Nutrition Midterm Study Guide

Phosphorus, potassium, and sodium are ________.

...

Sarah consumes approximately 2000 kcal/day. According to recommendations of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, she should limit her saturated fat intake to fewer than ________ kcal/day.

200

Bill recorded his food intake for a week and then used a computerized dietary analysis program to analyze his diet record. According to the results of the analysis, his average fat intake was ________ of total calories each day, which is within the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range.

25%

Reggie consumes approximately 3000 kcal/day. According to recommendations of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, he should limit his saturated fat intake to fewer than ________ kcal/day.

300

Which of the following physiological changes is a result of anabolic chemical reactions?

Addition of calcium and phosphorus to the thigh bone of a growing child

Which of the following fatty acids is an essential fatty acid?

Alpha-linolenic acid

Which of the following foods has a high glycemic index (70 or more)?

Baked Russet potato

Don recorded his food intake for a week and then used a computerized dietary analysis program to analyze his diet record. According to the results of the analysis, his average daily saturated fat intake was 5% of total calories; his average daily unsaturated fat intake was 12% of total calories; and his average daily cholesterol intake was 350 mg. Based on this information, his total fat intake is ________ the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range.

Below

The liver uses cholesterol to make ________.

Bile

Which of the following compounds is not secreted by the human stomach?

Bile

A substance has a pH that is higher than the pH of tomatoes and lower than the pH of blood. Based on this information, the substance is ________.

Black coffee

A molecule forms when two or more atoms are attracted to each other and held together by ________.

Bonds

Which of the following foods is a rich source of fiber?

Brown rice

Which of the following foods is a naturally rich source of monounsaturated fatty acids?

Canola oil

The ________ is the smallest living functional unit in an organism.

Cell

Which of the following foods naturally contains cholesterol?

Chicken

After being absorbed, most lipids become incorporated into ________.

Chylomicrons

Hillary would like to add more soluble fiber to her diet. Which of the following foods should she add?

Citrus fruits

According to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, which of the following substances is a nutrient of public health concern?

Dietary fiber

Chyme moves from the stomach into the ________.

Duodenum

Bill has type 1 diabetes. What step can he take to reduce the likelihood that he develops hypoglycemia?

Eat meals and snacks that contain carbohydrate on a regular basis

Victor is making cake batter. When he added corn oil, fat-free milk, baking powder, and salt together, the oil and milk separated into two layers. To make a mixture that does not separate into oily and watery components, Victor should add ________ and stir the ingredients together.

Egg yolks

A scientist discovers a new chemical in the leaves of a rare tropical plant. When trying to determine the role of the chemical, the scientist determined that it is not a structural part of the plant's cells or a pigment that contributes to the color of the plant's leaves. She was able to learn that the chemical sped up a particular chemical reaction involving the plant's metabolism. Based on this information, the new chemical is a (an) ________.

Enzyme

Which of the following structures normally prevents swallowed food from entering the larynx and trachea?

Epiglottis

A gram of sugar supplies more than twice the energy that is supplied by a gram of starch.

False

A healthy person has vast numbers of different kinds of bacteria living in his or her stomach.

False

A mitochondrion is a type of cell found in the human body.

False

After drinking too much alcohol at a party, Samantha can sober up rapidly by drinking coffee and taking high doses of vitamin C.

False

Electrons are small, positively charged particles that surround the nucleus of a cell.

False

In the United States, high-fructose corn syrup is the most popular high-intensity sweetener used by consumers.

False

Oleic acid is an essential fatty acid that is in whole milk.

False

People who have lactose intolerance should avoid foods that contain gluten.

False

Prebiotics are substances in food that the human body digests to form probiotics.

False

Ryan's fasting blood glucose level is consistently between 126 and 140 mg/dl. Based on this information, Ryan has pre-diabetes.

False

Stick margarine is one of the main sources of cholesterol in the typical American's diet.

False

When the pH of blood is lower than normal, the blood has become more alkaline.

False

Which of the following substances is a sugar that contributes to the sweetness of honey?

Fructose

Last night, Sara ate French fries, fried fish, and creamy cole slaw. For dessert, she had a chocolate milk shake. About an hour after eating this food, she suddenly complained of severe abdominal pain. Based on this information, Sara probably has ________.

Gallstones

Last night, Sara ate French fries, fried fish, and creamy coleslaw. For dessert, she had a chocolate milkshake. About an hour after eating this food, she suddenly complained of severe abdominal pain. Based on this information, Sara probably has ________.

Gallstones

________ is the primary fuel for active muscles.

Glucose

Which of the following substances is secreted by the human stomach?

Hydrochloric acid

Which of the following characteristics or conditions increases a person's risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD)?

Hypertension

The ________ is the third segment of the small intestine.

Ileum

A (An) ________ is an atom or a group of atoms that has a positive or negative charge.

Ion

Kevin's total blood cholesterol level is 190 mg/dl and his HDL cholesterol level is 60 mg/dl. According to this information, ________.

Kevin's total blood cholesterol level is within the healthy range

Which of the following organs helps maintain the body's acid-base balance by removing excess hydrogen ions?

Kidneys

A food scientist is developing an infant formula that simulates the composition of breast milk. Based on this information, which of the following substances would he add to the formula's recipe?

Lactose

________ acid is an omega-6 fatty acid.

Linoleic

According to scientific evidence, which of the following actions can help reduce a person's risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus?

Losing excess body fat

Theresa is concerned that her 10-year-old son may have type 1 diabetes. Which of the following conditions is a typical sign or symptom of this form of diabetes?

Losing weight despite increased food intake

Mark has type 2 diabetes. For the past two weeks, his fasting blood glucose level has been below 130 mg/dl. Today, Mark's physician tested his blood. Although the fasting value was 125 mg/dl, she reported that he needs to do a better job of controlling his blood glucose level. Why would the physician make such a recommendation to Mark?

Mark's HbA1c is 8.5.

________ is the sum of all chemical reactions that occur in living cells.

Metabolism

The process of digesting food begins in the ________.

Mouth

The brain and spinal cord are structures of the ________ system.

Nervous

Stanley would like to compare the total fat contents of packaged hotdogs. He should read the ________ on the products' labels.

Nutrition Facts panel

Which of the following organs produces and secretes enzymes that are essential for proper digestion?

Pancreas

Which of the following statements is false?

Peristalsis occurs when villi absorb fat.

If you wanted to include a starchy food to your meal, which of the following foods would you add?

Potatoes

Which of the following substances have hormonelike functions in the body?

Prostaglandins

According to Cleo's physician, her blood cholesterol level is too high. Which of the following foods can Cleo add to her diet to help lower her cholesterol?

Ready-to-eat oatmeal cereal

In chemistry class, Karl combines hydrochloric acid with a base called sodium hydroxide. This chemical reaction results in the formation of a ________.

Salt

Devon adds a little salt to a pot of water before he boils the water to cook pasta. When added to the water, the salt is a ________.

Solute

Which of the following foods is a naturally rich source of polyunsaturated fatty acids?

Soybean oil

Which of the following foods is a rich source of prebiotics?

Soybeans

Which of the following organs is not an accessory organ of the digestive system?

Spleen

Which of the following foods or beverages is a major source of added sugars in American diets?

Sugar-sweetened soft drinks

Which of the following statements is true?

The body is comprised of organ systems.

A mitochondrion is a type of organelle that is in human cells.

True

The process of digestion in the human intestinal tract involves decomposition reactions.

True

Which of the following characteristics increases a person's risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD)?

Type 2 diabetes

The bladder and kidneys are organs of the ________ system.

Urinary

April wants to add ________ to her salad, because the food is a naturally rich source of omega-3 fats.

Walnuts

Which of the following foods is a rich source of starch?

White rice

Which of the following foods is a rich source of saturated fat and cholesterol?

Whole milk

When Leah parties with her friends, she usually drinks 6 beers during a 2-hour party. At this level of alcohol consumption, she is ________.

a binge drinker

Antonio has severe chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). To reduce his likelihood of developing heartburn, his physician recommended that he

avoid overeating during meals

Jamie has a tumor that affects the functioning of her beta cells. Based on this information, Jamie's _______.

blood glucose level is difficult to regulate

A primary function of the digestive system is the ________.

breakdown of food into nutrients

Brett eats ________ to increase his intake of omega-3 fatty acids.

canned sardines

Chronic alcohol abuse increases the risk of ________.

colon and rectal cancer

Phil has type 1 diabetes and gives himself insulin injections to help manage his blood glucose level. One afternoon, Phil tested his blood and discovered that his blood glucose level was 60 mg/dl. Based on this information, Phil should _______.

consume 15 grams of glucose in a pill or gel to increase his blood glucose level

Bella is an omnivore, because she can ________.

digest and absorb nutrients from a wide variety of foods

Pancreatic amylase ______.

digests starch in the small intestine

After being absorbed, water-soluble nutrients such as glucose, fructose, iron, and vitamin C ________.

enter a capillary within the villus and are transported to the liver by the bloodstream

Treatment of irritable bowel syndrome may include ________.

following a low-FODMAP diet

The three most important dietary monosaccharides for humans are ______.

galactose, glucose, and fructose

Jillian drinks a couple of beers and smokes over a pack of cigarettes daily. Even though she's about 40 pounds overweight, she likes to wear tight-fitting clothes. Based on this information, Jillian has a high risk of developing ________.

gastroesophageal reflux disease

Erika has type 1 diabetes and gives herself insulin injections to help manage her blood glucose level. One afternoon, Erika tested her blood and discovered that her blood glucose level was 260 mg/dl. Based on this information, Erika should _______.

give herself a specific dose of insulin

In the human intestinal tract, potato starch is broken down into ________ molecules that can be absorbed.

glucose

Bernetta has an autoimmune disease that affects salivary glands. As a result of this condition, Bernetta ________.

has trouble swallowing

Libby was born without salivary glands. As a result of this condition, she ________.

has trouble tasting food

Leonard has a disease that causes his lacteals to become blocked. Based on this information, his ________.

intestinal tract does not absorb much fat

For several years, Corey has suffered from intermittent abdominal pain along with bouts of diarrhea and constipation. According to Corey, his "bad guts" worsen whenever he is "stressed out" or eats certain foods, especially raw fruit and baked beans. His doctor has determined that his intestinal tract is not inflamed. Based on this information, Corey probably has ________.

irritable bowel syndrome

Compared to an unsaturated fatty acid, a trans fatty acid ________.

is less likely to undergo oxidation

Bethany consumes a very-low-carbohydrate diet that supplies less than 100 g of carbohydrate daily, but she eats high amounts of meat and fat. As a result of her diet, Bethany's cells form more ________ than normal.

ketone bodies

Feces form in the ________.

large intestine

Treatment of irritable bowel syndrome usually includes making dietary changes and ________.

learning ways to manage stress effectively

After Cameron consumes foods and beverages that contain fructose, he develops abdominal bloating, cramps, and gas that is followed by diarrhea. A ________ diet is likely to help him avoid these intestinal signs and symptoms.

low-FODMAP

Mike likes to drink a commercially prepared milk-based beverage. According to the label, the flavored milk contains 2% milk, water, high-fructose corn syrup, molasses, vegetable oil, saccharin, and natural vanilla flavoring. The ________ in this beverage are its sources of carbohydrate.

molasses, 2% milk, and high-fructose corn syrup

Paisley usually has four bowel movements each week. Based on this information, Paisley should ________.

not worry, because she is not constipated

Tyler smokes cigarettes, drinks excess alcohol, and takes aspirins regularly to treat his headaches. Based on this information, Tyler has a high risk of developing ________.

peptic ulcers

While at a party, Dimitrius became drunk after consuming 6 cans of beer and 2 shots of whiskey. To sober up, he should ________.

stop drinking and give his liver time to metabolize the alcohol

Treatment of irritable bowel syndrome often includes making dietary changes and ________.

taking antidepressant medication