Nutrition exam 2

Which hormone corrects a hyperglycemic state?

Insulin

_____ occurs when the cells do not respond to normal insulin signals to take up glucose from the bloodstream.

Insulin resistance

What enzyme digests protein in the stomach?

Pepsin

Which of the following is a rich source of omega-3 fatty acids?

Salmon

The symptoms of diabetes may occur suddenly and may include

extreme thirst and excessive urination.

During rest and light activities, ______ are the main fuel for muscles.

fatty acids

The major symptoms of lactose intolerance are

gas, abdominal pain, and bloating.

Soluble fibers

help to lower blood cholesterol.

Food manufacturers prefer to use ______ as a sweetener because it is easy to transport, has good shelf-stability, is low cost, and improves food properties.

high-fructose corn syrup

A vegetarian who excludes animal flesh but consumes milk and eggs is referred to as a(n)

lactoovovegetarian.

Most lipids are transported in the blood as part of a structure called a(n)

lipoprotein

Immediately after sugars are absorbed into the blood, they travel to the

liver

The Dietary Guidelines recommend that all Americans, starting at 2 years of age, should limit their saturated fat intake to ______ of total calories.

10%

According to the Food and Nutrition Board (FNB) of the National Academy of Sciences, ______ of kilocalories should come from protein.

10% to 35%

How many different amino acids are used in the synthesis of body proteins?

20

Saturated fat provides ______% of total calories in pita chips.

3.5

Fat provides ______% of the total calories in pita chips.

35

The Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommends that Americans consume ______ of their total calories from carbohydrates.

45% to 65%

Within cells, the synthesis of proteins is directed by

DNA

Starch consists of hundreds and perhaps thousands of which molecule?

Glucose

Which of the following combinations of monosaccharides is true?

Glucose and galactose form lactose.

Which of the following is considered a risk factor for cardiovascular disease?

High blood pressure

Which lipoprotein is responsible for picking up cholesterol from dying cells and other sources so it can be transported back to the liver for excretion?

High-density lipoprotein

Carbohydrate digestion begins in the

mouth with salivary amylase.

Proteins are unique among the macronutrients because they are a source of ______ for the human body.

nitrogen

As a class of nutrients, lipids are

not soluble in water.

Excessive sugar intake is related to development of dental caries because

oral bacteria produce acids that dissolve tooth enamel when they metabolize sugars.

When protein consumption is in excess of body needs and energy needs are met, the excess amino acids are

stored as fat.

Exposing a protein to acid or heat will alter the three-dimensional structure of the protein. This process is called

denaturation

Dietary fats that contain mostly ______ fatty acids tend to be solid at room temperature.

saturated

The top source(s) of added sugars in the U.S. population is(are)

sugar-sweetened beverages.

The Recommended Dietary Allowance for protein for nearly all adults is ______ g/kg/day.

0.8

Which of the following is a food source of cholesterol?

...

Which of the following is an essential fatty acid?

Alpha-linolenic acid

What substance is produced by the liver to emulsify fats in the small intestine?

Bile

Which of the following combinations of plant foods will provide ample amounts of all nine essential amino acids?

Black beans and rice

Which of the following is a true statement about body proteins?

Body proteins are in a constant state of breakdown, rebuilding, and repair.

John Fibernugget wants to increase his fiber intake. Which of the following would be the safest way for him do this?

Eating more fruits and vegetables and not removing the edible peels

Which of the following hormones is released during stressful times to increase blood glucose levels, making more energy available for use?

Epinephrine

______ is sometimes called the "bad" cholesterol because higher levels of this lipoprotein in the blood are associated with increased risk for cardiovascular disease.

LDL

Which of the following is one of the eight most common food allergens?

Milk

What is the fate of disaccharides not digested in the small intestine?

They pass into the colon and are fermented by bacteria.

When a person does not consume adequate protein, immune function will be impaired.

True

Glycogen is

a highly branched carbohydrate that serves as the storage form of glucose in humans.

The two forms of starch found in food are

amylose and amylopectin.

An essential amino acid

cannot be synthesized adequately in the body to meet the body's needs.

The red blood cells and brain are two body tissues that derive most of their energy from

carbohydrate.

A monounsaturated fatty acid contains only one

carbon-carbon double bond

In the case of sickle cell anemia, slight alterations in the DNA code lead to

changes in the structure of the protein hemoglobin.

In proteins, amino acids are joined by ______ bonds.

peptide

Cell membranes are made of a double layer of

phospholipids

Kwashiorkor and marasmus are two severe forms of

protein-calorie malnutrition.

Complete (or high-quality) proteins

provide ample amounts of all of the essential amino acids.

Dietary patterns that are high in _______ tend to increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer.

red meat

The ______ is the site of protein synthesis within the cell.

ribosome

The primary site of lipid digestion and absorption is the

small intestine.

Which of the following is incorrect about dietary fibers?

they are absorbed in the small intestine

A(n) _______ is made up of a glycerol backbone attached to three fatty acids.

triglyceride

The majority of the lipids in foods and in the body are in the form of

triglycerides

One of the richest plant sources of omega-3 fatty acids is

walnuts