Nutrition Lipids

How do you convert a liquid oil to a solid fat at room temperature?

Add hydrogens to the the liquid fat (hydrogenation)

Which fatty acids are considered essential fatty acids?

alpha-linolenic acid and linolenic acid

The main sources of saturated fat in American diets are...

animal fats

Primarily, fatty acids are transported through the bloodstream...

as part of lipoproteins

The AHA recommends using plant oils rather than animal fats in food preparation to...

decrease saturated fat intake

People who have impaired fat absorption may be at risk for...

deficiency of fat-soluble vitamins

Pressure in the arterial blood vessels when the heart is between beats

diastolic blood pressure

Formed from the breakdown of triglycerides, a...consists of two fatty acids bound to a glycerol backbone.

diglyceride

Examples of food sources that contain cholesterol

eggs, ice cream, and chicken

A major function of phospholipids in foods is to act as an...

emulsifier

What are the products of fat digestion in the small intestine?

fatty acids and monoglycerides

Absorbed by cells within the vicinity and reform into triglyceride for storage or use

free fatty acid

circulates back to the liver

glycerol

....is the process of adding hydrogens to unsaturated fats, which makes a liquid fat more solid at room temperature.

hydrogenation

The phosphate heads of the phospholipids are..., whereas the fatty acid portions of the phospholipids are...

hydrophilic and hydrophobic

...is a common example of a phospholipid.

lecithin

The enzyme...plays an important role in fat digestion.

lipase

The gastric...enzyme released in the stomach acts primarily on trigylcerides that have fatty acids with short-chain lengths.

lipase

What enzyme breaks down triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol in the bloodstream?

lipoprotein lipase

Foods high in monounsaturated or polyunsaturated fats are typically...at room temperature.

liquid

reformed into a triglyceride in the intestinal absorptive cell and travels through the lymphatic system

long-chain fatty acid

The majority of fatty acids consumed in the diet are...

long-chain fatty acids

No more than 20mg of cholesterol and no more than 2 g of saturated fat per serving

low cholesterol

Some margarine spreads that contain plant sterols may...

lower blood cholesterol

Formed from the breakdown of triglycerides, a...consists of one fatty acid bound to a glycerol backbone.

monoglyceride

One carbon-carbon double bond

monounsaturated fatty acid

Stick margarine has...trans fatty acids than tub margarine

more

What is the main function of antioxidants?

neutralize free radicals

Reduced triglycerides, reduced blood clotting, and reduced pain from rheumatoid arthritis are benefits associated with intake of...

omega-3 fatty acids

Essential fatty acids; linolenic acid

omega-6

In a chemical reaction, when a compound loses an electron, that compound has been...

oxidized

A...is a type of lipid that contain a glycerol backbone, two fatty acids, and a phosphorous group.

phospholipid

forms lipid bilayer of cell membrane

phospholipid

Two or more carbon-carbon double bonds

polyunsaturated fatty acid

Contains 25% less cholesterol than the reference food and no more than 2 g saturated fat per serving

reduced cholesterol

High dietary consumption of...increases risk of cardiovascular disease.

saturated and trans fat

Compared to plant oils, animal sources of fat are typically higher in

saturated fat and cholesterol

Travel as a water-soluble molecule through the portal vein to the liver

short and medium-chain fatty acids

Most foods containing saturated fatty acids are...at room temperature

solid

What are some good food sources of phospholipids?

soy beans, peanuts, and organ meats

A compounds containing a multi-ring structure and a hydroxyl group is a...

sterol

What is the function of an emulsifier?

suspends fats in water

Pressure in the arterial blood vessels associated with pumping of the blood from the heart

systolic blood pressure

Dietary fats and oils are classified as saturated, monounsaturated, or polyunsaturated based on...

the type of fatty acid present in greatest concentration

To protect cardiovascular health, the Food and Nutrition Board recommends limiting intake of saturated and...fatty acids.

trans

The AHA recommends that Americans should limit daily...intake to no more than 1% of total calories.

trans fat

major form of lipid in food and in the body

triglyceride

Due to their high energy density...are the ideal form of energy storage for the body.

triglycerides

What are some food sources of EPA and DHA?

tuna, salmon, and sardines

An omega-3 fatty acid is....

unsaturated

Causes the carbon chain to bend

Cis fatty acid

Lipids are a diverse group of chemical compounds. Which of the following properties do all types of lipids have in common?

Do not readily dissolve in water

Decrease blood clotting and inflammation

Omega-3

Essential fatty acids; alpha-linolenic acid

Omega-3

Increase blood clotting and inflammation

Omega-6

Nonessential fatty acid

Omega-9

A long-chain fatty acid is defined as...

a fatty acid that contains 12 or more carbons in length

....is a cholesterol-rich substance deposited in the blood vessels.

Plaque

Contains no carbon-carbon double bonds

Saturated fatty acids

Compared to regular margarine, reduced-fat margarine contributes less fat and total calories to the diet because..

Some of the fat has been replaced by water

...fats produced during the hydrogenation process closely reassemble the structure of...fats due to the altered chemical structure that results during the process.

Trans Saturated

Allows the carbon chain to remain straighter

Trans fatty acid

carries lipids made and taken up by the liver to cells

VLDL

Which of the following lipoproteins arise from the liver?

VLDL, LDL, and HDL

Fat digestion is rapid and thorough in the small intestine under what "right" circumstances?

1. Bile from the gallbladder is present 2. Lipase breaks triglycerides down to monoglycerides

What are the main functions of cholesterol?

1. Building block for bile acids 2. Helps form hormones 3. Provide structure to cells

What statements are true about sterols?

1. They contain a multi-ring structure 2. Cholesterol is a common example 3. They can be produced by the body

What are the major functions of fatty acids and triglycerides in the body?

1. To insulate and protect the body 2. To provide energy 3. To aid in transport of fat soluble vitamins

Compared to margarine, butter is...

1. higher in saturated fat 2. higher in cholesterol

The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution range set by the Food and Nutrition Board for lipids is ..% to ...% of kilocalories.

20-35

The Food and Nutrition Board recommends that at least ...% of total calories come from essential fatty acids.

5

Why are the chemical structures of trans and saturated fatty acid similar?

Both contain a straight molecular structure

How may one detect whether or not hidden facts are in a food product?

Check the list of ingredients

Waxy lipid found in all body cells

Cholesterol

contributes to cholesterol removal from cells and excretion from the body

HDL

In terms of HDL and LDL levels, risk for development of cardiovascular disease increases when...levels are low and...levels are high in the bloodstream.

HDL LDL

What does it mean when a fatty acid is considered essential?

It must be supplied by the diet in order to maintain health

carries cholesterol made by the liver and from other sources to cells

LDL

Name the class of nutrients that consists of triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols.

Lipids

What class of lipids may serve as precursors for hormone synthesis?

Sterols

The leading cause of death among North American adults is

cardiovascular disease

No more than 2mg of cholesterol per serving

cholesterol free

Carries dietary fat from the small intestine to cell

chylomicron

removed from circulation by the liver and recycled to make other lipoproteins and bile acids

chylomicron remnant