Nutrition, protein and supplements

Forms Enzymes and hormones

After eating a meal, Charlie's pancreas automatically secretes insulin to help shuttle the glucose into his cells.

nonessential amino acid

Also called dispensable amino acid the body can make endogenously aspartic acid is this type of amino acid

Essentail amino acid

Also called indispensable amino acid must be supplied by food in the diet Tryptophan is this type of amino acid

Provides Energy and Satiety

Bill has been eating two whey protein shakes per day and he cannot understand why he is gaining weight and inches around his waist instead of increasing muscle mass.

Which of the following are methods used to measure protein quality in food?

Biological value Protein adjustability corrected amino acid score protein efficiency ratio

True

North Americans would benefit from eating more plant sources of protein. Protein is the only macronutrient that contains nitrogen. Plant foods can be combined in the diet in the same meal or two subsequent meals to provide complementary amino acid profiles.

Tomas is studying his family's genealogy for an anthropology class. He interviews an uncle about the family's health history and learns that a number of family members have sickle cell anemia. It is safe to assume that:

Tomas' family members with sickle cell anemia have a defect in the structure of the protein chains of hemoglobin.

An ergogenic aid that has not been found to be effective but that is taken as an energy source to be used when carbohydrate stores are depleted are ______________ such as leucine, isoleucine, and valine.

branched-chain amino acids

Promotion of mental alertness by athletes can be achieved through the use of _________ in a dose of about 3-9 milligrams per kilogram of body weight.

caffeine

One ergogenic aid that may be useful in some circumstances is the use of _______ at 20 grams per day for 5-6 days and then a maintenance dose of 2 grams per day to improve performance in those who undertake repeated bursts of activity, such as in sprinting or weight lifting.

creatine

An ergogenic aid that increases muscle mass but may also cause uncontrolled growth of the heart or other organs and is banned by the International Olympic Committee is _______

growth hormone.

Produces Body Components

A malnourished baby who does not eat enough protein will likely have incomplete or poor bone formation.

The synthesis of a specific protein is the end product of a number of intermediate steps. Put the protein synthesis steps in order as they occur to create a specific protein.

1. The DNA needed for synthesis of a specific protein is transferred by mRNA from the nucleus to the cytosol of a cell. 2. Messenger RNA travels to the ribosomes where mRNA code is read and translated to produce a specific protein. 3. A polypeptide chain is created from amino acids added one at a time according to the mRNA instructions and brought to the chain by the tRNA. 4. Polypeptide chain twists and folds into three-dimensional structure of the intended protein.

Contributes to Acid-Base Balance

Including moderate amounts of protein in the diet helps keep Manny's blood slightly basic and prevents it from getting too acidic.

Contributes to Immune Function

Larissa is a chronically malnourished toddler whose only energy source comes from stretchy foods; she recently contracted measles.

Maintains fluid balance

Louisa is a very elderly woman with malnutrition related to congestive heart failure; lately she has been experiencing edema in her lower extremities.