Nutrition Final Exam Review

What are conditions associated with iodine deficiency?

Iodine deficiency disorders, the collective name for endemic goiter and endemic cretinism, occur when dietary iodine intake is insufficient. -endemic goiter: enlargement of the thyroid gland -endemic cretinism: restriction of brain development and growth; characterized by severe mental retardation, loss of hearing and speech abilities, short stature, and muscle spasticity.

What are functions of iodine?

Iodine is an essential component of the thyroid hormones thyroxine T4 and triiodothronine T3, which regulate basal energy expenditure, macronutrient metabolism, brain and nervous system development, and overall growth

Name some complications that are encountered by women who are already underweight prior to pre-pregnancy.

Likely to develop lighter placenta and have decreased maternal nutrient stores (especially iron)

Food sources of vitamin C?

Most fruits and vegetables contain some vitamin C, but the richest sources are citrus fruits, peppers, and green vegetables

What are functions of iron?

Multiple functions: many of these functions are dependent on iron's ability to participate in oxidation and reduction reactions, changing Fe2+ (ferrous) to Fe3+ (ferric) iron and back.

What are some factors to consider when introducing solid foods to infants?

-nutritional needs -physiological capabilities -physical ability (following 3) -control of head movements and are able to sit alone with support -extrusion reflex weakens and they are able to move food from the tip of the tongue to the back of the mouth -they can make chewing motion

Food sources of vitamin A?

-retinoids: liver, fish, oils, fortified milk, and eggs -carotenoids: dark green and yellow-orange vegetables and fruits, such as carrots, spinach, and other greens, winter squash, sweet potatoes, broccoli, mangoes, cantaloupe, peaches, and apricots.

What is macular degeneration?

A chronic eye disease that occurs when tissue in the macula (the part of the retina responsible for central vision) deteriorates. It causes a blind spot or blurred vision on the center of the visual field.

What is a hemoglobin blood test and why is it important?

A hemoglobin blood test is used to check blood heme levels and is significant in diagnosing anemia and other potential blood related medical problems.

What are some functions of chloride?

Chloride the main anion in the extracellular fluid, balances the positive charge from the sodium ion; together maintaining extracellular fluid and balance; chloride also aids in the transmission of nerves, and is a component of the HCl produced in the stomach, and it is used during immune responses when white blood cells attack foreign cells; it also helps maintain acid-base balance and dispose of carbon dioxide by way of exhaled air

Name some characteristics of the DASH diet:

DIETARY APPROACHES TO STOP HYPERTENSION; was designed to test the effect of a diet low in saturated fat, total fat, and cholesterol and high in fruits, vegetables, and low fat diary products on blood pressure. The diet is rich in magnesium, potassium, calcium, protein, and fiber. The DASH diet revealed that it significantly lowered blood pressure in those with normal blood pressure, prehypertension, and hypertension.

What are some functions of calcium?

Developing and maintaining bones and teeth; calcium is also required for blood clotting, and transmission of nerve impulses, muscle contraction and cell metabolism.

How do you handle children that refuse to eat?

Do not overreact, as children get the idea that eating is a means of manipulation and getting attention, they're likely to eat without asking them to, unless the child is ill.

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Why is fat an important part of an infant's diet?

Fat provides constituents such as cholesterol and essential fatty acid and because it contains many calories in small volume, fat can meet infants' high calorie demands without overfilling their small stomachs.

___________ is an iron storage protein that serves as the primary storage form of iron in the liver and other tissues. It also is an iron-binding protein in the intestinal mucosa that binds iron and prevents it from entering the bloodstream.

Ferritin

During pregnancy why is folate significant?

Folate is significant for the synthesis of DNA and fetal maternal cells.

What is gluconeogenesis?

Generation of new glucose from certain amino acids, is present only in liver cells and certain kidney cells.

What are some functions of phosphorus?

In addition to being a major component of bones and teeth, phosphorus is critical to the function of every cell is the body; it is critical to energy production and storage, it is also a part of DNA and RNA, phospholipids in cell membranes, and numerous enzyme and cellular message systems; hormones depend on phosphorylation for their activation; and phosphorus helps regulate acid-base balance in the body.

What are some food sources of zinc?

Protein-rich meat and seafood are usually good sources of Zinc; beef, lamb, and pork; plant-based foods: nuts, beans, wheat germ, and whole grains.

What are functions of sodium?

Sodium has 3 functions: it helps in the absorption of glucose and some amino acids in the small intestine, it is required for normal muscle and nerve function, and it aids in water balance.

Define empty calorie.

Sugared soft drinks and other foods that are not nutrient dense (chips, cookies, and candy); tend to be high in sugar and or fat and have low levels of nutrients, the calories are ''empty" of nutrients.

What is the purpose of Dietary Guidelines for Americans?

The Dietary Guidelines are designed to meet nutrient needs while reducing the risk of obesity, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, osteoporosis, alcoholism, and foodborne illness. They also guide government nutrition programs, research, food labeling, and nutrition education and promotion.

What are some food sources of selenium?

The selenium content of food varies significantly in relation to the soil content where the plant was grown or the animal was raised. Best sources of selenium are seafood, meats, cereals, and grains.

What is the function of superoxide dismutase (SOD)?

This an enzyme that deactivates a superoxide free radical (O2-). SOD can contain the trace minerals copper and zinc or manganese.

What is the function of prolactin in lactation?

This is the principle hormone that promotes milk production, is stimulated by birth of the baby and by suckling.

What are some functions of zinc?

Zinc contributes to DNA and RNA synthesis, heme synthesis, bone formation, taste acuity, immune function, reproduction, growth and development, and the antioxidant defense network.

Define hyponatremia:

a condition that occurs when sodium levels in the blood are too low

What is hypernatremia?

a high concentration of sodium in the blood; symptoms include thirst, fatigue or restlessness, dry mouth too

Red blood cell formation, which requires folate, decreases during pregnancy. T/F

false; red blood cell formation increases, making it significant to have sufficient folate levels.

Vitamin D tends to be high in diets of all adults. T/F

false; tends to be low

Iron does not function in relation to the immune system. T/F

false; the immune system requires iron for the production of lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cells that help prevent infections.

Excessive intakes of other minerals like zinc, manganese, and calcium do not interfere with non-heme absorption. T/F

false; they do interfere with non-heme absorption

Water and sodium retention does not increase blood pressure and strain the cardiovascular system. T/F

false; they do strain the cardiovascular system and increase blood pressure

Although no iron absorption occurs in the stomach, gastric acid plays an important role in the absorption of non-heme iron by promoting the conversion of _______ ______ to ________ ________.

ferric iron ferrous iron

What is one of the most unusual and unpredictable but common eating behavior that many preschool children go through?

food jags: demanding the same meal 3 times a day for a week or two

Define energy dense.

foods high in calories but weigh very little; nuts, cookies, most fried food, and snack foods -very low energy density: lettuce, tomatoes, strawberries, broccoli, salsa, carrots -low energy density: whole milk, oatmeal, beans, bananas, cooked rice, non-fat yogurt -medium energy density: eggs, ham, pumpkin pie, bagels, white bread, raisins, cream cheese, pretzels -high energy density: chocolate, bacon, peanuts, peanut butter, vegetable oils, chips, mayonnaise

Define calorie dense.

foods high in calories that may not be healthy options to consume

Name some nutritional needs for lactating women.

fortified cereal or a multivitamin and mineral supplement can help meet extra nutrient needs

Food sources of Thiamin?

found in a wide variety of foods, although generally in low amounts; pork products, sunflower seeds, legumes, whole and enriched grains, cereals, green peas, asparagus, and organ meats.

When does peak bone mass occur?

from infancy through the adolescent years

After age 30 or so, total calorie needs of physically inactive adults fall steadily throughout adulthood, why?

gradual decline in basal metabolism

What are food sources of sodium?

grains, processed foods, soups and sauces, major sources of sodium in the US diet are bread and rolls, cold nuts and cured meats, pizza, fresh and processed poultry, soups, sandwiches, cheese, pasta mixed dishes, and savory snacks such as chips and pretzels.

What is glycolysis?

has 2 roles: break down carbohydrates to generate energy and provide building blocks for synthesizing other needed compounds. During glycolysis, glucose is converted to 2 units of a 3-carbon compound called pyruvate. Glycolysis requires 2 ATPs, however it generates 4 ATPs, thus yielding a net of 2 ATPs.

What are some adverse effects of hyponatremia?

headache, nausea, blurred vision, respiratory arrest, convulsion, and even death can occur when brain cells swell excessively.

The only known diet-treatment to offer relief from Arthritis is to maintain a _______ _______.

healthy weight

HDL

helps remove cholesterol form cells and, in turn, excrete cholesterol from the body; primary component: protein

What is heme iron and what are some sources of it?

heme iron is dietary iron that is present as hemoglobin and myoglobin, usually found in animal flesh; beef, pork, seafood, and poultry (ferrous form)

What is hyperkalemia?

high blood potassium, life threatening problem, occurs most often when kidney function is poor, potassium quickly builds up in the blood and can cause an irregular heartbeat and even cardiac arrest

A __________ solution has a high ion concentration, which causes shrinkage of a cell as water moves out of the cell and into the concentrated solution.

hypertonic

A ________ solution has a low ion concentration, which results in the swelling and subsequent rapture a cell placed into the solution.

hypotonic

Body water is found in 2 body compartments: the ____________ compartment, or that inside cells, and the ___________ compartment, or that outside cells.

intracellular extracellular

An ________ (normal) concentration results in the typical shape of a cell; water moves into and out of the cell in equilibrium, but there is no net water movement.

isotonic

Excessive intakes of fluoride are concerning because?

it can life threatening, especially among children near fluoridated toothpastes, mouth rinses, and supplements; fluoride toxicity includes the following symptoms: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, sweating, spasms, convulsions, and coma.

Excessive protein intake may accelerate _________ function decline.

kidney

During hyponatremia the ________ cannot remove water fast enough to keep pace with the water intake, consequently, water accumulates in the ________ and dilutes the sodium in serum.

kidneys blood

Preventive measures for Alzheimer disease focus on maintaining brain activity through?

lifelong learning, a diet rich in berries and olive oil, and exercise

What is hypokalemia?

low blood potassium, is a life-threatening problem; symptoms include weakness, fatigue, constipation, and irregular heartbeat (arrhythmias) that impair the heart's ability to pump blood.

What are some food sources for magnesium?

magnesium is a part of chlorophyll, so plant products, and smaller amounts are found in hard water, milk and meats

List some functions of water:

maintenance of blood volume, transport of nutrients and oxygen, fluid synthesis, serves as a lubricant in knees and joints, solvent in metabolic processes, regulates body temperature, works as a waste product removal

Food sources of vitamin B-12?

meat, poultry, seafood, eggs, and dairy products; rich sources of B-12 = organ meats, such as liver, kidneys, and heart, and fortified foods, such as cereals

What are food sources for phosphorus?

milk, meat, cheese, bakery goods and cereals

EFNEP and SNAP provide nutrition education for those with limited resources, program participants learn about good ________, _______ _________, and techniques for stretching food dollars.

nutrition meal planning

Name sources of monounsaturated fats.

olive oil canola oi peanut oil safflower oil sesame oil

___________ is the diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane in the body, these are cell membranes.

osmosis

Spinach, for example, contains plenty of calcium, but only 5% if it can be absorbed because of the vegetable's high concentration of _____ _______.

oxalic acid

The pituitary gland releases the hormone ___________, which causes the muscle-like cells in the breast tissue to contract and release (let down) the milk from the lobules.

oxytocin

Intracellular fluid contains primarily _______ and ________ cations (positively charged ions), along with negatively charged _______ anions.

potassium and magnesium cations phosphate

What are functions of potassium?

potassium, the major cation inside the cell, is involved in maintaining fluid balance, transmitting nerve impulses, and contracting muscle

What are functions of potassium?

potassium, the major cation inside the cell, is involved in maintaining fluid balance, transmitting nerve impulses, and contracting muscle.

What is usual aging?

refers to the age-related physical and physiological changes commonly thought to be typical or expected part of aging, such as increasing body fatness, decreasing lean body mass, rising blood pressure, declining bone mass, and increasingly poor health.

What is non-heme iron and what are some sources of it?

remaining iron present in animal flesh but also found in vegetables, grains, and supplements (ferric form)

What percentage of water is found in the extracellular fluid compartment and what 2 additional compartments does the extracellular fluid compartment divide into?

remaining one-third of body water; the extracellular fluid compartment divides into the interstitial fluid, the fluid between cells, and intravascular fluid, the fluid in the blood and lymph.

Name some complications to are encountered by women who were already overweight prior to pre-pregnancy.

risk for infant: birth defects, death, obesity in childhood risk for mother: high blood pressure, gestational diabetes, cesarean delivery

The Elderly Nutrition Program provides?

services through the Congregate Meal Program and Home Delivered Program (Meals on Wheel)

Extracellular fluid contains positively charged _______ ________ and the negatively charged _______ ________, along with __________ (HCO3-).

sodium cations chloride anions bicarbonate

Infants need ______ _______ to supply extra iron by about 6 months of age.

solid foods

What is compression of morbidity?

striving to have the greatest number of healthy years and fewest years if illness; a person tries to delay the onset of disabilities caused by chronic disease and to compress significant sickness related to aging into the last few years or months of life.

How are nonessential amino acids formed?

synthesis through a process called transamination

Some studies indicate that consuming protein in amounts slightly higher than the RDA may help preserve muscle and bone mass. T/F

true

Studies of diets that contain high amounts of the carotenoids lutein and zeaxanthin suggest that they may help protect against age-related macular degeneration. T/F

true

Substituting foods rich in complex carbohydrates for sweets makes it easier for the body to control blood glucose levels; a function that becomes less efficient as the increases in body fatness and inactivity associated with usual aging occur. T/F

true

Superoxide dismutase enzymes eliminate superoxide free radicals, which prevents oxidative damage to cell membranes. T/F

true

The absorption of non-heme iron can be enhanced by a component of meat called the meat-protein factor (MFP),. T/F

true

The lipid type called triglyceride is the major form of fat in foods and key energy source for the body. T/F

true

The long-term effects of failure to thrive caused by nutrition and food problems depend on the severity and length of time the child is malnourished. T/F

true

The most abundant solutes are electrolytes that form when salts, such as sodium chloride or potassium phosphate, dissociate in solution and form ions. T/F

true

The protein intake of adults of all ages in the US And Canada tends to exceed current recommended levels. T/F

true

The total carbohydrate intake of adults of all ages in the US and Canada is often lower than recommended. T/F

true

There are over 100 forms of arthritis, a disease that causes the degeneration and roughening of the once smooth cartilage that covers and cushions the bone joints and/or the formation of calcium deposits (spurs). T/F

true

To maintain a desirable iron status, the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that breastfed infants receive iron supplementation and formula-fed infants be given an iron-fortified formula starting at birth. T/F

true

Vitamin C, or other organic acids, increase non-heme iron absorption. T/F

true

WIC provides nutritious foods specifically to low-income pregnant, postpartum, breastfeeding women, as well as infants and children up to the age of 5 who are at nutritional risk. T/F

true

Water is attracted to electrolytes and other ions and thus moves via osmosis from 1 fluid compartment to another as the concentrations of solutes changes. T/F

true

Water makes up 50-75% of body weight. T/F

true

When a baby suckles at the breast, nerve signals stimulate the pituitary gland in the brain, causing it to release prolactin. T/F

true

When dietary potassium is high, the amount of calcium excreted in the urine declines. T/F

true

When folate is insufficient, fewer red blood cells are synthesized, causing folate-related anemia. T/F

true

When the amount of sodium in the body increases, more water is retained in the body until the excess sodium is excreted. T/F

true

Zinc plays a role in shortening the duration of common colds in healthy people, when used within the 1st 24 hours of the onset of symptoms. T/F

true

Zinc stabilizes the structures of cell membrane proteins, gene transcription fingers, and receptor proteins for vitamin A, vitamin D, and thyroid hormone. T/F

true

Folate deficiencies in the very early stages of pregnancy can cause neural tube defects. T/F

true. the neural tube is tissue that develops into the brain and spinal cord, that need folate to develop normally.

What are food sources for potassium?

unprocessed foods, fruits, vegetables, milk, and whole grains

When do iron stores in infants begin to deplete?

usually by 4 to 6 months of age

microcytic anemia

vitamin B-6 deficiency; anemia characterized by small, pale red blood cells that lack sufficient hemoglobin and thus have reduced oxygen-carrying ability; can also be caused by an iron deficiency

Water-soluble vitamin absorption

water-soluble vitamins are absorbed in the small intestine and released directly in the blood.

What are some sources of essential amino acids?

watercress and spirulina (which even exceed meat), pumpkin, leafy greens, hemp seeds, chia seeds, soybeans, sesame seeds, sunflower seeds and sunflower butter, almonds, avocados, figs, raisins, quinoa, and wheat .

Heart disease has its roots in adulthood. T/F

false; in childhood

High body demand for RBCs such as blood loss, high altitude, physical training, pregnancy, and anemia, decreases the absorption of iron. T/F

false; increases the absorption of iron

The fluid of the water compartments is completely pure. T/F

false; it also contains dissolved substances known as solutes

The let down reflex is not triggered by thinking about her infant or hearing a baby cry. T/F

false; it is triggered by those things

It is possible to convert typical fatty acids into glucose. T/F

false; it's impossible

Water moves from a high concentration to a low concentration of solutes. T/F

false; low to high

Physical growth of childhood is much slower and occurs in bursts. T/F

true

Phytic acid in whole grains and legumes and oxalic acid in leafy green vegetables bind non-heme iron and reduce its absorption. T/F

true

Plant-based non-heme iron is hindered by several dietary factors. T/F

true

Potassium is thought to blunt the effects of a high salt intake and help keep blood pressure normal. T/F

true

Pregnancy induced hypertension can escalate into potentially deadly conditions called preeclampsia and eclampsia. T/F

true

Pregnancy induced hypertension impairs the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the fetus; thus, may experience retarded growth and premature birth. T/F

true

Pregnancy, or gestation, may be the most sensitive stage of the life cycle -- nutrient and calories supplies at this time impact the final outcome. T/F

true

Pregnant women who gained less weight than the recommended amount have an increased risk of giving birth to a baby that is premature, is small for gestational age, and/or dies soon after birth. T/F

true

Pregnant women who gained more weight than the recommended amount give birth to very large babies and experience increase in complications at delivery, infant mortality, and weight retention postpartum. T/F

true

Protein provides 4 calories per gram. T/F

true

SNAP provides foods for those with limited financial resources. T/F

true

Scientist have proposed that Alzheimer Disease is caused by alterations in cell development or protein production in the brain, strokes, altered blood protein composition, obesity, poor blood glucose regulation, high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, and high free radical levels. T/F

true

Sodium intakes greater than 2 g per day increases calcium loss in the urine and is a potential concern for loss of calcium in bones. T/F

true

LDL

carries cholesterol made by the liver and from other sources to cells; primary component: cholesterol

Chylomicron:

carries dietary fat from the small intestine to cells; primary component: triglyceride

VLDL

carries lipids both take up and made by the liver to cells; primary component: triglyceride

Define fats/lipids:

compounds composed mostly of the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; yield 9 calories per gram. -fats = solids -oils = liquids

The sodium-potassium pump moves each ion against its _______ _________; sodium (Na) moves ______ of a cell and potassium (K) moves ____ a cell.

concentration gradient out into

What is successful aging?

describes physical and physiological function declines that occur only because we grow older, not because of lifestyle choices, environment exposure, and chronic disease that has aggravated or sped up the rate of aging.

What are the primary changes in body composition that occur as the adult years progress?

diminished lean body mass, increased fat stores, and decreased body water.

Define nutrient dense.

drinks and food products that are high in nutrient amounts and provide usually provide low levels of calorie intake

Individuals trying to rebuild iron stores are advised to increase coffee and tea consumption. T/F

false; decrease consumption

What are factors that affect the rate of aging?

-heredity -lifestyle: includes food choices, exercise patterns, and substance use -environment: income, education level, health care, shelter, and psychological factors

The USDA provides a number of nutrition assistance programs for targeted individuals, name them.

-Commodity Supplemental Food Program -SNAP -Child and Adult Care Program -Senior's Farmers' Market Nutrition Program

Difference between whole grains and refined grains?

-Whole grains contain the entire grain kernel ― the bran, germ, and endosperm. -Refined grains have been milled, a process that removes the bran and germ

What are the leading causes of death in the US?

-cardiovascular disease -cancer -stroke -accidents and adverse affects -diabetes -influenza and pneumonia -Alzheimer disease -kidney disease -blood-borne infection -chronic liver disease

Describe the steps in the absorption of iron:

1. Iron binds with a mucosal protein, called ferritin, when stored in intestinal cells. 2. If intestinal absorptive cells are sloughed off before iron is absorbed, the iron passes out of the body in the feces. This sloughing allows the body to control the absorption of iron. 3. Iron that enters the bloodstream binds to transferrin. 4. Iron binds to transferrin and is then distributed to the liver, muscle, bone marrow, and other body tissue. 5. The liver and spleen harvest iron from worn-out red blood cells, thereby allowing most iron in the body to be reused.

What is the recommended weight gain in pregnancy based on prepregnancy BMI for women who are obese (BMI 30 and higher)?

11 - 20 lbs; 5 to 9 kg

What is the recommended weight gain in pregnancy based on prepregnancy BMI for women who are overweight (BMI 25 - 29.9)?

15 to 25 lbs; 7 - 11.5 kg

What is the recommended weight gain in pregnancy based on prepregnancy BMI for women who are normal (BMI 18.5 - 24.9)?

25 - 35 lbs; 11.5 - 16 kg

What is the recommended weight gain in pregnancy based on prepregnancy BMI for women who are underweight (BMI less than 18.5)?

28 - 40 lbs; 12.5 - 18 kg

Children should get what percentage of calories from fat?

30 to 35% of calories from fat

What is ATP and where is it produced?

Adenosine triphosphate is a nucleoside triphosphate, a small molecule used in cells as a coenzyme. It is often referred to as the "molecular unit of currency" of intracellular energy transfer. Made in the mitochondria of cells.

__________ _______ is an irreversible, abnormal, progressive deterioration of the brain that causes victim to steadily lose the ability to remember, reason, and comprehend.

Alzheimer Disease

What percentage of water is found in the intracellular fluid compartment?

almost two-thirds of body water

macrocytic anemia

anemia characterized by abnormally large, nucleated, immature RBCs, which result in the inability of a precursor cell to divide formally; either a folate or vitamin B-12 deficiency can cause this condition

Define carbohydrates:

are composed mainly of the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; fruits, vegetables, grains, beans, and sugars are the primary dietary sources of carbs.

Many adults are in a constant state of mild dehydration and at risk of electrolyte imbalances, why?

because low fluid intakes in older adults may be caused by fading sensitivity to thirst sensations, chronic diseases, and or conscious reductions in fluid intake in order to reduce the frequency of urination.

When do epiphyses, the end segment of long bones, begin to fuse?

begins at 14 years of age in girls begins 15 years of age in boys ends 5 years later in both girls and boys

Fat-soluble vitamin absoprtion

bile produced in the liver aids in fat-soluble vitamin absorption; are absorbed in the small intestine, along with dietary fat, and carried by chylomicrons into the lymphatic circulation.

How does the body control the amount of water in each compartment?

by controlling the electrolyte concentrations in the compartments

A formula-fed infant needs solid foods when he or she drinks 8 ounces of formula and is hungry in less than 4 hours or consumes more than a quart of formula each day and still seems hungry. T/F

true

A lack of fluoride is associated with an increased incidence of dental caries. T/F

true

Alcohol provides 7 calories per gram. T/F

true

Although a goiter is painless, it can cause pressure on the esophagus and trachea and impair its function. T/F

true

Although some breakfast cereals are fortified with zinc, it is not included during the enrichment process of flour, therefore, refined flour products are poor sources of zinc. T/F

true

An extremely sophisticated gatekeeping system involving transmembrane pumps keeps intra and extracellular water volume and electrolyte concentrations within quite narrow ranges. T/F

true

As many as 300 different enzymes in the body require zinc. T/F

true

Breastfeeding mothers should consume sufficient amounts of omega-3 fatty acids because they are secreted into breast milk and are important for the development of the infant's nervous system. T/F

true

Breastfeeding women may want to avoid eating peanuts or peanut butter because several studies have shown that peanut allergies pass into breast milk, potentially increasing the infant's risk of peanut allergy. T/F

true

Carbohydrates provide 4 calories per gram. T/F

true

Dietary recommendations meant to reduce the risk of heart disease do not apply to children younger than 2 years old unless children are at increased risk of heart disease. T/F

true

Growth is height ceases when the growth in plates at the end of the bones, called epiphyses, fuse. T/F

true

Health-care experts currently agree that most babies are not ready for solid foods until they are 6 months old. T/F

true

Healthy full-term infants are born with internal iron stores. T/F

true

Heme iron is readily absorbed (ferrous form). T/F

true

Hemosiderin is an iron-binding protein the liver that store iron when iron levels in the body exceed the storage capacity of ferritin. T/F

true

Inadequate intake of calcium and vitamin D, coupled with their reduced absorption, and reduced synthesis of vitamin D in the skin, the kidneys' decreased ability to put vitamin D in its active form, greatly contributes to the development of osteoporosis. T/F

true

Infants, children, and teens, need at least 5 grams of essential fatty acids each day. T/F

true

Insufficient folate intake may cause premature birth, low birth weight, fetal growth retardation, spontaneous abortion, poor placenta development, and other pregnancy complications. T/F

true

Iodine deficiency is of particular concern during pregnancy because of the adverse effects it can have in the developing offspring. T/F

true

Iron is a cofactor for enzymes involved in the synthesis of neurotransmitters. T/F

true

Iron is an essential part of 2 proteins, hemoglobin and myoglobin, that are involved in the transport and metabolism of oxygen. T/F

true

It's a good idea for almost all adults to reduce their fat intake because of the strong link between high fat diets and obesity, heart disease, and certain cancers. T/F

true

Lipids provide 9 calories per gram. T/F

true

Low iron infant formulas are sometimes prescribed to treat infants with various intestinal problems, but their use is discouraged. T/F

true

Low potassium intakes may also increase the risk of kidney stones and of bone loss. T/F

true

Most babies have doubled their birth weight by 4 to 6 months of age, by their 1st birthday, they have tripled their birth weight and increased in length by 50%. T/F

true

Mottling, or fluoroisis, of the enamel is the result of chronic intake of excess fluoride during tooth development. T/F

true

Obese women have greater difficulty initiating and continuing breastfeeding. T/F

true

Oxalic acid (oxalate) is an organic acid, found in spinach, rhubarb, and other leafy green vegetables, that can depress the absorption of certain minerals (e.g., calcium) present in the food. T/F

true

Participation in WIC is linked to higher birth weights, fewer infant deaths, and lower medical costs after birth. T/F

true