nutrition exam 3

which is true about riboflavin

- hydrochloric acid releases from its bound forms - in the blood, riboflavin is transported by protein carriers - 60-65% of riboflavin is absorbed via active transport or facilitated diffusion in the small intestine

what are some of the adverse complications experienced by people prescribed niacin contains medications

- liver damage - gi tract bleeding - hyperglycemia

what are some characteristics of cretinism

- loss of hearing and speech - muscle spasticity - mental retardation

which is true about riboflavin deficiency

- marginal deficiency may occur in people who do not drink milk - long term use of phenobarbital increases risk of deficiency

riboflavin deficiency

- marginal deficiency may occur in people who do not drink milk - long-term use of phenobarbital increases risk of deficiency

symptoms of folate deficiency include

- megaloblastic anemia

which of the following foods tend to be a good sources of phosphorus

- milk - meat - bran flakes

in what two locations is most of the magnesium usually stored

- muscle tissue - bones

what happens to niacin after it is absorbed

- niacin can be delivered to the body cells - niacin is transported to the liver via the hepatic portal vein - niacin is stored in the liver

who is at risk for a vitamin b-12 deficiency

- people with a malabsorption sydrome - vegetarians - elderly

the deficiency diseases for vitamin b-12 are called

- pernicious anemia - megaloblastic anemia -macrocytic

which of the following is true about pantothenic acid

- present in all body cells and supplied by variety of foods - pantothenic is from the greek word panthothen meaning " form every side"

the eLENA project

- provides evidense-based info - helps countries launch nutrition intervention programs - provide case studies

older adults are greater at risk fro pernicious anemia due to

- reduced output of intrinsic factor - atrophic gastritis - impaired absorption

besides its role in DNA synthesis, what are some other functions of folate

- reduces risk of developing colon cancer - forms neurotransmitters - helps to maintain normal blood pressure

rank the following events that occur during the skeletal muscle contraction from first to last

- skeletal muscle fibers are stimulated by nerve impulse from the brain - calcium ions are released from intracellular muscle cell stores - the concentration of calcium ions and ATP increases in muscle cells - contractile proteins side along each other

the coenzyme form for folate is called

- tetrahydrofolic acid

because methotrexate interferes with the metabolism of THFA

- the growth of cancer cells is halted - DNA synthesis is reduced

Vitamin A is involved in the development of

- the nervous system - eyes - the cardiovascular system - the limbs

the nutrients added to enrich grains typically include

- thiamin - riboflavin - niacin - folic acid - iron

high levels of ingested fluoride can lead to

- tooth mottling - tooth pitting

which of the following are characteristics of pantothenic acid

- transported bound to red blood cells - storage is minimal - part of coenzyme a

why would an average meat-eating person have low risk for vitamin b-12 deficiency

- typical intake of vitamin b-12 provides 2-3 years of b-12 storage in the liver - consumption of b-12 tends to be twice the RDA

where is folate excreted

- urine - feces

what are the functions of sodium

- water balances: primary extracellular cation -absorption of nutrients glucose and amino acids - muscle and nerve function - sodium levels in body fluid are tightly regulated

Beta-carotene can be found in which of the following foods?

- yams - colored bell peppers - carrot

functions of calcium

-blood clotting -nerve impulse transmission -the release of neurotransmitters -muscle contraction - cell metabolism

what are the functions of iodine as a component of t3

-brian development -regulation of basal energy expenditure - nervous system development

identify three food sources of thiamin

-enriched flour - whole grains - pork

what are the characteristics of cretinism

-loss of hearing and speech - muscle spasticity - mental retardation

which of the following are good food sources of vitamin b-6

-meat -fish -poultry

rich dietary sources of niacin include

-poultry -beef -fish

nutrients that are important parts of the body antioxidant network include

-selenium - vitamin e - beta carotene - vitamin c

folate coenzymes function in

1 carbon transfer reactions

the daily value on food and supplement labels for vitamin b-12 is _______ micrograms per day

2.4

what is the RDA for vitamin A for adult women

700

vitamin _____ is needed in the retina of the eye to turn visual light into nerve signals to the brain

A

a deficiency of which water-soluble vitamin may result in megablastic anemia

b-12

neurological complications are seen with deficiencies in vitamin ________

b-12

cheese, milk, turnip greens, and broccoli are all good sources of which mineral?

calcium

hyperparathyroidism causes presently elevated blood ____ levels

calcium

increased bone health, protection from colon cancer, and reduced formation of kidney sones are all benefits associated with the consumption of which mineral?

calcium

the mineral involved in the formation of fibrin, the main component of a blood clot is

calcium

vitamin D is connected to the absorption and active transport of which mineral

calcium

which mineral plays a significant role in developing and maintaining bones, blood clotting, the transmission of nerve impulses, muscle contractions and cell metabolism

calcium

in the US dietary intakes of the major minerals ____ and _____ often fall short of recombination

calcium and potassium

DNA methylation can affect our risk for

cancer

thiamin is a key component required in the metabolism of the micronutrient

carbohydrates

biotin functions as a ______ for several carboxylase enzymes the add carbon dioxide to various compounds

coenzymes

iron

contributes to health risk of low-birth-weight babies

deficient iodine status during pregnancy may lead to stunted growth and mental retardation in infants called endemic

cretinism

do goitrogens increase or decrease iodine absorption

decrease

how are folate requirement expressed

dietary folate equivalents

the fact that the amino acid tryptophan cane converted to niacin by the body explains why

diets high in protein can prevent or cure pellagra

how is osteoporosis usually diagnosed

dual energy x-ra

____ the hardest subsances in the body, is almost entirely hydroxyapatite crystals

enamel

in the U.S. typical dietary iodine intake ________ the adult RDA for iodine

equals

thiamin pyrophosphate the coenzyme form of thiamin is

essential for the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate

food preparation can destroy 50-90% of this b-vitamin because it is easily destroyed by heat oxidation, and ultraviolet light

folate

food preparation can destroy 50-90% of this b-vitamin because it is easily destroyed by heat, oxidation and ultraviolet light

folate

the coenzyme of which b-vitmain are needed for the synthesis and maintenance of new cells

folate

the water soluble vitamin deficiency the may lead to megaloblastic anemia is due to a lack of the vitamin

folate

vitamin b-12 is required to convert _______ coenzymes to their active forms

folate

which two b-vitamins functions are closely linked

folate and vitamin b-12

to lessen the risk of neural tube defects, all grain products must be fortified wit

folic acid

unstable compounds with 1 or more unpaired electrons that produce chain reactions stopped by antioxidants are called

free radicals

the highest folate content may be obtained from eating

fresh fruits and veggies

vitamin A affects ______ expression, which directs cell differentiation

gene

biotin is needed for

gluconeogenesis

the enlargement of the thyroid gland is called

goiter

Nancy is a 57- year-old woman who is of caucasian descent. she has a thin fram and has epilepsy. she has not been exercising regularly for a long period of time due to muscle pain. based on the given information, what is the likelihood that nancy will develop osteoporosis?

high

which statement follows the principles of osmosis with biological membranes

if sodium leaves the inside of the cell then water follows it

andy is a 56- year-old again male. he knows that he has an increased risk for developing osteoporosis because several of his family members have the disease. Andy exercises only occasionally, meets adequate intake levels for calcium, and limits his alcohol consumption. what is one thing andy can do to improve his chances of avoiding osteoporosis

increase physical activity

zinc

increased risk of infection

when is the amount of fluoride deposited in the teeth and bones the greatest

infancy, childhood, adolescence

what substance produced by the digestive system is necessary in order to absorb vitamin b-12

intrinsic factor

what is the best food source of iodine

iodized salt

the best food source for vitamin b-6 are

meats fish poultry

in a dietary deficiency of folate, there are decreasing numbers of mature red bloods cells to carry the oxygen from the lungs to the tissues. this condition is known as

megaloblastic anemia

common food sources for pantothenic acid include

milk and meat

peeling and cutting apples just before eating rather than too early helps

minimize oxygen exposure

the form of folate that is best absorbed in the

mono glutamate form found in supplements and fortified foods

a folic acid deficiency during pregnancy can result in the development of

neural tube defects

_____________ are bone building cells that produce collagen and add minerals to form healthy bone

osteoblasts

what are the two bone building cells?

osteoblasts and osteoclaytes

what is the bone resorbing cells

osteoclasts

________ are biochemically active, they can take up calcium from the bone and release it back into the blood, as well as help bone become more dense

osteocytes

the riboflavin coenzyme have ____ functions in cellular metabolism

oxidation and reduction

Vitamin C performs a variety of cell functions by donating electrons in ____ reactions

oxidation- reduction

sunflower seeds are good source of which b-vitmain

pantothenic acid

which b-vitamin is essential in the formation of acetyl-coa

pantothenic acid

which water-soluble vitamin is part of coenzyme a, transported bound to red blood cells and minimally stored

pantothenic acid

energy production and storage and regulating acid- base balance in the body are all functions of which major mineral

phosphorus

which type of food is the richest source of magnesium

plant products

cations are located in the cell membrane include

potassium and magnesium

what is osteoblasts?

produce collagen and add minerals

pantothenic acid deficiency is _____

rare

______ help protect the body through their roles in the immune system and maintenance of the epithelium

retinoids

for many americans, most of their idodine will come from iodized

salt

to help best maintain the vitamin c and b vitamin content of foods, which of the following food preparation methods should be used

site-frying, the more the food has water the more nutrients escape

where is thiamin absorbed

small intestine

where is most magnesium absorbed

small intestines

oxalic acid binds some minerals so they cannot be absorbed. oxalic acid is found in

some leafy green vegetables such as spinach

_______ a mineral is used to help stabilize the structure of proteins

sulfur

a _____ is the junction between the nerve and its target cells

synapse

the coenzyme form of folate is required for the

synthesis of DNA

a major role of folate in cellular metabolism is the

synthesis of purine and pyrimidine bases in RNA and DNA

neural tube defects in a fetus caused by folic acid deficiencies during pregnancy include

anencephaly spina bifida

vitamin c may reduce cancer risk due to its _________ properties

antioxidant

which groups of people are at the highest risk of developing osteoporosis?

- Caucasians - asians

what are some functions of magnesium

- DNA and RNA synthesis - nerve transmission - stablize ATP

which individuals in North America are at risk for developing a vitamin A deficiency

- Impoverished individuals - older adults - alcoholics

who would be most likely to develop osteporosis

- a postmenopausal women - caucasian women

what are some facts that indicate a person is at a higher risk of developing osteoporosis

- advancing age - small, thin skeletal frame

why are alcoholics more susceptible to wernicke-krosakoff syndrome

- alcohol decreases thiamin absorption - alcoholics consume a diet low in thiamin - alcohol increases thiamin excretion in the urine

neural tube defects in a fetus caused by folic acid deficiencies during pregnancy include

- anencephaly - spina bifida

neural tube defects in the fetus caused by folic acid deficiencies during pregnancy include

- anencephaly -spina bifida

functions of riboflavin include

- assisting in oxidation and reduction reactions - energy-yielding metabolism

which foods are rich sources of magnesium

- beans - squash - green vegetables

nutrients that are important parts of the body antioxidant network include

- beta- carotene - vitamin E - vitamin C - selenium

Sources of provitamin A carotenoids include

- carrots - sweet potatoes - broccoli

retinoids are critical to

- cell differentiation - vision - growth and development

which are functions of thiamin

- coenzyme required for the metabolism of carbohydrates and branched-chain amino acids - coenzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway

pellagra, the deficiency disease for niacin, is characterized by

- diarrhea - dermatitis - dementia

food sources of riboflavin include

- eggs -enriched grains - milk

the coenzyme form of pantothenic acid participates in

- fatty acid synthesis - release of energy from carbohydrates, fats and protein

sources of retinoids, the performed source of vitamin A include?

- fortified milk - eggs

the coenzyme from of folate accepts 1 carbon group from amino acids and is responsible for the conversion of

- glycine to serine - histdine to glutamic acid

the discovery of biotin, when rats were fed large amounts of egg whites, they

- had all symptoms reversed when they were fed food containing biotin - developed servers rashes - became paralyzed

the functions of fluoride include

- helping teeth resist acids - mineralizing tooth enamel - blocking the growth of bacteria

which are functions of b-6

- helps support normal immune function - may prevent colon cancer - regulation of gene expression

______ helps stabilize ATP, is needed for DNA and RNA synthesis, and contributes to bone structure and mineralization

Magnesium

selenium acts as an antioxidant as part of what group of enzymes

Gluathinone peroxidase

what is the function of fluoride?

Precention of dental caries

the best source of vitamin b-12 would be ______

a hamburger

an elevation in blood sodium concentration would result in which of the following responses

an increase in antidiuretic hormone

which form of immunity develops over time as the body learns to recognize molecules as foreign or as antigens

acquired

biotin participates in reactions called carboxylations

adding carbon dioxide to compounds

calcium absorption occurs

along the length of the instetinal tract

a person experiencing peripheral neuropathy and weakness, muscle wasting pain and tenderness, an edema caused from lacking thiamin, is experiencing the deficiency disease down as

beriberi

the water- soluble vitamin biotin is widely distributed in foods and is found as the free vitamin and ____ which is bound to the amino acid lysine in proteins

biocytin

this vitamins discovery is linked to "egg white injury"

biotin

which vitamin helps maintain gene stability by binding to the proteins that help DNA fold in the cell nucleus

biotin

what is the enzyme responsible for the breakdown of biotin

biotinidase

where is most of the phosphorus in the body found?

bones and teeth

iodine

brian damage

what is kyphosis

it is an abnormal convex curator of the spine

what color does riboflavin impart in urine when consumed in excessive amounts

yellow

all women of childbearing age should consume adequate amounts of folate because

the neural tube closes before many women even know they are pregnant

which is true about the upper level intake for thiamin

there is no upper level intake established

what are osteoclasts?

they are cells on the bone surface that dissolve by releasing acid and enzymes

beriberi is a deficiency cased by a lack of

thiamin

the vitamin most likely to cause toxicity if consumed in excessive amounts is

vitamin a

pernicious anemia is related to inadequate _______ absorption

vitamin b-12

the b vitamin that has significant liver stores is

vitamin b-12

the stomach produces the intrinsic factor that is necessary in order to absorb which vitamin

vitamin b-12

which vitamin has foods of animal origin as its only reliable food sources and is the only vitamin that contains a mineral as part of its structure

vitamin b-12

the FDA has approved a medication containing ____ for the treatment of mild to moderate nausea during pregnancy

vitamin b-6

what vitamin is needed by nearly all amino acids for metabolism

vitamin b-6

which b-vitamin is involved in amino acid metabolism and is required for the release of glucose from glycogen?

vitamin b-6

what color does riboflavin impart in the urine when consumed in excessive amounts

yellow