements may benefit pregnant women.
Pregnant women who do not ordinarily consume an adequate diet, have a multifetal pregnancy, are vegans, have iron-deficiency anemia, or have a diagnosed nutrient deficiency or a therapeutic need for a specific nutrient may benefit from multivitamin and mineral prenatal supplements.
Ideally, when should dietary intervention for preeclampsia begin?
Prior to pregnancy
Which of the following statements is NOT a national health objective for pregnant women or newborns?
Reduce post-term births
sub fertility
Reduced level of fertility characterized by unusually long time for conception ~18% of couples are subfertile
Pulmonary
Related to lungs and their movement of air
Most common cause of diarrhea among children
Rotavirus
Which statement is FALSE in regards to preparation for breastfeeding?
Rubbing the breast with a towel is recommended to toughen the breast
saturated fatty acid
Saturated fatty acids are fats that contain no double bonds between the carbon atoms, so it is saturated with hydrogen. Saturated fatty acids are fats that cannot break down in the body and therefore, collect in places in the body and get stored.
Which of the following would not be considered a sign or symptom of premenstrual syndrome?
Swollen glands under the jaw
Discuss ways in which the Montreal Diet Dispensary and WIC aid and promote the health of pregnant women.
The Montreal Diet Dispensary (MDD) serves low-income, high-risk pregnant females with nutritional assessment and intervention services. The MDD intervention strategy has four major components: (1) assess the usual dietary intake and risk profile of each pregnant woman; (2) determine individual nutritional rehabilitation needs based on results of the assessment; (3) teach clients the importance of optimal nutrition and about changes that should be made; and (4) provide regular follow-up and supervision. Studies have shown that women receiving MDD services have higher-birthweight infants, fewer low-birthweight infants, and infants with lower rates of perinatal mortality than is the case for similar women not receiving MDD services. WIC provides nutritional assessment, education and counseling, food supplements, and access to health services to over 6 million participants. WIC serves low-income pregnant, postpartum, and breastfeeding women, and children up to 5 years of age who are at nutritional risk. Supplemental food provided to women includes milk, yogurt, vegetables, fruits, whole grain products, ready-to-eat cereals, dried beans, fruit juice, and cheese. Some programs offer vouchers for farmer's markets. Participation in WIC is related to reduced rates of iron-deficiency anemia in pregnancy, higher-birthweight infants, decreased low-birthweight infants, and lower rates of iron-deficiency anemia in women after delivery.
List the four steps of the Nutrition Care Process.
The Nutrition Care Process consists of nutrition assessment, nutrition diagnosis, nutrition intervention, and nutrition monitoring and evaluation.
Three months following an infant's birth, her mother returned to the community health care clinic and reported that Rebecca was "not as tired as she used to be when drinking her bottle." What additional information would reinforce the mom's report that the infant's feeding behaviors have improved?
The amount of time between feedings had increased since the last visit
metabolism
The chemical changes that take place in the body. The conversion of glucose to energy or body fat is an example of a metabolic process.
At a daycare center, a small chocolate candy bar was given to only the three year olds who ate everything at mealtime. Choose the best description of the feeding relationship problem between the daycare center staff and three year olds.
The daycare center staff has inappropriately used coercion to control food intake.
menopause
The end of menstruation
What nutritional and health advice would a doctor likely give to a preconceptional couple?
The woman should consume 400 mcg of folic acid in addition to dietary folate.
What statement below best describes the difference between carbohydrate intake recommendations for persons with insulin resistance such as in metabolic syndrome and those for persons with type 2 diabetes?
There is no difference between carbohydrates recommendations
A couple trying to become pregnant for six months without success sought medical care. The husband had a body mass index of 28 and the woman had irregular menses. During their medical visit, the woman mentioned that she had lost 10 pounds one month ago because she was worried about gaining too much weight in pregnancy. What types of dietary or lifestyle behaviors would be important to discuss?
The husband's body mass index indicates that he is overweight. His excess body fat may be affecting his fertility. Thus, he may be advised to eat a healthier diet, following nutritional guidelines, and exercise because loss of body fat is related to improvements in hormone levels, oxidative stress and chronic inflammation, and conception rates. The woman's irregular menses after losing 10 pounds suggests that her weight loss negatively affected her fertility. Particularly, if she was originally of normal weight and lost 10 to 15% of her body weight through her diet, such weight loss has been linked to decreased estrogen, LH, and FSH concentrations. Her irregular menses, termed amenorrhea, may return to normal if her weight is restored to within 95% of her previous weight. Through regaining weight, her hormone levels may be returned to normal and her fertility improved.
endothelium
The layer of cells lining the inside of blood vessels.
A woman with type 2 diabetes taking an oral medication wants to become pregnant. Discuss the dietary recommendations that will promote better pregnancy outcomes and normalize her blood sugars.
The main goals of the management of diabetes are blood glucose control, resolution of coexisting health problems, and health maintenance. The woman should be recommended to follow a normal healthy dietary pattern, reducing intake of drinks with artificial sweeteners. Foods low in glycemic index and high in fiber should be included in her diet because they have been shown to be helpful in glucose control. Additionally, she should incorporate brightly colored fruits and vegetables, whole grains and whole grain products, low-fat dairy products, poultry, fish, dried beans, nuts and seeds into her diet.
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is characterized by
The month after conception
parity
The number of previous deliveries experienced by a woman; nulliparous 5 no previous deliveries, primiparous 5 one previous delivery, multiparous 5 two or more previous deliveries. Women who have delivered infants are considered to be parous.
menarche
The occurrence of the first menstrual cycle
Comorbidity
The presence of one or more diseases or conditions in addition to the primary diagnosis
menses
The process of menstruation
Growth velocity
The rate of growth over time
Explain the purpose of natality statistics, including the types of data of interest to natality statistics.
The status of reproductive outcomes in the United States and other economically developed countries is routinely assessed through examination of a particular set of vital statistics—data called natality statistics. Natality statistics summarize important information about the occurrence of pregnancy complications and harmful behaviors, in addition to infant mortality (death) and morbidity (illness) rates within a specific population. These data are used to identify problems in need of resolution and to identify progress in meeting national goals for improvement in the course and outcome of pregnancy.
Periconceptional period
The time period around conception
The definition of the periconceptional period is
The time period around conception measured in weeks or months
What is the fat soluble vitamin given to infants at birth
Vitamin K
what statement is true about the national food and nutrition program?
WIC vouchers can be exchanged for peanut butter, fruits and vegetables
Which statement about national food and nutrition programs is true?
WIC vouchers can be exchanged for peanut butter, fruits, and vegetables.
body mass index
Weight (lb) / height^2(in) x 703
LGA
Weight for gestational age exceeds the 90th percentile for gestational age. Also defined as birthweight greater than 4500 g (10 lb) and referred to as excessively sized for gestational age, or macrosomic.
AGA
Weight, length, and head circumference are between the 10th and 90th percentiles for gestational age.
A food product ingredient label reads: wheat flour, vegetable shortening, sugar, salt, and cornstarch. What item would contribute the greatest amount of weight in that food?
Wheat Flour
Compare and contrast celiac disease, wheat allergy, and non-celiac gluten sensitivity.
Wheat allergy and non-celiac gluten sensitivity, in addition to celiac disease, are related to gluten ingestion. Celiac disease is an autoimmune disease characterized by chronic inflammation of the small intestine due to an inherited sensitivity to the gliadin portion of gluten in wheat, rye, and barley. It is associated with the malabsorption of nutrients, nutrient deficiencies, and an increased risk of other immune disorders. Wheat allergy is an allergic reaction onset within minutes to hours after wheat ingestion; wheat-specific antibodies are identified in serum of individuals with wheat allergy. Non-celiac gluten sensitivity elicits adverse reactions similar to those of celiac disease when gluten is consumed. Unlike celiac disease, non-celiac gluten sensitivity is not an autoimmune disease. Neither wheat allergy nor non-celiac gluten sensitivity are related to damage of the small intestine.
Explain how contraceptive pills containing estradiol and progestin work.
When used together, estradiol and progestin suppress the action of LH and FSH and thereby ovulation. Progestin blocks LH and ovulation, and, by causing the cervical mucus to become thick and sticky, it induces a barrier to sperm.
What nutrient forms a soft, easily digestible curd in the baby's stomach?
Whey
Fluorosis
White or brownish staining of the tooth enamel
Which of the following correctly describes the current status of breastfeeding in the United States?
Women in the south are NOT meeting any of the Healthy People 2020 breastfeeding objectives
"Best practice" vitamin and mineral supplement recommendations for women during multifetal pregnancies include which of the following statements?
Women should use a prenatal vitamin and mineral supplement.
Describe the three types of individuals who would be considered subfertile
Women who experience multiple miscarriages (variously defined as two or three), men who have sperm abnormalities (such as low sperm count or density, malformed sperm, or immobile sperm), and women who ovulate infrequently are considered subfertile
listeia monocytogenes
a bacterium that causes food borne ilnesses
One example of an empty-calorie food is _____.
a cheese twist
edema
a condition characterized by an excess of extracellular watery fluid collecting in the cavities or tissues of the body (swelling)
preeclampsia
a condition in pregnancy characterized by high blood pressure, sometimes with fluid retention and proteinuria.
toxoplasmosis
a parasitic infection that can impair fetal bran development
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)
a polyunsaturated fatty acid found especially in fish oils. In humans it is a metabolic precursor of prostaglandins.
dietary supplement
a product intended for ingestion that contains a "dietary ingredient" intended to add further nutritional value of that ingredient to the diet.
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)
an omega-3 fatty acid that is a primary structural component of the human brain, cerebral cortex, skin, sperm, testicles and retina. It can be synthesized from alpha-linolenic acid or obtained directly from maternal milk (breast milk), fish oil or algae oil.
dumping sydrome
abnormal rapid emptying of the stomach causing weakness, dizziness,flushing and nausea
anecephaly
absence of brain and spinal cord
infertility
absence of production of children
When hormones are altered in the body, many changes take place that affect fertility; which of the following would NOT be one of those changes?
absence of the folicular phase
food security
access at all times to a sufficient supply of safe, nutritious foods
fetal alcohol spectrum disorders
an umbrella term describing the range of effects that can occur in an individual whose mother drank alcohol during pregnancy. These effects may include physical, mental, behavioral, and/or learning disabilities with possible lifelong implications.
fetus
an unborn human baby more than eight weeks after conception
embryo
an unborn or unhatched offspring in the process of development.
The first half of pregnancy is considered the "maternal _____," while the second half of pregnancy is considered the "maternal _____."
anabolic phase/catabolic phase
The first half of pregnancy is considered the maternal _____ phase while the second half of pregnancy is considered the maternal _____ phase.
anabolic; catabolic
Medication contraindicated during breastfeeding include all of the following EXCEPT:
antihistamines
Which dietary component can protect cells of the reproductive system from damage by free radicals?
antioxidants
prostaglandins
any of a group of cyclic fatty acid compounds with varying hormonelike effects, notably the promotion of uterine contractions
Based on your answer to #35, this baby is:
appropriate for gestational age (AGA).
The best weight gain advice for normal-weight women is that:
approximately 3-5 lbs should be gained in the first trimester and gradual, consistent gains thereafter.
Foods permitted for consumption according to Islamic dietary laws _____.
are called halal foods
The Healthy Eating Index _____.
assigns scores based on the extent to which diets meet recommended standards of intake
LDL cholesterol is _____.
associated with heart-disease risk when present in high levels
food insecurity
availability of safe, nutrition food is limited
adolescent hypertension
average of three systolic and/or diastolic blood pressure readings exceed the 95th percentile
BMR
basal metabolic rate
Which situation is least likely related to the onset of hypothalamic amenorrhea?
being normal weight with inadequate folate intake
In a study done in California, women who received WIC benefits from one pregnancy through the first two months of their second pregnancy had _____ than women who only received WIC services during their first pregnancy.
better iron status
Nutrition assessment of pregnant women usually includes laboratory tests of nutrients status; the nutrients tested are referred to broadly as nutrition _____.
biomarkers
neural tube defects
birth defects of the brain, spine, or spinal cord. They happen in the first month of pregnancy, often before a woman even knows that she is pregnant. The two most common neural tube defects are spina bifida and anencephaly.
There is overlap between the two sets of growth charts health care professionals use for children between the ages of 24 and 36 months. If a child's recumbent length is measured, than the _____ is the appropriate chart to use. If the child is over 2 years old and measured standing, the _____ is the correct choice.
birth to 36 month growth chart; 2 to 20 year old growth chart
Which hormone is produced by the pituitary gland and stimulates ovulation and the development of the corpus luteum?
luteinizing hormone
Which remedy would be the least effective at treating PMS or PMDD symptoms?
caffeine
You are at a nice restaurant and would like to order seafood for dinner; however, you are breastfeeding. Which of the following would have the lowest amount of mercury and be safest for you to eat?
calamari
In general, children ages 1-5 tend to consume more than enough of most nutrients in their diets EXCEPT _____.
calcium and zinc
what is not an example of an approved dietary supplement claim?
calcium prevents bone fracture
Hypothalamic amenorrhea is related to _____ and is characterized by _____.
caloric restriction; a loss of menstrual cycles
Fat-soluble vitamins _____.
can be stored in the body for months to years
Which of the following foods would be LEAST LIKELY to invite bacterial contamination?
canned peaches
The fertilized egg is called an embryo from _____.
conception through 8 weeks
narcotizing enterocolitis
condition characterized by inflammation or damage to a section of the intestine
Diplegia is a condition that is characterized by:
damage to the part of the brain controlling movement of the legs, interfering with muscle control and ambulation.
In a "typical" 28-day cycle, when would levels of luteinizing hormone most likely be the highest?
day 14
Infant Mortality
death that occurs within the first year of life
Infant mortality includes _____.
deaths that occur within the first year of life
The changes in maternal physiology affect all parts of the body. Which change would be unlikely to occur in a woman's gastrointestinal tract during pregnancy?
decreased gastric and intestinal transit time
Exposure to the Dutch World War II famine during the second half of pregnancy led to increased risk of _____ in adult offspring.
decreased glucose tolerance
Normal-weight women who exercise regularly during pregnancy have _____.
decreased risk of developing gestational diabetes
Metformin, the only type of oral medication used to treat gestational diabetes, is useful because it:
decreases insulin resistance.
IUGR
fetal under-growth from any cause
Which of the following herbs is considered "safe" to use during lactation?
feverfew
An infant with repaired spina bifida or Down syndrome requires:
fewer calories than a healthy full-term infant.
A pregnant woman advised to increase her intake of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) should consume _____.
fish and seafood
Inadequate intake of _____ during pregnancy has been associated with neural-tube defects.
folate
Refined grain products are often fortified with _____ to decrease rates of _____.
folic acid; neural tube defects
Which pituitary hormone stimulates sperm production in males?
follicle-stimulating hormone
The two hormones secreted by the pituitary gland during the follicular phase of a woman's cycle are _____.
follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone
Which hormone(s) trigger(s) the production of testosterone by the testes?
follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone
The first half of the menstrual cycle is called the _____ phase.
follicular
The first half of the menstrual cycle is called the _____.
follicular phase
Dumping syndrome is a condition characterized by the abnormally rapid emptying of the stomach and is seen in women:
following bariatric surgery
Which of the following conditions CANNOT be screened for shortly after birth?
food alergies
The preferred source of fuel for the fetus is _____.
glucose
What two monosaccharides are found in sucrose (table sugar)?
glucose and fructose
Blood sugar is also known as _____, while fruit sugar is also known as _____.
glucose; fructose
Treatment of celiac disease focuses on removing _____ from the diet.
gluten
Which combination is an example of complementary proteins?
grains and dried beans
lacto-vegetarian
grains, beans, dairy products allowes
Primary components included in nutrition evaluations of children with special health care needs include _____.
growth, nutrient content of diet, and how the child is fed
what is an unsafe food to give to one-year-old infants.
gummy bears
Which statement is NOT correct about hormones and carbohydrate metabolism during pregnancy?
hCG levels increase to a greater extent in the second phase than in the first phase and stimulate conversion of glucose to glycogen and fat stores.
Foods permitted for consumption according to muslin dietary laws?
halal foods
Your best friend is pregnant and asks you to recommend foods that will increase her iron stores. Which of the following would be the best choice
hamburger with tomato slices
Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) begins _____ and ends _____.
in the luteal phase; with menses
Failure to Thrive
inadequate weight or height gain in an infant
Height in centimeters
inches X 2.54
Dietary modifications for this diagnosis would include _____.
including whole grains and fruits and vegetables that are high in antioxidants
preeclampsia
increased blood pressure diagnose after 20 weeks of pregnancy in previously normotensive women accompanied by proteinuria
Preeclampsia-eclampsia represents a syndrome characterized by all of the following EXCEPT
increased calcium excretion.
bulimia nervosa
insatiable overeating as a medical condition, in particular. an emotional disorder involving distortion of body image and an obsessive desire to lose weight, in which bouts of extreme overeating are followed by depression and self-induced vomiting, purging, or fasting.
All of the following substances are transported through the placenta easily, with the exception of _____, which is not transferred at all.
insulin
Fat cells produce all of the following hormones that may interfere with reproductive processes EXCEPT
insulin
Which substance is unable to be transported across the placenta?
insulin
Excess central body fat is related to _____.
insulin resistance
RDA's
intake levels that meet the nutrient needs of practically all healthy people
diabetes
intolerance to carbohydrate with fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL - Type 1: results from destruction of insulin- producing cells (10% of cases) - Type 2: body unable to use insulin normally, to produce enough insulin or both - Gestational: onset during pregnancy
Associations between overweight and poor health outcomes are much weaker than those for obesity in the absence of high levels of _____.
intra-abdominal fat
Infants are generally considered to have experienced _____ if their weight for gestational age or length is low.
intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR)
Low weight gain increases the risk of:
intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR).
A 4-month-old exclusively breast-fed infant who has not begun eating other foods should receive which supplements.
iron
A young child who tires easily and has a short attention span may have blood taken for analyses of hemoglobin and serum ferritin to assess _____ levels.
iron
If a woman breastfeeding a preterm infant needs to provide additional calories and nutrients to her infant, she can have human milk fortifier added. This adds all of the following nutrients EXCEPT _____.
iron
With the possible exception of _____, nutrient needs during pregnancy should be met by the consumption of a well-balanced and adequate diet.
iron
The risk of early delivery is increased by _____.
iron deficiency
Newborn health status is assessed by a number of indicators of growth and development taken right after birth, which include all of the following EXCEPT:
knee to ankle length.
The dominant carbohydrate in human milk is _____.
lactose
The only important animal source of carbohydrates is _____ found in _____.
lactose; milk
LGA
large for gestational age
Weight in kilograms
lbs / 2.2
Which of the following nutrition problems is the LEAST common among young children?
lead poisioning
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) can _____.
lead to scarring and blockage of the fallopian tubes
Which of the following would NOT be one of the factors accounting for the range of calories an infant needs
length
A child with cerebral palsy in a wheelchair will likely require _____ energy than/as a child with cerebral palsy that is able to walk.
less
Good feeding practices to limit baby bottle caries and ear infections related to baby bottles include all of the following EXCEPT:
letting the baby have juice in a bottle throughout the day as desired.
The two essential fatty acids required in an infant's diet are α-linolenic acid and _____ acid.
linoleic
The two essential fatty acids are _____.
linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid
probiotics
live bacteria and yeasts that are good for your health, especially your digestive system.
In preterm births, which organ is stressed, reducing an infant's ability to digest protein?
liver
gravida
number of pregnancies a women has experienced
The placenta transports _____ between the mother and fetus.
nutrients and gas
enrichment
nutrients that were lost during food processing have been added back
Which of the following would NOT be a component of the Nutrition Care Process?
nutrition screening
Continuous assessment of nutritional status for the purpose of detecting changes in trend or distribution in order to initiate corrective measures is called _____.
nutritional surveillance
Common pediatric allergens do not include :
oats
The presence of nausea or vomiting during pregnancy _____.
occurs in about 80% of pregnant women
Hydrogenation makes _____ by adding hydrogen to the _____.
oils solid; double bond of their unsaturated fatty acids
thromboxanes
physiological active substances that act to constrict blood vessels, causing blood pressure to increase
Which term refers to chemical substances in plants, some of which affect body processes in humans that may benefit health?
phytochemicals
Diets characterized by a high intake of _____ have been linked to a decreased risk of preeclampsia.
plant foods
Phytochemicals are chemical substances found in what food source protect the human body processes and may benefit health.
plants
Which factor would be more likely to affect female fertility than male fertility?
poor iron stores
Infants born to women with vitamin D deficiency tend to have _____
poorly calcified bones
A potential future target audience of the WIC program is low-income _____.
postpartum women
A gavage feeding is one that:
provides slow feedings from the mouth or nose into the stomach through a tube.
The scarcity of human milk banks in North America results from all of the following except:
providing a wet nurse
An infant with a suspected protein intolerance may be:
put on a hydrolyzed formula because the protein is broken down.
Population-wide improvements in social circumstances, infectious disease control, and availability of _____ have corresponded to greater reductions in infant mortality than have technological advances in medical care.
safe and nutritious foods
A pregnant woman should avoid _____ during her pregnancy.
scuba diving
commodity progrogram
sends food producys to schools for use in child nutrition
What types of services are offered as part of preconceptional care?
services focus on risk assessment of behaviors such as weight status, dietary and alcohol intake, folate and iron status, and vitamin, mineral, and herbal supplement use, as well as on the presence of diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, infections, and genetic traits that may be transmitted to offspring. Psychosocial needs should also be addressed as part of preconceptional care, and referrals made to appropriate services for issues such as eating disorders, abuse, violence, or lack of food or shelter.
hyperemesis gravidarom
severe nausea and vomiting during pregnancy
In women, elevated blood insulin levels reduce _____ and that prompts the ovaries to increase production of _____.
sex hormone binding globulin; testosterone
SGA
small for gestational age
Women taking oral contraceptive pills are cautioned against _____.
smoking
What nutrient would someone susceptible to high blood pressure be consuming too much of with a meal consisting of a salami sandwich, chicken noodle soup, and whole milk?
sodium
All of the following are food preferences of toddlers EXCEPT _____.
sour foods
Myoepithelial Cells
specialized cells that line the alveoli and contract to cause milk to be secreted into the duct
Complex carbohydrates include _____.
starches, glycogen, and most types of fiber
All of the following are recommended treatments for plugged ducts EXCEPT _____.
stop breastfeeding until you see a doctor
Which pattern(s) of physical activity should be part of a diabetes care plan?
strength and aerobic exercise
women who experience multiple miscarriages, men who have sperm abnormalities, and women that ovulate infrequently may be classified as:
subfertile
prebiotic
substances that induce the growth or activity of microorganisms (e.g., bacteria and fungi) that contribute to the well-being of their host
DHEA
supplement taken to "melt fat" and decrease insulin resistance
Investigators have defined three temperamental clusters of children's behavior. They include
the "easy," "difficult," and "slow-to-warm-up" child.
The National Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics has developed a set of standards called _____ to serve as guidelines for the delivery of nutrition services.
the Nutrition Care Process
fertility
the ability to conceive children
Fertility refers to
the actual production of children
Maternal organs most affected by small blot clots and reduced blood flow in preeclampsia include all of the following EXCEPT:
the appendix.
All of the following would be examples of feeding problems in high-risk infants over 6 months of age EXCEPT
the baby constantly puts non-food objects in her mouth
A lactation consultant is observing a new mom breastfeeding and notices that the baby is making smacking and clicking sounds as she sucks. This tells her that:
the baby is not latched on correctly and this may increase the risk of sore nipples.
stillbirth
the birth of an infant that has died in the womb (strictly, after having survived through at least the first 28 weeks of pregnancy, earlier instances being regarded as abortion or miscarriage)
Endometriosis is defined as _____.
the condition in which endometrial tissue becomes embedded within other body tissues
Endometriosis is defined as:
the condition in which endometrial tissue becomes embedded within other body tissues
infant mortality
the death of children under the age of one year.
fetus
the developing organism from 8 weeks to birth
embryo
the development of organism from conception to 8 weeks
The vanishing twin phenomenon refers to
the disappearance of embryos within 13 weeks of conception.
amniotic fluid
the fluid surrounding a fetus within the amnion, which is the innermost membrane that encloses the embryo
registered dietitian
the food and nutrition experts who can translate the science of nutrition into practical solutions for healthy living. RDNs use their nutrition expertise to help individuals make unique, positive lifestyle changes.
endothelium
the layer of cells lining the inside of blood vessels
A 65 year old was buying an iron supplement for her "weak blood." She asked the pharmacist about the highest amount she should take daily. What dietary intake standards could the pharmacist use to provide the best recommendation?
tolerable upper intake levels (ULs)
A possible cause of failure to thrive in infants is:
too much water being added when mixing the infant formula.
When an infant reaches toddler age (1 year), her weight is _____ from her birth weight.
tripled
A decrease in appetite is a normal part of growth and development for toddlers and preschool age children
true
A women with mastitis should continue to nurse her baby
true
According to research studies, vegetarian adolescents consume more fruits and vegetables daily than omnivorous adolescents.
true
The recommendation for use of herbal teas in nursing women is:
use teas using herbs for essence
Meal preparation activities appropriate for a two year old would include all of the following EXCEPT:
using an egg beater
Which of the following would NOT be considered a simple step to manage nipple pain?
using vaseline
Dietary assessment during pregnancy should cover _____.
usual dietary intake, dietary supplement use, and weight-gain progress
Meningitis
viral or bacterial infection in the central nervous system
Which of the following nutrients has been implicated in fetal-origin errors?
vitamin A
A pregnant woman experiencing nausea may be recommended to take _____ supplements to decrease her symptoms
vitamin B6
If an infant is exclusively breastfed and not exposed to adequate amounts of sunlight, he/she would need a _____ supplement.
vitamin D
Which of the following dietary components has NOT been shown to have a relationship to impaired fertility in women?
vitamin D
Does this diet have an adequate amount of protein for a 9-month-old infant?
yes
polycystic ovary syndrom (PCOS)
• Affects 5-10% of women of childbearing age • Leading cause of female infertility • Many with PCOS are obese or have high levels of intra- abdominal fat • Cause is uncertain - Insulin resistance a possible factor - Appears to have strong genetic component
celiac disease
• Autoimmune disease • Protein gliadin found in gluten component of wheat, rye, barley • Causes malabsorption & `lattening of intestinal villi • Prevalence in U.S. is ~1 in 133 • Linked to infertility in some women & men • Symptoms: abd bloating/pain, diarrhea, vomiting, constipation, wt loss, fatigue, Fe de`iciency, infertility or recurrent miscarriage
metabolic syndrome
• Cluster of abnormal metabolic & health indicators • Diagnosed if 3 of 5 conditions exist: 1. Waist circumference: >40" (M) & >35" (F) 2. Blood triglyceride ≥150 mg/dL 3. HDL-cholesterol: <40 mg/dL (M) & <50 mg/dL (F) 4. Blood pressure >130/85 mm Hg 5. Fasting blood glucose ≥110 mg/dL
the two phases of a menstrual cycle, including the effects of hormonal changes on nutritional status
• Follicular Phase: first half of menstrual cycle: - Follicle growth & maturation - Main hormones: GnRH, FSH, estrogen, & progesterone • Luteal Phase: last half of menstrual cycle - After ovulation - Formation of corpus luteum - decrease in estrogen & progesterone stimulate menstrual flow - Postaglandins & cramps
List four of the 2020 health objectives for the nation related to pregnant women and infants.
• Reduce the rates of fetal and infant deaths. • Reduce the rate of maternal mortality. • Reduce low birthweight and very low birthweight. • Reduce preterm births. • Reduce the rate of fetal and infant deaths. • Increase the proportion of pregnant women who receive early and adequate prenatal care. • Increase abstinence from alcohol during pregnancy. Increase the proportion of women who gain weight appropriately during pregnancy.
Hypertension is defined as having a blood pressure of _____.
≥140 mm Hg systolic or ≥90 mm Hg diastolic