Nutrition Midterm

The Dietary Guidelines for Americans are designed to

- reduce the risk of "killer" diseases - provide a scientific basis for the Food Stamp Program - provide a scientific basis for USDA's school lunch program

What term is specific to reactions in which simple compounds are combined into more complex molecules?

Anabolic

What is a typical response of the body to changes in blood glucose?

Blood glucose levels that fall too low signal the release of glucagon

What is a characteristic of excess intra-abdominal fat?

Some research suggests that it is more harmful than fat in other locations

What fraction of the day's energy expenditure of the average person is represented by the basal metabolism?

about 2/3

Among the following population groups, which shows the highest prevalence of lactose intolerance?

eastern Asians

The functions of fat:

- Cushion and protect vital organs - Insulate the body - Provide essential fatty acids and fat-soluble vitamins

Of the ten leading causes of illness and death in the U.S., how many are associated directly with nutrition?

4

During the first few days of a fast, what energy source provides about 90% of the glucose needed to fuel the body?

protein

An important form of energy used by most cells is

ATP

What is the amino acid pool?

A mix of essential and nonessential amino acids derived from protein breakdown and dietary protein intake

Which measurements are all used to compute a woman's BMR?

Body weight, height, and age

The concept of nutrient density is most helpful in achieving what principle of diet planning?

Calorie Control

Which of the following energy-yielding nutrients can be converted to glucose?

Carbs and Lipids

In the metabolism of amino acids for energy, what is the fate of the amino group?

Excreted as urea

What term is given to the condition of a female athlete who has an eating disorder and develops amenorrhea and osteoporosis?

Female athlete triad

What is a purpose of both the Recommended Dietary Allowance and Adequate Intake?

Setting nutrient goals for individuals

When nutrients are transported from intestinal epithelial cells to the vascular system, what organ is first to receive them?

Liver

What is the main explanation for the difference in basal metabolic rates between males and females of the same body weight?

Males have a higher percentage of lean body mass

Which of the following foods provides all of the essential amino acids?

Milk

Providing enough, but not an excess, of a food is a diet-planning principle known as

Moderation

What substance protects the stomach lining from damage due to digestive juices?

Mucus

How does a double-blind experiment work?

Neither subjects nor researchers know which subjects are in the control or experimental group

Which method is used to detect nutrient deficiencies?

Nutrition Assessment

What is a feature of the basal metabolic rate (BMR)?

Pregnancy increases the BMR

When food proteins reach the stomach, hydrochloric acid (HCl) ________ the protein

denatures

Most dietary fats will

enter the lymphatic system

Ketosis (elevated production of ketone body formation) increases with

fasting, a low-carbohydrate diet, uncontrolled type 1 diabetes mellitus

In general, modifying a diet by substituting complex carbohydrates for pure sugars results in a diet that is higher in

fiber

What are cellulose, pectin, hemicellulose, and lignin?

fibers

Cholesterol is

an important part of human cell membranes and necessary to make some hormones, not a dietary essential, not found in plant foods

Which substance is known as blood sugar or dextrose?

glucose

Glycolysis is the conversion of

glucose to pyruvate

What is a feature of the Daily Values found on food labels?

They assist people in determining whether a food contains a little or a lot of a nutrient.

Which statement best describes the composition of most foods?

They contain mixtures of the three energy nutrients, although only one or two may predominate.

In addition to energy, what are the principal end products of carbohydrate metabolism?

Water and carbon dioxide

Which nutrients are considered organic compounds?

carbohydrates, protein, lipids, vitamins

The energy-yielding nutrients include:

carbohydrates, proteins, and fats

Low-density lipoproteins (LDL) are the principal transport vehicle for _______ in the blood

cholesterol

The chief function of pepsin is to

cleave proteins into smaller polypeptides

One function of sphincter muscles is to

control the passage of food through the GI tract

When energy intake is greater than energy output, body weight

increases

When the diet contains more energy than is expended, the excess energy

is stored as fat in adipose tissue

The oils found in walnuts, soybeans, flaxseed, and wheat germ represent a good source of preformed

linolenic acid

Monounsaturated fatty acids are:

liquid at room temperature, have 1 double 1 bond in the fatty acid chain, lower cholesterol and are provided by plants

What is the primary organ that metabolizes fructose and galactose following absorption?

liver

Bile is formed in the ___________ and stored in the __________

liver; gallbladder

Excess protein intake can result in

loss of calcium

A high risk of heart attack correlates with high blood levels of

low-density lipoproteins

An example of an anthropometric assessment is

measuring skinfold thickness

All the chemical and physical processes involved in maintaining life are referred to as

metabolism

In which of the following tissues is glycogen typically stored?

muscle and liver

A coordinated muscular contraction that propels food down the GI tract is called

peristalsis

High-density lipoproteins (HDL) function in lipid transport by

picking up cholesterol from dying cells and other sources to deliver to other lipoproteins and the liver for disposal

Ample amounts of carbohydrates are almost always found in

plant foods

Which food group is typically consumed in amounts greater than recommended by the USDA?

protein foods

After digestion and absorption, an amino acid not used to build protein will first be subjected to

removal of its amino group

Disaccharidase enzymes that hydrolyze the disaccharides into monosaccharides are found in the:

small intestine

Food components that must be listed on the Nutrition Facts panel include

sugars, dietary fiber, and calcium

Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULs) are

the maximum daily intake level not likely to cause harmful effects

functions of protein

transporting nutrients in bloodstream, contributing to acid-base balance, producing antibodies to fight infection, providing structural support to body cells

To assess body composition, health-care professionals most often use BMI and

waist circumference

A person with chronic diarrhea is at risk for which of the following?

Dehydration

What is the name given to partially digested food in the stomach?

Chyme

What product has the highest percentage of its fat in saturated form?

Coconut oil

Which of the following is NOT a common method used to assess body composition?

Impedence densitometry

Which statement is true of the relationship fat intake and health?

Intake of saturated fat raises blood cholesterol more than intake of cholesterol

Why are nuts a heart healthy food?

Most nuts are good sources of monounsaturated fatty acids, rich in antioxidants, contain no cholesterol

Which action is associated with the presence of fat in the GI tract?

Slowing of the process of digestion and absorption

The glycemic index of foods is

a way of ranking foods according to their potential to increase blood glucose

Which food items are consumed in the diet of a lactovegetarian?

milk products and plant foods only

What is the primary factor that differentiates one amino acid from another?

the side group