Nutrition Exam 2, Chapter 4 and 6

Which of the following is not a health effect associated with dietary fibers? Increased blood cholesterol levels Lowered risk of constipation and hemorrhoids Lowered risk of heart and artery disease Lowered risk of appendicitis and complications from diverticula Modulated blood glucose levels

Increased blood cholesterol levels

Which of the following foods has a cholesterol-lowering effect? White bread Cornflakes Candy Oatmeal White rice

Oatmeal

Which of the following food sources can vegans use to obtain the required quantity of omega-3-fatty acids in their diets? Mushrooms Bok choy Whole grains Walnuts Yogurt

Walnuts

Which of the following statements is true of lactose intolerance? a) It is a condition in which the body fails to produce sufficient amounts of the enzyme needed to digest milk sugar. b) It is a disease in which the pancreas stops functioning. c) It is a condition in which the body resists the digestion of proteins. d) It is a condition that requires elimination of all milk products. e) It is a condition in which the severity and symptoms are the same in most people affected.

a) It is a condition in which the body fails to produce sufficient amounts of the enzyme needed to digest milk sugar.

Which of the following statements is true of a polysaccharide? a) It is composed of long strands of glucose units linked together. b) It is also known as a simple carbohydrate. c) It is always obtained from plants. d) It consists of a single glucose unit. e) It is made of two linked monosaccharide units.

a) It is composed of long strands of glucose units linked together.

Which of the following statements is false concerning the splitting of glucose for energy? a) Inside a cell, glucose is broken in half and these two halves have two pathways open to them. b) Glucose can be broken down to yield energy and carbon dioxide. c) Small molecules derived from glucose can be linked to form fat molecules. d) Body fat can be converted into glucose to feed the brain adequately. e) Water is a by-product of splitting glucose for energy.

d) Body fat can be converted into glucose to feed the brain adequately.

Which of the following is NOT an assumption about "normal protein intake" that the DRI committee used when making recommendations for protein intake? a) The diet provides sufficient energy and nutrients. b) Protein sources include both plant and animal foods. c) Not all proteins are used with 100% efficiency in the body. d) Proteins consumed are only from the highest quality sources. e) Proteins consumed vary in digestibility.

d) Proteins consumed are only from the highest quality sources.

Cells will do all of the following to create their own working proteins from available amino acids except: a) synthesize nonessential amino acids that are missing for the protein that is being made. b) obtain amino acids that are available in the cell's amino acid pool. c) slow down protein synthesis until enough of the limiting amino acid is available again. d) hold partially completed proteins until the diet provides the missing amino acids. e) break down their internal proteins to liberate the needed amino acids.

d) hold partially completed proteins until the diet provides the missing amino acids.

Plants store glucose as starch because the: a) animals cannot digest starch. b) starch can be washed away by rain. c) starch is soluble in water. d) starch is insoluble in water. e) starch holds more energy per gram.

d) starch is insoluble in water.

Roberto lost a significant amount of weight during an illness and is considering taking amino acid supplements to help him regain muscle mass. What advice would you give him? a) Take amino acid supplements because they are an excellent way to provide energy to rebuild muscles. b) Take amino acid supplements because they are easier to digest than whole foods. c) During recovery, consume extra carbohydrate but not extra protein. d) Exercise regularly to promote muscle regain. e) Consume whole protein as it is better handled by the digestive system and will promote recovery.

e) Consume whole protein as it is better handled by the digestive system and will promote recovery.

The USDA advises no more than _____ from added sugars. 100 calories 10% of total calories 10 teaspoons 5% of total calories 10 grams

10% of total calories

The DRI for total carbohydrates for an average-sized adult is _____ grams per day. 50 75 100 130 200

130

Tyler is trying to reduce his added sugar intake. Based on the recommendations made by the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, what is the maximum amount he should not exceed if his daily energy needs are 2,400 calories? 10 grams 25 grams 38 grams 60 grams 240 grams

60 grams

Which of the following protein intakes does NOT fall within the recommended range for the specified calorie level based on the AMDR? 65 grams in a 2,500-calorie diet 55 grams in an 1,800-calorie diet 205 grams in a 2,200-calorie diet 210 grams in a 2,500-calorie diet 150 grams in an 1,800-calorie diet

205 grams in a 2,200-calorie diet

What determines the standard sequence of amino acids in a protein molecule? Diet Age Gender Genes Weight

Genes

Most people in the U.S. consume more than the DRI recommendations for protein. True False

False

What should the nitrogen status be in a 10-year-old child who is going through a growth spurt given that he needs to build new muscle tissue? Positive nitrogen balance Negative nitrogen balance Nitrogen equilibrium Nitrogen deficiency Nitrogen excess

Positive nitrogen balance

Which of the following foods provides amino acids that are most easily digested and absorbed by the body? Poultry Vegetables Fruits Legumes Whole grains

Poultry

Which of the following cooking methods would you use to increase the digestibility of protein? Grilling Smoking Frying Stewing Baking

Stewing

Which of the following is not capable of denaturing a protein? Bases Heat Alcohol Water Radiation

Water

An overemphasis on protein-rich foods can lead to: a low intake of iron. a low intake of vitamin B12. an excessive intake of vitamin C. a low intake of all vitamins. a low intake of folate.

a low intake of folate.

Which of the following statements is true regarding protein intake recommendations? a) Athletes may need slightly more protein than other healthy adults. b) Athletes build muscle only when they consume excess protein supplements. c) Dieters should take excess protein supplements to spare body proteins. d) Infants and children need the same amount of protein as adults on a per-kilogram basis. e) Protein recommendations are based strictly on age and gender.

a) Athletes may need slightly more protein than other healthy adults.

Which of the following is a true statement about the bonds that link glucose units into polysaccharides? a) The bonds of starch are found in plants and are easily broken by human enzymes. b) The bonds of glycogen are found in animals and cannot be broken by human enzymes. c) The bonds of cellulose are found in plants and are easily broken by human enzymes. d) Human enzymes can never break the link between glucose units in polysaccharides. e) Humans always require help from bacteria to break starch bonds.

a) The bonds of starch are found in plants and are easily broken by human enzymes.

Which of the following statements is true of a vegan diet? a) Vegan children may not consume enough plant sources of protein to build bone and muscle tissue. b) A vegan woman always has excellent stores of nutrients needed for pregnancy. c) Research shows that vegan diets promote normal growth in children. d) The daily protein requirement in vegan children is less than that of meat-eating children. e) Child-sized vegan servings are larger than adult-sized vegan servings.

a) Vegan children may not consume enough plant sources of protein to build bone and muscle tissue.

The body can make tyrosine from the amino acid phenylalanine. If the diet is lacking in phenylalanine, then tyrosine: a) becomes a conditionally essential amino acid. b) will be made using fragments of other essential amino acids. c) will be made using recycled nonessential amino acids. d) is now considered a nonessential amino acid. e) will be substituted with serine in amino acid sequences.

a) becomes a conditionally essential amino acid.

Removing gluten from the diet has been shown to: a) resolve digestive problems in people with celiac disease. b) help with weight loss in people trying to lose weight. c) reduce problems with insomnia. d) cause kidney impairment. e) cause protein deficiency.

a) resolve digestive problems in people with celiac disease.

Carbohydrates are essential for providing energy to the body because: a) the glucose obtained from them is an important fuel for most of the body's cells. b) they provide amino acids that are the preferred energy sources for body processes. c) ketone bodies produced from proteins do not provide adequate energy for cells. d) fats cannot provide energy for cellular processes. e) they provide ketone bodies that are the preferred energy sources of the body's cells.

a) the glucose obtained from them is an important fuel for most of the body's cells.

Rabia is trying to increase her intake of whole grains. Based on the recommendations made by the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, how many servings of whole grains does she need each day? a) all of her grain servings should be whole grains b) 25 grams of whole grains each day c) at least half of her grain servings should be whole grains d) one whole grain food per day e) a minimum of 130 grams of whole grains per day

at least half of her grain servings should be whole grains

Proteins prevent fluid in the body from freely flowing into the spaces between the cells by: building enzymes. moving themselves through active transport. attracting water. transporting lipids. repelling electrolytes.

attracting water.

What is the role of insulin in weight gain? a) Eating high-glycemic index foods increases insulin levels and body weight. Insulin elevates the blood glucose level and causes weight gain. b) Insulin helps prevent weight gain in healthy, normal-weight people who eat a reasonable diet. c) Insulin assists with the storage of body fat and weight gain in healthy people, even if calories do not exceed energy needs. d) Insulin regulates glucose metabolism and helps in the distribution of energy and weight gain.

b) Insulin helps prevent weight gain in healthy, normal-weight people who eat a reasonable diet.

Nylah has decided to start following a vegan diet. Her lunch consists of a tossed green salad that contains celery, tomatoes, cucumbers, and onions; whole-wheat crackers; and apple juice. What comment would you make about her complementary protein choices? a) She has made a good choice of selecting foods that contain complementary proteins. b) She should add garbanzo beans to her salad to obtain the protein combination she requires. c) She must include milk or cheese in her meal to obtain sufficient protein. d) She should add rice to her meal to obtain all the necessary amino acids. e) She should not be following a vegan diet because it is not nutritionally adequate.

b) She should add garbanzo beans to her salad to obtain the protein combination she requires.

Which of the following is a correct statement about gene expression? Each cell nucleus contains the DNA for only certain proteins, depending on a) where the cell is in the body. b) Nutrients can change DNA structure c) The gene for a protein is "expressed" when a cell builds the protein. d) The gene for making insulin is "silent" in pancreatic cells. e) Diet and lifestyle have little to no influence on gene expression.

c) The gene for a protein is "expressed" when a cell builds the protein.

Complex carbohydrates: a) include both single sugar units and linked pairs of sugar units. b) are known as monosaccharides and disaccharides. c) are long chains of sugar units arranged to form starch or fiber. d) contain calcium, hydrogen, and nitrogen. e) are small molecules containing six carbon atoms.

c) are long chains of sugar units arranged to form starch or fiber.

When considering the digestion and absorption of proteins, it is important to know that: a) proteins are broken down into individual amino acids and absorbed by all intestinal cell absorption sites at an equal rate. b) dipeptide and tripeptide molecules must be completely broken down into amino acids to be absorbed into the bloodstream from the intestine. c) cells of the small intestine absorb different types of amino acids at separate absorption sites, which causes competition between similar amino acids at these absorption sites. d) amino acids need a carrier in the bloodstream because they do not transport very well alone. e) protein digestion and absorption require simultaneous ingestion of some form of carbohydrate.

c) cells of the small intestine absorb different types of amino acids at separate absorption sites, which causes competition between similar amino acids at these absorption sites.

"Fast carbs" such as cereals, crackers, and processed snack foods: a) are slowly digested and absorbed. b) are usually high in nutrient density. c) require little digestion and cause a surge in blood glucose. d) usually have a low glycemic index. e) are recommended for those with abnormal glucose responses.

c) require little digestion and cause a surge in blood glucose.

The chief protein that is present in most connective tissues, including scars, ligaments, and tendons, is ____. insulin enzymes hemoglobin collagen antibodies

collagen

Which of the following is a difference between glucose and fructose? a) Glucose is a monosaccharide, whereas fructose is a disaccharide. b) Glucose is a sugar, whereas fructose is an enzyme. c) Glucose is the most common monosaccharide, whereas fructose is rarely found in nature. d) Body cells take in glucose to use for energy while most fructose is absorbed by the liver. e) Glucose cannot be used by brain cells for energy while fructose can be used.

d) Body cells take in glucose to use for energy while most fructose is absorbed by the liver.

Why is using fiber supplements to increase fiber intake less beneficial when compared to eating more fiber-rich foods? a) Supplements do not soften fecal matter. b) Supplements can slow passage of fecal matter. c) Insoluble fiber in supplements does not stimulate mucus secretion to ease fecal passage. d) Soluble fiber in supplements resists fermentation. e) Supplements do not add bulk to fecal matter.

d) Soluble fiber in supplements resists fermentation.

Sugar has been implicated by many people in some major health problems. One scientifically proven effect of sugar on health is that: a) sugar consumed in large amounts leads to obesity, even when calorie intake does not exceed calorie needs. b) eating large amounts of pure sugar puts a strain on the appendix, leading to diabetes. c)fructose suppresses the human appetite in the same way that glucose does. d) consuming sweetened soft drinks every day for a few weeks results in significant changes in blood lipids. e) the link between sugar intake and colon cancer is weaker when total calorie intakes exceed the daily need.

d) consuming sweetened soft drinks every day for a few weeks results in significant changes in blood lipids.

Which of the following is true of an amine group? a) It is the carbon-containing portion of an amino acid. b) It is the unique chemical structure attached to the backbone of each amino acid. c) It represents the acid group attached to the central carbon atom. d) It is the oxygen-containing portion of an amino acid. e) It is the nitrogen-containing portion of an amino acid.

e) It is the nitrogen-containing portion of an amino acid.

What happens when an athlete consumes large amounts of protein-rich foods? a) The body uses excess amino acids, leading to rapid muscle growth. b) The body starts to dismantle its tissue proteins. c) The excess protein causes muscle breakdown rather than building muscle tissue. d) A diet high in protein does not provide sufficient energy required to support muscle growth. e) The body utilizes excess amino acids as fuel or stores them as fat.

e) The body utilizes excess amino acids as fuel or stores them as fat.

Soluble fibers are associated with all of the following actions in the body EXCEPT for: a) increasing satiety. b) producing small fat molecules after fermentation to nourish bacteria. c) modulating blood glucose levels. d) reducing blood cholesterol. e) stimulating the colon to speed fecal passage.

e) stimulating the colon to speed fecal passage.

Protein catalysts that facilitate chemical reactions are _________. lysosomes enzymes lipoproteins hormones antibodies

enzymes

The breakdown of fat that occurs when carbohydrates are not available produces _______. monosaccharides glycogen bodies ketone bodies amino acids disaccharides

ketone bodies

A potential harmful effect of consuming too much fiber is: hypoglycemia. limited absorption of iron, zinc, or calcium. uncontrollable food cravings. hyperglycemia. chronic diarrhea.

limited absorption of iron, zinc, or calcium

Legislation requires that all of the following be added to refined grain products EXCEPT for _____. riboflavin iron potassium thiamin folate

potassium

The identity and chemical structure of an amino acid is determined by the _________. presence or absence of nitrogen amine group side chain type of bonds acid group

side chain

When fructose and glucose are bonded together, they form ________. table sugar malt sugar milk sugar fruit sugar sugar alcohol

table sugar

All of the following are essential amino acids EXCEPT: tryptophan. valine. tyrosine. lysine. alanine.

tyrosine.

When amino acids are degraded for energy, their amine groups are stripped off and incorporated by the liver into _____. urea glucose glycogen urine insulin

urea