Nutrition Exam V

What is the total average intake of water per day from all sources?

1 gallon

All of the following provide about a third of the daily Adequate Intake (AI) for calcium except:

1/2 cup frozen yogurt

What is the approximate percentage of water in fat tissue?

10%

What is the recommended amount of water adults should consume each day from fluids and foods?

12 cups for women; 16 cups for men

At what age does peak bone mass usually occur?

20's-30's

The average healthy adult body is composed of ____ water.

45-75%

What is the approximate percentage of water in muscle tissue?

75%

Who has more body water by percent body weight?

A 45-year-old female athlete

Along with calcium and vitamin D, _____ may increase bone density and reduce osteoporosis.

Fluoride

Which of the following is added to many municipal water systems to reduce the rate of dental caries?

Fluoride

Which of the following food groups contains the most water?

Fruits and vegetables

Factors that determine the distribution of water in the body include all of the following except:

Height

Once ferritin is saturated with iron, additional iron can be stored as:

Hemosiderin

Most of bone is made of:

Hydroxyapatite

The thirst mechanism is initiated by which part of the brain?

Hypothalamus

What effect does high impact exercise have on bone health?

Improves bone mineral density

Which of the following foods is particularly low in chromium content?

Milk

Which is NOT a role that minerals play in the body?

Minerals act as enzymes

The absorption of all of the following minerals is controlled at the small intestine except:

Selenium

Males have more body water than females because they have increased muscle mass (T or F)

True

Minerals often compete with each other for absorption in the GI tract (T or F)

True

The amount of a trace mineral in a plant food can be influenced by the soil in which the food was grown (T or F)

True

The fluid found inside the blood and lymph vessels constitutes the intravascular fluid (T or F)

True

Under normal conditions, which of the following contributes to most to loss of body water?

Urine

Which vitamin supplement can significantly increase the risk of hip fractures in older individuals?

Vitamin A

Which of the following increases the absorption of calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium?

Vitamin D

Consuming too much ____ can cause hyponatremia.

Water

Which foods contain naturally occurring chloride?

Seaweed and lettuce

Phosphorus is the ____ most abundant mineral in the body.

Second

Which of the following factors can affect insensible water loss?

Arid climate

Hypercalcemia may cause all of the following except:

A swollen tongue

What dietary practices are most likely to help control high blood pressure?

Adequate hydration and low sodium intake

The mechanism of thirst and fluid intake is stimulated by all of the following except:

An increase in blood pressure

Hyperkalemia can cause:

An irregular heartbeat

Reduced blood volume causes the adrenal glands to secrete:

Angiotensin

Which of the following contributes the most to iron loss in the body?

Bleeding

Goitrogens may be found in:

Cabbage

The main minerals found in hydroxyapatite are:

Calcium and phosphorus

Once absorbed, copper is bound to ____ for transport.

Ceruloplasmin

Which anion helps maintain fluid balance?

Chloride

In addition to preventing osteoporosis, calcium may have a protective effect against which type of cancer?

Colon

Menkes' disease is associated with a disruption in the absorption of:

Copper

The oxidation of iron from the ferrous form to the ferric form requires a metalloenzyme containing the mineral:

Copper

Which of the following is a characteristic of zinc deficiency?

Delayed growth and development

Some research studies suggest that chromium may play a role in decreasing the risk of:

Diabetes

All of the following can be symptoms of dehydration except:

Diarrhea

What effect does drinking too much fluid too quickly have at the cellular level?

Dilution of sodium in the ECF

The most accurate way to measure bone mineral density is through:

Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry

Which of the following does NOT effect the absorption of iron?

Environmental temperature

Which of the following transports iron across the intestinal wall into the portal veins?

Ferroportin

Most bottled waters are adequately fluoridated (T or F)

False

Potassium is a commonly added preservative to many foods and contributes to high blood pressure in sensitive individuals (T or F)

False

Spinach is a great source of calcium, especially for people who do not eat dairy foods (T or F)

False

Trace minerals are not as essential as the major minerals (T or F)

False

What is the recommended treatment for pernicious anemia?

Intramuscular shots of Vitamin B12 once a month

The most abundant trace mineral in the body is:

Iron

Which of the following trace minerals has an adult RDA that is higher for women than for men?

Iron

Which are the two trace minerals that vegetarians may have a higher need for?

Iron and zinc

Which of the following is NOT a function of the hormone calcitonin?

It increases the activation of Vitamin D

What is the fate of nonheme iron that remains bound to food in the GI tract?

It is excreted with the feces

Which of the following is FALSE about type 1 osteoporosis?

It is more common in men than women

All of the following are correct about phosphorus except:

It is the most common mineral in the body

What is the key function of chloride?

It participates in digestion

Hyperphosphatemia occurs only in people who have problems with which organ?

Kidneys

Ceruloplasmin binds to copper in the:

Liver

Consumption of pharmaceutical diuretics increases the risk of:

Loss of potassium

According to one study, children who drank water with high levels of manganese experienced what symptom?

Lower IQ scores

Which mineral has a cathartic effect and is often found in laxatives?

Magnesium

Which of the following safe metals found in tap water typically adds to its "hardness"?

Magnesium

In glycolysis, the conversion of pyruvate to oxaloacetate in the TCA cycle requires:

Manganese

Which of the following food groups is abundant in copper?

Organ meats, seafood, nuts, and seeds

Which hormone is released with blood calcium is low?

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Which of the following factors can decrease bioavaliablilty of a mineral?

Phytates found in grains

Which of the following releases ADH?

Pituitary gland

All of the following are trace minerals except:

Potassium

Most of the sodium in the typical American diet comes from:

Processed foods

The DASH diet's goal is to

Reduce hypertension

Which of the following is an enzyme that plays a role in increasing blood volume and blood pressure?

Renin

Extracellular fluid contains more ___ than intracellular fluid.

Sodium

Which of the following has the greatest effect on fluid balance?

Sodium

A liquid in which substances dissolve is called a(n):

Solvent

The sodium-potassium pump is a(n):

Specialized membrane

Which of the following properties of water allow it to help maintain body temperature?

Specific heat

Which mineral is a component of keratin found in hair, skin, and nails?

Sulfate

Drinking wine can cause hives and throat swelling for people who have:

Sulfite sensitivity

What is the relationship between iron stores and the percentage of iron absorbed?

The lower the stores, the greater the absorption

Which of the following is FALSE about the major minerals?

The most abundant major mineral in the body is magnesium

All of the following statements are true of trace minerals except:

They can be destroyed by cooking

By what mechanism do caffeine and alcohol have a diuretic effect on the body?

They inhibit ADH

Which of the following is FALSE about minerals?

They tend to be water insoluble

About half of the iron in an average American diet comes form enriched grain products and cereals (T or F)

True

Decaffeinated tea is a better source of fluoride than regular tea (T or F)

True

All of the following are true about the relationship of body weight to bone mineral density except:

Women who are heavier than normal weight have lower bone mineral density

All of the following trace minerals are integral to the structure of metalloenzymes except:

Zinc

Taste and smell perception are associated with which mineral?

Zinc

Which of the following trace minerals is recycled back into the pancreas to be incorporated into pancreatic digestive juice?

Zinc

In women, bone loss accelerates after:

menopause