Nutrition Pt.1
For what purpose did the USDA develop MyPlate as a consumer tool?
to help consumers understand and apply the USDA eating patterns
Immediately after digestion, nutrients delivered from the intestines into the circulatory system are:
transported through the blood to the liver for necessary chemical alterations
The Dietary Guidelines for Americans is published by the U.S. Department of Agriculture.
True
The chemical energy stored in food can be converted to mechanical, electrical, thermal, or other forms of energy in the body.
True
The hypothalamus in the brain monitors many body conditions, including the availability of nutrients and water.
True
The hypothalamus in the brain monitors many conditions, including the availability of true nutrients and water
True
Hypomegnesemia
"grass tetany" low magnesium, high potassium -interferes with absorption in digestive tract
The Dietary Guidelines define moderate alcohol consumption as more than _______ drink(s) per day for woman and _______ drink(s) per day for men a. 1;2 b. 1;3 c. 2;3 d. 2;4
1;2
Carbohydrate and protein each provide _____ calories per gram.
4
Solid food can be introduced into the infant's diet at ___ months of age. a) 2-3 mos b) 7-8 mos c) 9-12 mos d) 4-6 mos
4-6 mos
At what temperature should the refrigerator be kept? a. 5 degrees Fahrenheit b. 10 degrees Fahrenheit c. 40 degrees Fahrenheit d. 60 degrees Fahrenheit
40 degrees Fahrenheit
A woman of child bearing age should consume at least __________ of folate per day A. 100 mcg B. 200 mcg C. 300 mcg D. 400 mcg
400 mcg
According to the Dietary Reference Intakes, people should obtain _____ of their daily energy from carbohydrates.
45 to 65 percent
How much protein does a woman who weighs 61 kilograms require every day?
49 grams
Binge drinking is defined as _____ or more drinks at one time for men and _____ or more drinks at one time for women. a) 2, 1 b) 3, 2 c) 4, 3 d) 5, 4
5,4
Low-birth-weight babies weigh less than ___________ at birth A. 5.5 lbs B. 7.5 lbs C. 9.2 lbs D. 10 lbs
5. 5 lbs
Breastfed infants absorb about _____ percent of the ingested calcium.
60
A 23-year-old male college student, who has a sedentary lifestyle, weighs 175 pounds. What is his DRI for protein?
64 grams/day
What is the DRI for protein for a 40-year-old man who is 6′4″ tall and weighs 180 pounds?
65 grams
Children's food preferences are learned through repeated exposure to a new food. A new food may need to be offered _____times before the child will accept it. a) 2-3 b) 4-5 c) 6-7 d) 8-10
8-10
How much sodium is consumed by a person who eats two grams of salt?
800 mg
There are _____ essential amino acids.
9
The consumption of _____ is especially important for women of childbearing age to prevent neural tube defects in infants.
folate
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are:
found in seafood and fish
A major guideline for healthy people is to limit their calorie intake and consume more and varied selections of ____
fruits & vegetables
A major guideline for healthy people is to limit their calorie intake and consume more and varied selections of _____.
fruits and vegetables
The best way to achieve a desirable fiber intake is to include _____ in the diet.
fruits, vegetables, and grains
In a protein molecule, the standard sequence of amino acids is specified by a person's:
genes
The main task of the human digestive system is to convert starch and sugars to _____ for absorption.
glucose
All of the following compounds are fibers except:
glycogen
If the statement "light" appears on the front of an olive oil bottle, this indicates that the oil:
has likely been extracted chemically rather than mechanically
Compared to meat eaters, vegetarians tend to have:
healthier body weight
Cells will do all of the following to create their own working proteins from available amino acids except:
hold partially completed proteins until the diet provides the missing amino acids
How does exercise help prevent heart disease? A. It increases LDL cholesterol B. It increases HDL cholesterol C. It increases triglycerides D. It increases total cholesterol
It increases HDL cholesterol
Which of the following statements is true of fluoride?
It increases the resistance of bones and teeth against demineralization.
Which of the following is true of sickle-cell disease?
It is a disease in which red blood cells are abnormally (crescent) shaped.
Which of the following statements is true about choline during pregnancy? a. it needs to be supplemented in the pregnant woman's diet b. it is found primarily in plant sources c. it is not important in fetal development d. it is easily obtained through consumption of a varied diet
It is easily obtained through consumption of a varied diet
You advise your grandmother against using mineral oil as a laxative because:
It may result in the loss of fat-soluble vitamins through excretion
Which of the following statements is true of copper?
It plays a key role in the formation of hemoglobin and collagen.
Identify characteristic of alcohol.
It provides calories
Which of the following statements is true of an elemental diet?
It supports life
Which characteristic of water allows it to act as a potential lubricant?
Its incompressibility
Which of the following is a characteristic of a diet that reduces heart disease risk?
Low in trans fats
Which of the following is an essential amino acid?
Lysine
Magnesium (Mg)
Macromineral that is a component of a lot of enzymes. -has a relationship with calcium -found in bone
According to the U.S. Enrichment Act of 1942, which of the following nutrients is not required to be added to refined grain products?
Magnesium
A friend says, "My diet contains no sucrose because I don't eat table sugar." Is this likely to be true and why?
No, because sucrose occurs naturally in or is added to many foods.
Your diet has been evaluated and you are consuming an average of 2800 calories, 62 grams of saturated fat, and 5 grams of trans fat daily. Are these values within the recommendations for heart health?
No, because the energy from saturated fat is higher than the recommended percentage.
Copper (Cu)
Micromineral that is contained in some enzymes -deficiency is due to its lack in fertilizer and being deficient in soils. also ingestion of excessive molybdenum and sulfur
Zinc (Zn)
Micromineral used in enzymes deficiency results in decreased cell turnover, growth retardation
Who among the following should avoid taking vitamin C supplements because of an increased risk of negative effects?
People suffering from kidney disorders
Which of the following foods is not a major source of soluble fibers?
Milk
Which of the following foods is not a source of vitamin C?
Milk
What can you determine from the Nutrition Facts label about the vitamin A content of this cereal?
Milk added to the cereal contributes a moderate amount of vitamin A in addition to what is present in the cereal.
Which of the following food categories contributes an abundance of high-quality protein?
Milk and meat
You know that you should limit your salt intake for the sake of your health.. This doesn't mean that you should never indulge in salty food. This statement illustrates an important characteristic of a nutritious diet called _____.
Moderation
Which of the following statements about folate is not true? a. folate is used in red blood cell formation and DNA production b. most women consuming Western-style diets consume adequate folate c. deficiency of folate during pregnancy can result in neural tube defects it is recommended that women of child-bearing years consume a folic acid supplement
Most women consuming Western-style diets consume adequate folate
Which types of cells normally replace themselves once every few years?
Muscle cells
What is sarcopenia? A. bone loss B. loss of teeth C. loss of eyesight D. muscle loss
Muscle loss
According to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, who among the following cannot enjoy the best possible health?
People who over consume calories and proteins
Which of the following foods has the lowest percentage of water?
Pretzel
osteoporosis
Proper levels of calcium (and vitamin D) over a lifetime can help prevent _____________.
For which of the following is the recommended intake lower in older adults due to kidney disease? a. vitamin D b. calories c. protein d. calcium
Protein
Which macronutrient is not considered to be a major source of energy during exercise? a. fat/lipid b. carbohydrate c. protein d. B vitamins
Protein
Which of the following is a result of regular exercise? a) Increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes b) Reduced blood pressure c) Reduced bone density d) Reduced HDL cholesterol levels
Reduced blood pressure
Which is not a symptom of alcohol toxicity? A. reduced risk of heart disease B. impaired physical abilities C. impaired mental abilities D. impaired large muscle control
Reduced risk of heart disease
The benefits of regular exercise include all of the following EXCEPT: a. improved flexibility and balance b. reduced risk of cardiovascular disease c. increased strength and endurance d. reduced sensitivity of tissues to insulin
Reduced sensitivity of tissues to insulin
_____ is the active form of vitamin A that is stored in specialized cells of the liver.
Retinol
Sugar has been implicated by many people in some major health problems. One scientifically proven effect of sugar on health is that:
WRONG! NOT sugar consumed in large amounts leads to obesity, even when calorie intake does not exceed calorie needs
What are conditionally essential amino acids?
Those amino acids that are normally nonessential but must be supplied through the diet when the need for it exceeds the body's ability to produce it
A point of unsaturation is a site on a fatty acid chain:
WRONG! NOT where carbon forms a double bond with hydrogen
An important recommendation of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2015-2020 is to make physical activity a habit.
True
Antibodies are large proteins present in the blood that are effective in destroying foreign particles that invade the body
True
Which of the following nutrients is correctly matched with its role in bone development?
WRONG! Omega-3 fatty acids maintain bone mineral density in the body.
Water loss can be expressed as a percent age of body weight. If a 150-pound person loses 3 pounds of body fluids, what percentage of body weight has he lost?
WRONG! One percent
Who among the following should avoid taking vitamin C supplements because of an increased risk of negative effects?
WRONG! People suffering from burn injuries
Which of the following statements is true of nondiet factors that affect bone health?
WRONG! The fracture rate reduces by half for women who lose 20 percent of their body fat after menopause.
It is critical for body cells to maintain fluid and electrolyte balance. The body achieves this balance by:
WRONG! allowing minerals to slip freely across the cell membranes
The best way to prevent calcium deficiency is to:
WRONG! consume an adequate amount of almonds, beans, and sesame seeds
Which of the following calcium supplements is correctly matched with its definition?
WRONG!Oyster shell is a calcium mineral composed of calcium and magnesium salts.
Which of the following statements regarding television viewing by children is FALSE? a. watching television encourages increased snacking b. watching television encourages decreased physical activity c. watching television introduces children to more unhealthy foods d. watching television has no effect on a child's future risk for being overweight
Watching television has no effect on a child's future risk for being overweight
Which of the following makes up about 60 percent of an adult's body weight?
Water
excreted
Water soluble vitamins don't usually become toxic because they are easily ___________.
Which of the following is the correct definition of distilled water?
Water that has been vaporized and recondensed, leaving it free of dissolved minerals
Which of the following foods contains about 15 grams of carbohydrate?
a slice of bread
Cells are organized into tissues that perform specialized tasks, and these tissues, in turn, are grouped together to form whole organs.
True
Certain mineral salts found in the body act as buffers that maintain the correct pH to permit various physiological processes
True
Consuming a diet rich in added sugars increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes.
True
Diabetes or hypoglycemia occurs when blood glucose regulation fails.
True
Each amino acid has its own distinctive chemical side chain attached to the center carbon of the backbone.
True
Fatty acids in food influence the composition of fats in the body.
True
Foods that are associated with particular cultural subgroups within a population are called ethnic foods.
True
Good food choices can reduce the chance of developing chronic diseases.
True
High blood LDL concentrations increase the risk of heart attack.
True
High salt intake can temporarily increase the water content of the body
True
Individuals suffering from a kidney disease should not consume excessive proteins as this can hastens the kidneys' decline.
True
Malnutrition includes deficiencies, imbalances, and excesses of nutrients, alone or in combination, any of which can take a toll on health over time.
True
Nutrient-dense vegetarian diets require much less land, water, fuel, and other resources to produce when compared to diets high in meats, cheeses, and highly processed foods.
True
People who are lactose intolerant require calcium supplements.
True
Proteins help regulate gene expression.
True
Sodium ions are associated with the transmission of nerve impulses.
True
Sodium, the principal mineral of soft water, may aggravate hypertension.
True
Some ground turkey and chicken products in which the skin is ground in are much higher in solid fats than lean beef.
True
The bioavailability of calcium in calcium-fortified orange juice is comparable to that of milk.
True
The glycemic index of foods may be of interest to people with diabetes who must strive to regulate blood glucose
True
The primary role of fluoride is to prevent dental caries throughout life.
True
True or False: A healthy pregnancy begins before a woman becomes pregnant
True
True or False: A woman who exercised before pregnancy can continue to exercise while still pregnant as long as the pregnancy is not high risk
True
True or False: Aging causes the body to be less efficient at digesting and absorbing nutrients
True
True or False: Colostrum is produced by the breast for up to a week after delivery of the infant.
True
True or False: Improving muscular endurance strength also leads to improved muscular strength
True
True or False: In introducing infants to solid foods it is recommended that one food be introduced at a time, then waiting to introduce another
True
True or False: It is critical to ensure adequate nutrition intake and to consider any medications or supplements if there is even a chance you could get pregnant.
True
True or False: Lactic acid production/accumulation is a sign that the individual is exercising at a higher intensity
True
True or False: Moderate alcohol intake can increase HDL levels
True
True or False: Much of what we choose to eat as adults depends on what we learned to eat as children
True
True or False: No amount of alcohol is considered safe for consumption during pregnancy.
True
True or False: Strength and endurance athletes may need as much as 1.2-1.7 grams of protein per kilograms of body weight (vs. the RDA of 0.8/kg per day)
True
True or False: The aerobic training zone is considered to be between 60-85% of maximal heart rate
True
True or False: The human body requires a significant amount of energy even while at rest
True
True or False: The rate of mortality in newborns is higher in the U.S. than many other developed countries
True
True or False: Vigorous physical activity that raises the heart rate to the high end of the aerobic zone improves fitness more than medium intensity activity that raises heart rate to the low end of the zone.
True
True or False: Watching TV encourages snacking and reduces amount of physical activity
True
Users of the Food Lists for Diabetes and Weight Management can make an informed approximation of the energy-yielding nutrients and calories in almost any food they might encounter.
True
Vitamin D deficiency in children causes rickets, which manifests as bowed legs.
True
Waste materials dissolved in water are collected by the kidneys and become concentrated as urine
True
Who among the following will have the highest protein DRI per unit of body weight?
WRONG! NOT A 40-year-old man
Scientists have developed a new type of margarine that contains plant ingredients. They expect that the margarine will lower blood cholesterol levels. They want to test their hypothesis by comparing the blood cholesterol levels of people who will consume the new margarine with those who will consume regular margarine for a few days. Both groups of people will know which type of margarine they are to consume. Which type of research design will the scientists consider?
WRONG! NOT A laboratory study
Which of the following is a function of chromium?
WRONG! NOT Collagen synthesis
A 24 year-old man is suffering from iron deficiency. His diet includes rich sources of zinc. Which of the following is a possible explanation for his iron-deficient condition?
WRONG! NOT Excessive zinc is inhibiting the production of hemoglobin.
The growth of well-fed vegetarian children is similar to that of their meat-eating peers.
WRONG! NOT False
If you are asked for advice on whether high-fiber diets can reduce colon cancer risk, what would you reply?
WRONG! NOT Fiber does not contribute to colon health, so eating fiber-rich foods will not protect you from colon cancer.
Which of the following details would be provided on a small label on a roll of candy rings?
WRONG! NOT Information on protein, fat, and sugar contents
What is the role of insulin in weight gain?
WRONG! NOT Insulin regulates glucose metabolism and helps in the distribution of energy and weight gain.
Which of the following is a probable health benefit of eating brown rice?
WRONG! NOT It helps reduce complex carbohydrate intake.
Which of the following is true of an amine group?
WRONG! NOT It is the carbon-containing portion of an amino acid.
Who among the following cannot adopt the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) recommendations?
WRONG! NOT Joann, a 35-year-old female vegetarian
If tyrosine becomes a conditionally essential amino acid in the body, which of the following statements is true?
WRONG! NOT Phenylalanine is produced using tyrosine and should be supplied in adequate quantities.
A person is advised to eat food that provides 0 g of solid fat and saturated fat. Which of the following foods should he include in his diet?
WRONG! NOT Pork chop trimmed of fat
Why should we cook eggs before eating them rather than eating them raw?
WRONG! NOT Raw egg proteins are completely indigestible and cause food poisoning.
Why should we cook eggs before eating them rather than eating them raw?
WRONG! NOT Raw egg proteins cannot be denatured in the human body.
According to current dietary recommendations, trans fat intake should be limited. How is this best accomplished?
WRONG! NOT Read labels to select foods that say "polyunsaturated fatty acid free."
Which of the following is a fortified food source of vitamin D available in the United States?
WRONG! NOT Salmon or Liver (Probably Sardines but not sure lol)
In times of energy shortage due to inadequate carbohydrate or fat in foods, how does the body generate energy?
WRONG! NOT The body decreases its breakdown of food proteins and utilizes the stored glycogen.
Which of the following statements is true of nondiet factors that affect bone health?
WRONG! NOT The production of the female hormone progesterone has a direct impact on bone mass.
Why might a very high-fiber diet be harmful for malnourished people and young vegan children?
WRONG! NOT These groups have a higher risk of hyperglycemia.
Which of the following statements is true of soluble fibers?
WRONG! NOT They are tough and stringy.
Which of the following statements is true of soluble fibers?
WRONG! NOT They retain their tough texture after being cooked.
Your diet has been evaluated and you are consuming an average of 2800 calories, 62 grams of saturated fat, and 5 grams of trans fat daily. Are these values within the recommendations for heart health?
WRONG! NOT Yes, because the energy from saturated fat is within the recommended percentage range.
An overemphasis on protein-rich foods can lead to:
WRONG! NOT a low intake of all vitamins
The potential harmful effects of too much fiber include:
WRONG! NOT chronic diarrhea
Research on the benefits of fatty acids and their components has shown that:
WRONG! NOT every study reports lower cardiovascular risks with higher EPA and DHA intakes
Which of the following is not influenced by diet?
WRONG! NOT hemophilia
In case of severe undernutrition, the small intestine will react by
WRONG! NOT increasing intestinal muscle activity
All of the following are health benefits of insoluble fiber except:
WRONG! NOT it may reduce the risk of rectal cancer
All of the following compounds are fibers except:
WRONG! NOT lignin
Cholesterol is a member of the group of lipids known as _____.
WRONG! NOT lipoproteins
Which of the following nutrition and weight related objectives is not included in the publication of Healthy People 2020?
WRONG! NOT reduce the death rate from cancer
Replacing saturated fats and trans fats with monounsaturated and polyunsaturated oils:
WRONG! NOT reduces LDL and HDL cholesterol and significantly decreases blood triglycerides while keeping the calorie intake reasonable
The major differences between the nutritional needs of a serious athlete and a casual exerciser are a. an athlete needs more total energy and more water than a casual exerciser b. an athlete needs much less carbohydrate than a casual exerciser c. an athlete needs a lot more fat as a percentage of their diet than a casual exerciser d. an athlete five times the amount of protein per kg of body weight as a casual exerciser
An athlete needs more total energy and more water than a casual exerciser
Which type of research studies populations and is often used to search for correlations between dietary habits and disease incidence?
An epidemiological study
diet
An essential nutrient is one that must be obtained through the ________.
In the video we watched in class when Jamie Oliver was interacting with the kids in the classroom, what food did a child repeatedly say was his favorite food when prompted? a. pizza b. chicken nuggets c. chocolate d. macaroni and cheese
Chocolate
Which of the following foods is not appropriate to feed a newborn infant? a. milk from another human mother b. commercial formula c. breast milk d. cow's milk
Cow's milk
Cream and butter are a source of solid fats.Which statement is true of the fat content of foods?
Cream and butter are a source of solid fats.
Which statement is true of the fat content of foods?
Cream and butter are a source of solid fats.
Superoxide dismutase (SOD)
Enzyme involved in free radical oxidation that has two forms based on whether it is Mn or Zn-Cu based.
Which of the following is a protein catalyst that facilitates chemical reactions?
Enzymes
Supplements that increase performance are collectively called? A. ergogenic acids B. pyruvate producers C. anabolic proteins D. achilles acids
Ergogenic acids
This product is labeled "Gentlemen 50+" and states that the antioxidants and vitamins it contains slow aging in men. What can you state about targeted products such as this one?
Evidence does not support a role for antioxidant supplements against chronic diseases.
Starch digestion is complete by the time food reaches the small intestine.
False
The absence of a Tolerable Upper Intake Level for a nutrient implies that it is safe to consume in any amount.
False
The best food source of omega-6 fatty acids is fish and seafood.
False
The loss of calcium from cortical bones is the primary cause of osteoporosis.
False
The term "brown bread" on a label is a guarantee that the bread has been made with whole-grain flour.
False
There is strong scientific evidence that individual phytochemical supplements safely provide health benefits.
False
True or False: About of 50% of all children are considered to be obese
False
True or False: Aerobic metabolism takes place outside the mitochondria
False
True or False: After solid foods have been introduced to an infant, breastfeeding and formula are no longer necessary
False
True or False: All of the weight gained during pregnancy can be accounted for by the fetus and the placenta
False
True or False: Babies should be given a bottle of milk or juices to take to bed with them
False
True or False: Dietary habits developed in childhood are easily modified in adulthood
False
True or False: During adolescence, boys require more energy than girls due to the greater amount of body fat in boys
False
True or False: E Coli is the most common food-borne illness in the US?
False
True or False: Energy requirements do not change throughout the lifespan
False
True or False: Factors that enter the mother's blood do not enter the fetus because they are filtered by the placenta
False
True or False: Flexibility, as on of those components of fitness, increases lean body mass to a great extent
False
True or False: Food cravings during pregnancy are primarily due to the body's needs for specific nutrients
False
True or False: For adults, 20 minutes of aerobic activity daily is the amount recommended to reduce the risk of chronic disease.
False
True or False: Marathon runners rely heavily on anaerobic metabolism to meet the energy demands of exercise
False
True or False: Pregnancy is divided into 2 trimesters
False
True or False: Protein supplements are required for most athletes
False
True or False: Type 2 diabetes is decreasing rapidly in the adolescent population
False
True or False: Very thin people do not have enough fat to use as a fuel source during endurance exercise
False
Vinegar is the only known substance that can reduce the acidity of the hydrochloric acid produced by the stomach.
False
Water-soluble vitamins are readily stored in the liver.
False
The macronutrient that doesn't require higher intake during pregnancy is: a)protein b)carbohydrate c)fat d)They all require higher intake
Fat
Which of the following statements is correct?
Fat-soluble vitamins are stored in the liver and fatty tissues until the body requires them.
A person's ability to absorb calcium varies based on:
age or life stage
As the duration of exercise increases, you rely more on what fuel? A. carbohydrates B. fats C. protein D. all fuels are relied on equally
Fats
During exercise periods that last longer than one hour all of the following may be depleted except A. electrolytes B. water C. carbohydrates D. fats
Fats
Which of the following is a nonmodifiable risk factor for osteoporosis?
Female gender
Which of the following foods is not included in a lacto-ovo vegetarian diet?
Fish
Which phytochemical present in dark chocolate has the potential for positive heart health benefits?
Flavonoids
Which of the following food sources can vegans use to obtain the required quantity of omega-3-fatty acids in their diets?
Flaxseed
Which of the following elements stabilizes bones and makes teeth resistant to decay?
Fluoride
The total amount of energy needed by teenagers is usually _______ that needed for an adult. a) greater than b) less than c) the same as
Greater than
Children need small, nutrient-dense meals and snacks because they a) have a short attention span. b) have small stomachs and high nutrient needs. c) need to expend more calories in playtime. d) none of these are plausible reasons.
Have small stomachs and high nutrient needs
Vitamin E serves as:
an antioxidant
The best source of phosphorus is _____.
animal protein
BHA and BHT are examples of:
antioxidants
Vitamin C is also known as:
ascorbic acid
Which of the following statements is true about groundwater as a source of drinking water?
It comes from deep, protected underground aquifers.
Which of the following is a major role of vitamin A in sustaining eyesight?
It helps maintain a healthy, crystal clear cornea.
Which of the following statements is true of chromium?
It improves the cellular uptake of glucose by enhancing insulin activity.
Over half of the body's magnesium is stored in the:
bones
For an individual with high blood pressure, drinking several margaritas made using the margarita mix and tequila in a single evening is:
inadvisable because alcohol in large amounts raises blood pressure
The best way to ensure adequate absorption of dietary iron when consuming soy products is to:
include vitamin C-rich foods because they enhance the absorption of iron
It is critical for body cells to maintain fluid and electrolyte balance. The body achieves this balance by:
increasing the electrolyte concentrations inside the cells
The Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend all of the following except
increasing the proportion of trans fats in the diet
High doses of zinc inhibit _____.
iron absorption
The USP symbol on the label of a vitamin supplement means that:
it contains the ingredients listed on the label
You can tell that a claim about nutrition is unreliable if:
it is being made by an advertiser who is paid to make claims
You advise your grandmother against using mineral oil as a laxative because:
it may result in the loss of fat-soluble vitamins through excretion
The breakdown of fat that occurs when carbohydrates are not available produces:
ketone bodies
Water excretion is regulated by the brain and the:
kidneys
Essential fatty acids:
must be supplied by the diet
Pellagra is a disease caused by the deficiency of:
niacin
Symptoms of vitamin A deficiency include:
night blindness
All of the following foods are major contributors of healthful fatty acids except:
nondairy creamers, which are high in trans fats
Linoleic acid is an example of a(n) _____ sterol
omega-6 fatty acid
Linoleic acid is an example of a(n) _____. sterol
omega-6 fatty acid
The vitamin D deficiency disease that develops in adults is known as:
osteomalacia
A person is advised to eat food that provides 0 g of solid fat and saturated fat. Which of the following foods should he include in his diet?
plain potato
Sugar alcohols are also called _____.
polyols
Cooking oils should be stored in tightly covered containers in order to:
prevent the oxidation process
Cooking oils should be stored in tightly covered containers in order to:
preventing the oxidation process
Sulfate is adequate in a diet that is rich in _____.
protein
A compound that can be converted into an active vitamin inside the body is known as a(n):
provitamin
Which of the following foods is not a major part of a Mediterranean diet?
red meat
The main reason for fortifying grain products with folic acid is to:
reduce the incidence of birth defects called neural tube defects in infants
The body uses _____ to make the brown pigment melanin.
tyrosine
When amino acids are degraded for energy, their amine groups are stripped off and incorporated by the liver into _____ and sent to the kidneys for excretion.
urea
Research regarding the benefits or risks of taking vitamin supplements to reduce the risk of chronic diseases has shown that:
use of the beta-carotene supplement increases the risk of lung cancer in smokers
Thiamin is also known as:
vitamin B1
All of the following are fat-soluble vitamins except:
vitamin C
A woman following a vegan diet has become pregnant. She most likely requires _____ supplements.
vitamin D and vitamin B12
Antioxidant nutrients that actively scavenge and quench free radicals in the body include:
vitamin E
You advise a client to eat high-fiber foods for lowering his blood cholesterol levels. Which of the following foods would be least effective for this purpose?
white bread
Lipids
-Precursor for cholesterol, hormones, and bile acids -Energy and storage of energy -Component of cell membrane -Important interaction with fat soluble vitamins to help their absorption
All of the following provide about 5 grams of fat each except:
1 cup sour cream
Peak alcohol concentration is reached approximately _________ after ingestion a. 1 minute b. 3 hours c. 90 minutes d. 1 hour
1 hour
For men and women in the 19- to 50-year age range, the calcium DRI is _____ mg.
1,000
Ella wants to calculate her aerobic training zone. She is 27 years old. What would her heart rate be in her aerobic training zone? a. 132bpm-164bpm b. 120bpm-170bpm c. 116bpm-170bpm d.116bpm-164bpm
116bpm-164bpm
The DRI for total carbohydrates for an average-sized adult is _____ grams per day.
130
According to the USDA Eating Patterns, what is the amount of vegetables and grains needed every day to maintain the Healthy U.S.-Style Eating Pattern at the 2,000-calorie level?
2 1/2 c/day vegetables and 6 oz/day grains
If a food label states that a food contains 6 grams of dietary fiber per serving and the Daily Value is 30 grams, the food would contain _____ percent of the Daily Value for dietary fiber.
20
If a person loses 4% of their body weight as water during competition, by what percentage will their performance be decreased by the end of the event? a. it will not be affected b. 10% c. 20% d. 25% e. 30%
25%
What is the average weight gain during pregnancy for a normal weight woman? A. 10 - 15 lbs B. 25 - 35 lbs C. 35 - 45 lb. D. 50 - 6- lbs
25-35 lbs
What percentage is closest to the proportion of children in the United States who are overweight and/or obese today? A. 4-5% B. 10% C. 15-18% D. 30%
30%
During the first 6 months of lactation, a woman's calorie needs increase by about ______ calories per day, over her nonpregnant, nonlactating requirements. a) 50 b) 175 c) 330 d) 600
330
Adults in the United States consume an average of _____ mg of sodium per day.
3500 mg
Phosphorus (P)
A __________ deficiency is hard to see because those who consume meat tend to have more than enough phosphorus -non-ruminants can have this deficiency more easily than ruminants
Which of the following helps protect the stomach lining from the action of strong hydrochloric acid produced in the stomach?
A coat of mucus
Chlorine (Cl)
A component of chemical digestion, combines with H+ to form HCl, electrolyte
Scurvy
A condition that results from vitamin C deficiency
Who would benefit most from a glycogen supercompensation protocol? a. a person who exercises for 60 minutes per day with a combination of strength and endurance exercise b. a person who competes in endurance events lasting 2-4 hours c. a person competing in sprint triathlons lasting about an hour d. a 100m sprinter on competition day
A person who competes in endurance events lasting 2-4 hours
Which of the following foods contains about 15 grams of carbohydrate?
A slice of bread
All of the following are ways to tell that an infant is ready for solid foods to be introduced, except: a)The extrusion reflex b)Capable of sitting on their own or with minor support c)Able to communicate that they are done eating through turning of the head or closing of the mouth d)Ability to hold their own spoon or fork
Ability to hold their own spoon or fork
A person is trying to follow the best diet to reduce the risk of developing chronic disease. She wants to make sure that she consumes adequate nutrients in the best proportions from the foods she selects. Which would be the best Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) standards for her to use to ensure she has the best energy nutrient intakes to reduce chronic disease risk?
Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDR)
In a nutritious diet, the foods provide sufficient quantities of essential nutrients, fiber, and energy to maintain health and body weight. This principle of diet planning is called _____________.
Adequacy
Which of the following statements about muscle growth is true? A. consuming extra protein increases muscle growth and strength B. adequate calories and adequate protein are both necessary for muscle growth C. nutrition is not important for muscle growth, only the exercise you do is important D. once you are over the age of about 65 years, you can no longer gain muscle mass
Adequate calories and adequate protein are both necessary for muscle growth
Which of the following statements regarding physical activity is FALSE? a) Adults should include strength training activities 4-5 times a week. b) Approximately one-third of American adults get no physical activity at all during their leisure time. c) Greater health benefits can be obtained by exercising more vigorously or for a longer time. d) Most Americans do not exercise regularly.
Adults should include strength training activities 4-5 times a week
During low-intensity exercise, you are most likely to rely on which energy system? A. ATP-PC B. Anaerobic C. Aerobic D. Carbohydrates
Aerobic
A health condition in older adults that may be linked to an inadequate intake of carotenoids from plants is: A. atrophic gastritis B. rheumatoid arthritis C. age-related macular degeneration D. sarcopenia
Age-related macular degeneration
Which of the following statements is a truth concerning alcohol?
Alcohol depresses brain activity
Resting between exercise sessions is important because it a) allows the body to replenish energy stores. b) repairs damaged tissues. c) strengthens muscles. d) All of the above statements are true.
All of the above statements are true
Which of the following does not affect nutritional status in older adults? a. increased medication use b. presence of chronic illness c. socioeconomic status d. all of these can have an impact on nutritional status
All of these can have an impact on nutritional status
Deficiencies of ____ is/are of particular concern during childhood. a) calcium b) iron c) vitamin D d) All of these deficiencies are of concern during childhood
All of these deficiencies are of concern during childhood
Deficiencies of ____________is/are of particular concern during childhood. A. calcium B. iron C. vitamin D D. All of these deficiencies are of concern during childhood
All of these deficiencies are of concern during childhood
A false story has circulated for several years on the Internet about the chickens used by a popular national fried chicken chain. It claims that the chickens used by the company have been genetically modified to have no heads, beaks, or feet and are kept alive with feeding tubes. This is an example of:
An urban legend
Which of the following compounds is present in garlic?
Antioxidant organosulfur compounds
Based on the research presented in this visual, which of the following statements is FALSE? a. only a small percentage of children in the US have 'good' diets b. as children grow older, their diets become better c. teenagers have the highest percentage of poor diets d. younger children have better diets
As children grow older, their diets become better
Which of the following statements is true regarding protein intake recommendations?
Athletes may need slightly more protein than other healthy adults.
______________ is an inflammation of the stomach lining, which occurs in some adults over the age of 50, that causes reduced stomach acid and decreased B12 absorption as well as reduced iron, folate, calcium, and vitamin K absorption a. atrophic gastritis b. heliobacteritis pyloris c. celiac disease d. chron's disease
Atrophic gastritis
In the average person, when toes most of their energy expenditure come from? a. basal metabolism b. physical activity c. thermic effect of feeding (TEF) d. Non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT)
Basal metabolism
The product label on this multivitamin supplement has the following health statement: "Emerging research suggests that an adequate daily vitamin D3 intake may play a role in supporting colon and immune health." How should this be interpreted?
Because the manufacturer is not required to provide scientific evidence to the FDA, this statement may not be accurate.
D
Because vitamin ____ comes from the sun, it is not necessarily needed in the diet
For events lasting over an hour, for optimal exercise performance, when is it most important to consume carbohydrates? A. before exercise B. during exercise C. after exercise D. before, during, and after exercise
Before, during, and after exercise
Which statement best describes the body of individuals who have had their gallbladder removed?
Bile is released directly into the small intestine.
Which of the following foods is likely to have hidden fat?
Biscuits
Which of the following is a function of chromium?
Blood glucose regulation
Which of the following statements is true of energy-yielding nutrients in the human diet?
Body tissues use carbohydrates for energy and other critical functions.
Which of the following areas does not contribute to increased weight during pregnancy? a. blood b. fat stores c. bones d. breasts
Bones
Which of the following areas does not contribute to increased weight gain during pregnancy? A. Breast B. blood C. Fat stores D. Bones
Bones
Which types of cells do not reproduce and, if damaged by injury or disease, are lost forever?
Brain Cells
Which of the following is a symptom of beta-carotene toxicity?
Bright yellow skin
Which of the following is the best example to illustrate the overload principle? a) Briskly walking for 20 minutes every other day this week, increasing the intensity of walking the next week b) Eating a dessert, then 2 hours later swimming 30 minutes c) Exercising in the evening instead of in the morning d) Riding a stationary bike for 20 minutes, then immediately running 20 minutes
Briskly walking for 20 minutes every other day this week, increasing the intensity of walking the next week
A person has eaten the following vegetables over the past week: carrots, pinto beans, corn, cauliflower, coleslaw, and potatoes. Which of the following vegetables should he eat to be sure that he has included vegetables from each of the subgroups for the week?
Broccoli
How does a DASH diet effectively reduce blood sodium levels and blood pressure?
By increasing the intake of potassium-rich fruits and vegetables
How can people between the ages of 31 and 50 years preserve their bone health?
By maximizing bone retention
How does the body deal with a high intake of iron from food?
By trapping iron in the intestinal cells
All of the following are fat-soluble vitamins except:
C
Bones
Calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), and magnesium (Mg) are the macrominerals involved in __________.
To replace saturated fats with monounsaturated fats in your diet, you could use _____ instead of _____.
Canola order; butter
What fuel do you use the most during anaerobic exercise? A. carbohydrates B. fat C. protein D. vitamins and minerals
Carbohydrates
Which of the following is the preferred fuel for the functioning of the brain and nerves?
Carbohydrates
Which of the following proteins acts as a matrix on which mineral crystals of bone form?
Collagen
What is colostrum? a. colostrum is a form of mature milk that needs to be discarded b. colostrum is derived from soybeans used to make infant formula c. colostrum is evaporated breast milk d. colostrum is the first milk produced by the mother one to three days after delivery
Colostrum is the first milk produced by the mother one to three days after delivery
You are presenting to a group of consumers about ways to use food labels to choose healthy foods in the grocery store. During your presentation, what would you emphasize?
Comparing similar food products based on nutrient components and understanding the terms used on food labels
Which of the following is a DRI recommendation for fat intake for healthy people?
Consume around 20 to 35% of calories as fat.
Tim, who lost a significant amount of weight during an illness, is thinking about taking amino acid supplements to help him regain muscle mass. What advice would you give him?
Consume whole protein as it is better handled by the digestive system and will promote recovery.
Red meat causes an abnormal immune response in people suffering from celiac disease.
False
Adult energy needs typically _______ with age. a) decrease b) do not change c) increase
Decrease
Energy needs ________ during adulthood as we age, due primarily to decreases in BMR and activity level a. increase b. decrease c. stay the same
Decrease
The amounts of protein and energy needed per kilogram of body weight ________, whereas the total amount of protein and energy needed _______ as children grow into adulthood a. decrease, decrease b. decrease, increase c. increase, decrease d. increase, increase
Decrease, increase
The effects of physical activity on the body include all of the following except:
Decreased bone density
Maximum heart rate _____ with age. a) decreases b) increases c) does not change (is not affected by age)
Decreases
On a per-weight basis, the amount of protein needed daily as age progresses from infancy to adulthood: A. stays the same B. decreases C. increases D. is based on iron requirements
Decreases
A
Deficiency for vitamin ___ is night blindness -biggest deficiency in the world
D
Deficiency of vitamin ____ can lead to rickets and osteoporosis
Triglycerides
Glycerol attached to three fatty acids
As people increase the consumption of polyunsaturated oil, their need for vitamin _____ increases.
E
A good dietary strategy for a pregnant woman experiencing morning sickness would be to ___________ A. eat only when she is hungry B. nibble on hard candy to keep her calorie count up C. eat a small amount of food several times per day D. reduce her water and fluid intake which may trigger vomiting
Eat a small amount of food several times a day
Glutathione Reductase
Enzyme involved in free radial oxidation involving both niacin (B3) and riboflavin (B2)
Catalase
Enzyme involved in free radical oxidation containing Fe.
Glutathione Peroxidase
Enzyme involved in free radical oxidation containing selenocysteine.
You are concerned about a classmate who binge drinks regularly. You want to let him know of the long-term consequences of his habit. What would you do to tell him to convince him to cut back on drinking?
Excessive alcohol intake can lead to the deterioration of skeletal and heart muscles
Which of the following statements is true of vitamin A?
Excessive intake of vitamin A during pregnancy can cause birth defects in a developing fetus.
A phospholipid consists of a molecule of glycerol with nitrogen-containing fatty acids attached to it.
False
A whole, basic food becomes less nutritious when it is enriched or fortified.
False
After age 25, regardless of calcium intake, bones begin to lose density.
False
Bone loss is a calcium-deficiency disease similar to iron-deficiency anemia.
False
Carbohydrates have been rightly accused of being the fattening ingredient of foods; therefore, we need to avoid starchy foods.
False
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) are nutrient standards used on food labels and on grocery store signs.
False
Fructose creates appetite-regulating signals directly in the brain and raises the blood insulin level.
False
Green vegetables have more hidden solid fat than meat.
False
Infants are born with adequate vitamin K in their intestinal tracts.
False
Predigested proteins are easy to digest and can relieve the digestive system from overworking.
False
) A large percentage of neural tube defects can be prevented through supplementation prior to and during pregnancy with: a)folic acid b)iron c)choline d)zinc
Folic Acid
Which of the following carbohydrates is responsible for the intensely sweet taste of fruit?
Fructose
Which of the following is not a complication with babies born with a low birth weight? A. Increased risk for infections B. Lung problems C. Impaired learning D. gestational diabetes
Gestational diabetes
Anaerobic metabolism uses which of the following fuels? a) B vitamins b) glucose c) amino acids d) fat
Glucose
What is the main fuel/energy source used during anaerobic metabolism? a. lipids b. glucose c. protein d. B vitamins
Glucose
What are general recommendations for eating prior to endurance exercise? a. high carbohydrate (60-70%) of calories b. high protein (40-50%) of calories c. high fiber to increase gastric motility d. low fluid amounts to keep the stomach empty
High carbohydrate (60-70%) of calories
Older adults should consume a diet that is _______ in protein relative to calories as compared to that of younger adults. a) higher b) lower c) similar
Higher
Which of the following activities uses the ATP-PC energy system primarily? A. Running a 5K (3.2 mile) race B. Hitting a baseball C. Cross-country skiing D. Playing a game of tennis
Hitting a baseball
Which of the following words on an ingredient list would alert you to the presence of trans-fatty acids in the product?
Hydrogenated oil
A food producer wants to use a polyunsaturated oil to make a spreadable margarine. Which of the following processes should he use?
Hydrogenation
Weight lifting stresses the muscles, causing them to adapt by increasing in size and strength. This process is called a) atrophy. b) hypertrophy. c) megalomia. d) tonia.
Hypertrophy
A young man says that he is consuming much more protein in his diet than the recommended amount. He feels that he needs the extra amount just in case he wants to build more muscle mass in the near future. How would you respond to him?
If he has excess calories in his diet, he may gain fat from converted protein.
When are glycogen stores best replenished? A. immediately before exercise B. three to four hours before exercise C. two to three hours after exercise D. immediately after exercise
Immediately after exercise
What effect does zinc deficiency have on the body?
Impaired immune response, leading to more infections
Which of the following is a result of a dietary protein deficiency?
Impaired kidney function
Glutathione
In free radical oxidation, vitamin C helps ____________ in its oxidation reaction in the aqueous phase, and vitamin E helps vitamin C with stabilization and protection.
Children's energy and protein requirements __________ as they age. a) Decrease b) Remain the same c) Increase d) Vary depending on the child
Increase
Exercise increases total energy expenditure by all of the following EXCEPT: a. energy output during exercise b. energy expenditure that persists after the exercise (EPOC) c. increased lean muscle mass d. increased thermic effect of food
Increased thermic effect of food
_____ is an immune response to cellular injury that produces an increase in white blood cells, redness, heat, and swelling.
Inflammation
Which of the following pancreatic hormones lowers the blood glucose level?
Insulin
What is the role of insulin in weight gain?
Insulin helps prevent weight gain in healthy, normal-weight people who eat a reasonable diet.
Which of the following statements is true of insulin?
Insulin strands consist of bridges formed by the bonding of sulfur groups in cysteine molecules.
Which of the following elements must be present for the synthesis of thyroxine?
Iodine
Microminerals
Iron - Fe Copper - Cu Zinc - Zn Selenium - Se Iodine - I Chromium - Cr Fluoride - F Manganese - Mn Molybdenum - Mb
Which of the following are likely to be deficient in an adolescent's diet? a. sodium and selenium b. iodine and vitamin A c. protein and zinc d. iron and calcium
Iron and calcium
At about six months, breast-fed babies are no longer receiving enough __________ from the breast milk a. protein b. vitamin C c. iron and zinc d. fat
Iron and zinc
blood
Iron's function is primarily involved with _________ -component of hemoglobin and myoglobin -making RBC
Which of the following conditions is easily treated because it is responsive to dietary changes?
Iron-deficiency anemia
What is the first solid food recommended for most infants? a. iron-fortified cereals b. potatoes c. whole-wheat toast d. bananas
Iron-fortified cereals
Which of the following is a symptom of vitamin D toxicity?
Irregular heartbeat
Who among the following cannot adopt the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) recommendations?
Joann, a 35-year-old female vegetarian
What do experts think is the main cause of high infant mortality rates in the US? a. pollution b. lack of access to quality prenatal care c. increasing rates of obesity d. poor maternal nutrition
Lack of access to quality prenatal care
Which of the following organs is the main site for alcohol breakdown?
Liver
Which of the following is a fortified food source of vitamin D available in the United States?
Margarine
According to the USDA Eating Patterns, which foods should be consumed in limited amounts?
Meats
Which of the following is a symptom of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome?
Mental confusion
What is the most accurate statement about the body's water balance?
Metabolic water is generated in the tissues as a product of chemical reactions.
Molybdenum (Mb)
Micromineral -cofactor for 4 different enzymes
Iodine (I)
Micromineral -involved in synthesis of thyroid hormones (T3 & T4) -deficiency = goiter
Selenium (Se)
Micromineral -joins the amino acids cysteine and methionine (___Cys and ___Met) -involved in enzymatic processes: antioxidants (related to vitamin E) and thyroid hormone production -muscle protein composition -protects cell membranes
Manganese (Mn)
Micromineral -oxidative related functions -enzyme cofactor -involved in protein synthesis + connective tissue -deficiency: connective tissue problems
Which statement concerning lecithin is false?
NOT! It has no special ability to promote health.
If you are asked for advice on whether high-fiber diets can reduce colon cancer risk, what would you reply?
NOT! You should consume fiber supplements to receive the maximum protection from colon cancer.
The vitamin caplets in this product are time released. What benefit does this provide?
No real benefit as nutrients are incorporated into the cells where they are needed whenever they arrive
Which of the following statements about alcohol pregnancy is true? a. fetal alcohol syndrome is a reversible condition with proper treatment and therapy b. heavy drinking in the first trimester is the only time during pregnancy that alcohol can adversely affect the developing fetus c. one to two alcoholic drinks are considered safe for a pregnant woman d. no safe level of alcohol consumption during pregnancy has been established
No safe level of alcohol consumption during pregnancy has been established
Three ounces of beef stew contains about the same amount of iron as three ounces of water-packed tuna. However, the beef stew provides over 300 calories, while the tuna provides about 100 calories. With respect to iron, the tuna offers more:
Nutrient density
Which of the following foods would you choose as an effective stool-softening agent?
Oat bran
Which of the following foods has a cholesterol-lowering effect?
Oatmeal
According to our guest speaker, what is a key principle with respect to improvements in fitness levels? A. endurance B. flexibility C. strength D. overload
Overload
The wavelike muscular squeezing of the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine that pushes their contents along is called:
Peristalsis
Which of the following essential amino acids is used by the body to produce tyrosine?
Phenylalanine
Phytate
Phosphorus is bound to __________ when consumed from sources. -when bound, phosphorus is not bioavailable
Pregnant women sometimes crave for non-food substances such as clay. This behavior is called _________ A. Binge eating disorder B. Pica C. Rock soil syndrome D. Environmental poisoning
Pica
Sugar alcohols are also called _____.
Polyols
A 10-year-old boy is going through a growth spurt. What should his nitrogen status be, given that he needs to build new muscle tissue?
Positive nitrogen balance
Which of the following foods provides amino acids that are most easily digested and absorbed by the body?
Poultry
Which of the following foods falls into the protein food group of the USDA eating patterns?
Seafood
Among the following factors that may influence what a child may eat, what is the most significant? A. The serving size B. The foods' appearance C. The food's temperature D. Seeing a parent or family member eat the food item
Seeing a parent or family member eat the food item
different
Selenium deficiencies are ____________ in ruminants and monogastrics.
Which of the following statements about selenium is accurate?
Selenium limits the formation of free radicals and prevents oxidative damage.
A pregnant woman is concerned about eating fish because of its potential contamination with mercury. What advice would you give her? She can substitute foods with a high omega-6 fatty acid content because it can be converted to healthy omega-3 fatty acids by enzymes.
She can select fish species that provide EPA and DHA but are low in mercury content, such as salmon.
Your best friend complains that she is tired all the time and has a problem concentrating. In addition, she craves for ice. Based on her symptoms, which mineral deficiency does she have?
She has an iron deficiency.
Your sister has evaluated her usual diet by comparing it to the USDA Eating Patterns and has found that her intakes of fruits, vegetables, and dairy foods are lower than recommended. How would you interpret her results?
She needs to eat more of these foods and less of others to keep her calories balanced.
An adolescent girl has decided to adhere to a vegan diet. Her lunch consists of a tossed green salad that contains celery, tomatoes, cucumbers, and onions; whole-wheat crackers; and apple juice. What comment would you make about her complementary protein choices?
She should add garbanzo beans to her salad to obtain the protein combination she requires.
Which activity is fueled primarily with energy produced from fat? a. weight lifting b. jumping c. sitting d. running fast for 2-3 minutes
Sitting
For most infants breast milk or formula is the only nutrition necessary for the first _______ of life. a. six months b. three months c. two weeks d. month
Six months
You are talking to someone who is trying to decrease his intake of saturated and trans fats. Which of the following would you recommend as a coffee whitener?
Skim milk
Which of the following behaviors is most likely to promote formation of dental caries? A. drinking water immediately before going to bed B. eating cheese and crackers as a snack C. having ice cream as a snack D. slowly sipping fruit juice between meals
Slowly sipping fruit juice between meals
Which of the following behaviors is most likely to promote formation of dental caries? a) Drinking water immediately before going to bed b) Eating cheese and crackers as a snack c) Having ice cream as a snack d) Slowly sipping fruit juice between meals
Slowly sipping fruit juice between meals
Electrolytes
Sodium (Na), potassium (K), chlorine (Cl) are the macrominerals involved in _______________ balances
Macrominerals
Sodium - Na + Potassium - K + Chloride - Cl - Calcium - Ca 2+ Phosphorus - P 3- Magnesium - Mg 2+ Sulfur - S 2-
Hyponatremia
Sodium deficiency
Sodium, the principal mineral of soft water, may aggravate hypertension.
Sodium, the principal mineral of soft water, may aggravate hypertension.
A friend of yours is planning to purchase a water softener. What is the most appropriate advice that you can give to your friend?
Soft water appears to aggravate hypertension, which is undesirable.
vitamin C
Some species (other than humans, primates, and guinea pigs) can synthesize their own _____________, so it is not needed in the dietSc
Which of the following foods do not fit into any of the major food groups in the USDA Eating Patterns?
Stick margarine, gravy, and jelly
Which of the following foods should be limited in the diet of pregnant women? a. milk and yogurt b. potatoes and starchy vegetables c. red fruits and vegetables d. sweets and empty calorie foods
Sweets and empty calorie foods
Which of the following practices is not a safe way to thaw meat? a. Thawing at room temperature b. Thawing in the microwave c. Using a cold water bath d. Thawing in the refrigerator
Thawing at room temperature
Antinutritional factors
The "survival mechanism" of plants which interferes with some level of the plant consumer's metabolism
Which of the following lifestyle factors is not related to heart disease risk?
The Mediterranean diet
microorganisms
The ______________ in the rumen produce phytase, which breaks down phytate, allowing for digestion and absorption of phosphorus.
The two primary systems responsible for alcohol metabolism and excretion are: a. the cardiovascular and endocrine systems b. the alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) system and microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system (MEOS) c. the pulmonary system and lymphatic system d. the alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and the citric acid cycle
The alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) system and microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system (MEOS)
An athlete consumes large amounts of meat in an effort to build extra muscle tissue. Identify the correct statement about the effect of excess consumption of meat.
The body utilizes excess amino acids as fuel or stores them as fat.
Which of the following statements is true?
The bones begin to lose density after 40 years of age regardless of calcium intake.
A person eating at a restaurant orders a trimmed grilled pork cutlet, tossed green salad with 2 tablespoons of Italian dressing, sweet potatoes with sugar glaze, cheese biscuits, and chocolate mousse for dessert. What comments would you make about the fat content of his meal?
The calorie content of this meal is high because of the high-fat items chosen.
The label claims that the cereal product provides 100% of nine vitamins. What would be a result of eating this cereal every morning?
The cereal would be a good source of these vitamins.
Which of the following determines the acidity of a substance?
The concentration of hydrogen particles
Bioavailability
The degree to which an ingested nutrient in a particular source is absorbed in a form that can be utilized in metabolism by the animal
Phytase
The enzyme __________ must be added to a non-ruminant's diet to allow break down phytate to be able to absorb the bound phosphorus.
Breastfeeding is preferred over formula feeding in large part due to what (emphasized by our guest speaker)? a)The physical contact required when breastfeeding b)The link with childhood obesity when formula is fed instead of breast milk c)The immune protection provided by breast milk not provided by formula d)The lack of necessity for preparation of breast milk compared to formula
The immune protection provided by breast milk not provided by formula
In the US, the average life expectancy is 78 years and healthy life expectancy is 70 years. What does this mean? a) After 70 years, many people lose the desire to live. b) Most people have serious financial hardship after 70 years. c) Social isolation is common in the last 8 years of life. d) The last 8 years of life are restricted by disease and disability.
The last 8 years of life are restricted by disease and disability
Sulfur
The macromineral _____________ is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine -used in collagen formation -issue when ruminants graze where the soil contains low levels
Which of the following statements about alcohol metabolism is FALSE? a. alcohol dehydrogenase is an enzyme that breaks down alcohol b. alcohol increases fluid excretion from the kidneys c. if you drink alcohol frequently, your body becomes more efficient at breaking the alcohol down d. the main organs that break down alcohol are the kidneys
The main organs that break down alcohol are the kidneys
Which of the following statements is true?
The microvilli trap nutrients so the villi cells can absorb them.
Hydroxyapatite
The mineral compound in bone = Ca5(OH)(PO4)3 -has Ca and P -precipitates out of the blood when calcium levels are too high
Which of the following statements is true of fat hardness?
The more saturated the fatty acids, the more solid a fat will be at room temperature.
toxic
The most ________ vitamin is the active form of vitamin D, 1,25(OH)2 D3
In older adults, which of the following facts is least likely to affect their ability to make good food choices? A. loss of neuromuscular coordination B. difficulty reading food labels C. type of cooking and food storage facilities D. the number of televisions in their home
The number of televisions in their home
Which of the following food components do not contain insoluble fibers?
The residues of milk
The AMDR from carbohydrate for children is ________ the AMDR for adults. a) higher than b) the same as c) lower than
The same as
Which of the following factors helps distinguish one amino acid from another?
The side chain
beneficial
There are some minerals that are considered ___________ but are not essential. -fluoride -cobalt -silicon -boron -nickel -vanadium
Which of the following is not a characteristic of lipids?
They are beneficial to health irrespective of their intake.
Which of the following statements is true of advertorials?
They are feature length advertisements in newspapers that may or may not be accurate
Which of the following is a characteristic of Daily Values?
They are ideal for comparisons among different packaged foods.
Which of the following is true of carotenoids?
They are members of a group of pigments in foods that range from light yellow to reddish orange in color.
Which of the following statements is true of trans-fatty acids?
They are produced when polyunsaturated oils are hydrogenated.
Which of the following statements is true of cells?
They are self-contained living entities.
Which of the following is not a characteristic of vitamins B and C?
They are stored extensively in tissues.
Tea and certain spices are not included in the USDA Eating Patterns. Which of the following should one consider while deciding whether to include them in their diet or not?
They contain phytochemicals, so one should consider including them.
What is the function of the enzymes secreted from the small intestine and the pancreas?
They maintain a neutral pH level in the digestive tract.
As compared to sedentary counterparts, trained athletes can perform at a higher intensity of exercise and for a longer period of time because: A. they store less glycogen in muscle and use it slower B. they store more glycogen in muscle and use it slower C. they store less glycogen and use it faster D. they store more glycogen and use it faster
They store more gylcogen in muscle and use it slower
If a person has inherited genetic code that is related to heart disease, what effect might dietary practices have on this person's health?
They will have different effects on individuals who differ genetically.
essential
To determine if a vitamin or mineral is ____________, -create a diet that is extremely deficient of that mineral/vitamin -measure something that is changed/improved by activity of the mineral/vitamin (enzymes, etc) -does supplying the mineral/vitamin lead to improved health & growth of the animal
Why is medical supervision advised for a person suffering from chronic vomiting or diarrhea?
To prevent fluid and electrolyte imbalance
George is a 35-year-old athlete using nutrient supplements to give him a competitive advantage. Which of the following nutrient intake recommendations would you suggest that George become familiar with?
Tolerable Upper Intake Levels
What would you consume with an iron-rich diet in order to enhance iron absorption?
Tomato and meat, or eggs
Which of the following statements about iron during adolescence is FALSE? a) Adolescent females are more likely than adolescent males to consume less than the recommended amount of dietary iron. b) Adolescent males have a greater iron requirement for tissue synthesis than adolescent females. c) The need for iron rises dramatically between childhood and adolescence. d) Total iron needs are greater for adolescent males than adolescent females who have begun menstruating.
Total iron needs are greater for adolescent males than adolescent females who have begun menstruating
"Diets low in sodium may reduce the risk of high blood pressure" is an example of a health claim allowed on a food label and is reliable because the FDA has substantial scientific support for the claim.
True
Acceptable Macronutrients Distribution Ranges refer to healthy ranges of intake for carbohydrate, fat, and protein.
True
According to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, people should increase their total trans fat intake to maintain good health.
True
Water loss can be expressed as a percent age of body weight. If a 150-pound person loses 3 pounds of body fluids, what percentage of body weight has he lost?
Two percent
Which of the following statements is true of riboflavin?
Ultraviolet light and irradiation destroy riboflavin.
Which of the following is caused by vitamin K deficiency?
Uncontrolled bleeding
In sickle-cell disease, which of the following amino acids replaces glutamic acid in hemoglobin?
Valine
Which of the following statements is true of a vegan diet?
Vegan children may not consume enough plant sources of protein to build bone and muscle tissue.
Biological activity
Vitamin (A?) efficiency is measured in ___________ ____________ of that vitamin
Thiamin is also known as:
Vitamin B1
Thiamine
Vitamin B1
Cobalamin/Cyanocobalamin
Vitamin B12
Which of the following nutrients contains cobalt?
Vitamin B12
Riboflavin
Vitamin B2
Niacin
Vitamin B3
Pantothenic acid
Vitamin B5
Pyridoxine
Vitamin B6
Which vitamin aids in the conversion of tryptophan to niacin?
Vitamin B6
Biotin
Vitamin B7
Folic acid
Vitamin B9
kidney
Vitamin D absorbed from the sun circulates in the bloodstream until it is activated by enzymes in the ________
Rickets
Vitamin D deficiency during development can cause ___________. -relates to lack of calcium absorption relative to vitamin D deficiency?
hormone
Vitamin D is also a ______________.
Antioxidant nutrients that actively scavenge and quench free radicals in the body include:
Vitamin E
K
Vitamin ____ deficiency results in abnormal bleeding
E
Vitamin ____ functions as: -a fat soluble antioxidant -regulation of oxidation reactions -cell membrane stability -protection for polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin A
A
Vitamin ____ has four different forms: -retinol -retinal -retinoic acid -beta-carotene
K, calcium
Vitamin ____ is a cofactor for liver enzymes where the end result of the reaction is the synthesis of coagulation factors and carboxylated glutamate. - c. g. has binding site for ____________ ions, which is permits the binding of blood clotting proteins
C
Vitamin ____ is a water-soluble antioxidant that protects the body against free radicals. -helps with Fe absorption
B12
Vitamin ____ is exclusively from animal (meat) sources, and contains cobalt -important in RBC formation, CNS (neurotransmitter production) deficiency - anemia
All of the following are fat-soluble vitamins except:
Vitamin-C
micronutrients
Vitamins are considered ________________ because they are not needed in large quantities in the diet.
Water loss can be expressed as a percent age of body weight. If a 150-pound person loses 3 pounds of body fluids, what percentage of body weight has he lost?
WRONG NOT 3%
What is a DEXA scan?
WRONG NOT A scan to assess simple and compound fractures. (probably osteoporosis one)
Which of the following foods is not a source of vitamin C?
WRONG NOT Citrus Fruits
Which of the following is a fortified food source of vitamin D available in the United States?
WRONG NOT Liver
Which of the following nutrients is correctly matched with its role in bone development?
WRONG NOT Magnesium plays an important role in preserving bone integrity.
What does the Nutrition Facts label tell you about the vitamin C content of this cereal?
WRONG NOT The main source of vitamin C is the whole-grain wheat in the cereal.
When consuming adequate dietary iron, it is advisable to:
WRONG NOT combine zinc-rich foods with heme iron sources to increase absorption
Which of the following foods has the lowest percentage of water?
WRONG NOT margerine
As people increase the consumption of polyunsaturated oil, their need for vitamin _____ increases.
WRONG! B6
The vitamin caplets in this product are time released. What benefit does this provide?
WRONG! Better absorption in the stomach
Which agency is responsible for maintaining the safety standards of bottled water in the United States?
WRONG! EPA
Which of the following food sources provides the least amount of zinc?
WRONG! Eggs
According to the USDA Eating Patterns, one teaspoon (tsp) oil is equal to:
WRONG! NOT 5 tsp low-fat mayonnaiseCorrectanswerissoftmargerine
A food contains 8 grams of fat and provides 300 calories per gram. What is the percentage of calories obtained from fat in the food?
WRONG! NOT 52%
_____ are activities that specifically increase muscle strength, endurance, and size. a) Yoga and pilates b) Weight lifting and shoveling snow c) Swimming and rowing d) Jogging and walking
Weight lifting and shoveling snow
water
What is the end result of oxidation of free radicals with enzymes?
high
When calcium levels are ______, hydroxyapatite crystalizes out of the blood. -calcium salts
low
When calcium levels are ______, the following factors have problems: -blood clotting -muscle contractions -nerve transmission
What can you determine from the Nutrition Facts label about the vitamin D content of this cereal?
When combined with milk, this cereal is an excellent source of vitamin D.
spinach
While spinach and beef contain around the same quantity of iron per 100g, the absorption of iron is much lower in ________ because it contains polyphenol compounds that binds iron.
You advise a client to eat high-fiber foods for lowering his blood cholesterol levels. Which of the following foods would be least effective for this purpose?
White bread
Which of the following terms would you look for on a bread label to choose the most nutritious product?
Whole grain
According to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, people should increase their total trans fat intake to maintain good health.
Whole grains for zinc
Which of the following foods should be included in a vegan child's diet to ensure adequate growth and bone development?
Whole grains for zinc
A group of public health officials are trying to determine the amount of folate to be added to fortify grain products for women of child-bearing age. Which of the following nutrient standards are the officials most likely to use?
Wrong! NOT Daily Values
Which of the following diseases is not influenced by diet?
Wrong! NOT Hemophilia
Which of the following is a consequence of alcohol abuse?
Wrong! NOT The kidneys reduce the excretion of magnesium, calcium, potassium, and zinc.
A woman has vitamin A deficiency. Which of the following diseases is she likely to suffer from?
Xerophthalmia
A person consumes 1000 mg of sodium from preservatives in processed foods along with an additional 2000 mg of salt. Does the sodium intake of the person fall within the limits established by the DRI committee?
Yes, the sodium intake of 1800 mg falls within the UL.
Fat
____ soluble vitamins have more potential for toxicity, because they aren't easy to excrete. -other than vitamin E
Iron
________ in vegetables tend to have a lower bioavailability -it is not easily absorbed -example: spinach vs. beef
Fat
________ soluble vitamins: A, D, E, K
Water
_________ soluble vitamins: B vitamins, vitamin C
Calcium (Ca)
__________ is one of the most important minerals for the human body. -clotting blood -nerve impulse -muscle contraction & relaxationC
Cholesterol
_____________ facilitates the release of cholecystokinin (CCK) and peptide Y (PYY) in the small intestine -neuropeptides that trigger satiety -also delays gastric emptying
mono
_______unsaturated fatty acids have one carbon-carbon double bond in its chain.
poly
______unsaturated fatty acids have multiple carbon-carbon double bonds in its chain.
In making recommendations for protein intake, the DRI committee took into consideration that the protein in a normal diet would be:
a combination of animal and plant sources
If you do not eat on a regular basis throughout the day, the effect on the body will be:
a coordinated effort that draws stored energy from various parts of the body
To magnify the sweetness of foods without boosting their calories, you could:
add small amounts of nonnutritive sweeteners to foods
Fish and marine foods are known to provide health benefits if eaten regularly. Which of the following statements will help you decide whether you should include them in your diet?
b. EPA and DHA in fish play critical roles in reducing blood clot formation.
Hard water has high concentrations of:
calcium and magnesium
Which of the following is the preferred fuel for the functioning of the brain and nerves?
carbohydrates
The best way for a person to get all the essential nutrients and keep energy intake low is to:
choose foods with a high nutrient density from each food group
Lipoproteins that are formed when lipids cluster with carrier proteins in the cells of the intestinal lining are called _____.
chylomicrons
The most severe type of alcoholic liver disease that tends to be irreversible is: a. cirrhosis b. fatty liver disease c. alcoholic hepatitis d. alcoholic hypertension
cirrhosis
The chief protein that is present in most connective tissues, including scars, ligaments, and tendons, is:
collagen
Which of the following proteins acts as a matrix on which mineral crystals of bone form?
collagen
The best way to prevent calcium deficiency is to:
consume an adequate amount of milk, cheese, and yogurt
Which of the following factors does not negatively affect the mobility and quality of sperm/semen in men a. consumption of fruits and vegetables b. consumption of red meats c. consumption of trans fats d. consumption of processed meat
consumption of fruits and vegetables
When your body signals thirst, it is important to:
drink fluids to avoid the condition of dehydration
The role of bile in fat digestion is to:
emulsify fats in the small intestine
Any disease that causes _____ malabsorption can bring about deficiencies of vitamins A, D, E, and K.
fat
The potential harmful effects of too much fiber include:
limited absorption of iron, zinc, or calcium
Healthy individuals can consume vitamin A-rich foods in large quantities, but excessive consumption of _____ causes vitamin A toxicity.
liver
People whose diets lack foods rich in beta-carotene have a higher incidence of developing:
macular degeneration
Vitamin A plays an important role in:
maintaining body linings and skin
A manufacturer's website claims that its heart health supplement is an alternative to prescription lipid-lowering drugs. This dietary supplement:
may be contaminated with steroid hormones, toxic plant material, toxic heavy metals, or bacteria
To protect yourself from consuming too much _____, you should limit your consumption of swordfish, king mackerel, and shark.
mercury
The recommended source of fluid for healthy U.S. adults is:
plain drinking water, because it is safe and noncaloric
Magnesium and calcium work together to:
regulate the contraction and relaxation of muscles
Removing gluten from the diet has been shown to:
resolve digestive problems in people with celiac disease
The principal food source of chloride is:
salt
The feeling of fullness or satisfaction that people experience after meals is known as _____.
satiety
The best way to select foods that are rich in vitamins is to:
select a wide variety of whole foods to get a balance of vitamins
You are talking to someone who is trying to decrease his intake of saturated and trans fats. Which of the following would you recommend as a coffee whitener?
skim milk
The vast majority of fat digestion takes place in the:
small intestine with lipases released by the pancreas
The chief ion used to maintain the volume of fluid outside cells is:
sodium
Steamed rice is an integral part of meals in Southeast Asia. Thus, steamed rice is an example of a(n) _____ food of Southeast Asia.
staple
Negative nitrogen balance is seen in:
surgery patients
During outdoor physical activity, the body maintains its temperature by:
sweating to release body heat
When fructose and glucose are bonded together, they form:
table sugar
You recommend that your friend not take "Stress Formula Vitamin C" supplements because:
the amount of vitamin C required by the body to recover from stress is easily obtained from whole fruits and vegetables
If amino acids are oversupplied, _____.
the body removes and excretes their amine groups
Carbohydrates are essential for providing energy to the body because:
the glucose obtained from them is an important fuel for most of the body's cells
Which of the following statements is true of essential amino acids?
these amino acids cannot be synthesized by the body
When referring to the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) recommendations, it is important to remember that:
they are based on the latest available scientific research
Phytochemicals found in foods are important because:
they decrease the risk of developing certain diseases
Grapes and concentrated grape juice both provide sugars, but the grapes are a healthier choice because:
they provide fiber and phytochemicals
A deficiency in _____ causes Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome.
thiamin
The first sign of dehydration is:
thirst
A triglyceride molecule consists of:
three fatty acids attached to a molecule of glycerol
The protein hemoglobin carries oxygen from the lungs to the tissues. This is an example of protein's role in:
transporting substances around the body
Glycogen is a highly branched polysaccharide that is made and held in the liver and muscle tissues as a storage form of glucose.
true
The primary role of fluoride is to prevent dental caries throughout life.
true
According to the USDA Eating Patterns, one ounce of protein foods is equal to all of the following except:
1 cup cooked legumes
How many calories are provided by a food that contains 20 grams of carbohydrate, 8 grams of protein, and 5 grams of fat?
157
How many calories are present in a cocktail made of 4 fluid ounces of the margarita mix and 6 fluid ounces of light beer? Note that a 12-fluid-ounce drink of light beer has 100 calories.
160 (according to table)
The percentage of the Daily Values in the updated label on food packages are given in terms of a person requiring _________ calories a day
2,000
If a food label states that a food contains 6 grams of dietary fiber per serving and the Daily Value is 30 grams, the food would contain _____ percent of the Daily Value for dietary fiber.
20%
Cells lining the digestive tract replace themselves every:
3 days
The Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) committee recommends a diet that provides _____ percent of its calories from carbohydrate.
45-65
The Dietary Intakes (DRI) committee recommends a diet that provides ____________ percent of its calories from carbohydrates
45-65 percent
For healthy people, the Food Lists for Diabetes and Weight Management help primarily with:
Calorie control
"Healthy People 2020, a publication of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, envisions a society in which all people are wealthy and prosperous."
False
The timing of meals is important because the digestive tract is unable to digest food at certain times
False
Which of the following is not a characteristic of a nutritious diet?
It ensures that the same kind of food is eaten every day.
Which of the following is a characteristic of glycogen?
It helps sustain the body's cellular activities.
Which of the following statements is true about the replacement of cells?
Skin cells replace themselves every 10 days
The Daily Values are nutrient standards used to compare the nutrient contents of packaged foods.
True
Waste materials dissolved in water are collected by the kidneys and become concentrated as urine.
True
A false story has circulated for several years on the Internet about the chickens used by a popular national fried chicken chain. It claims that the chickens used by the company have been genetically modified to have no heads, beaks, or feet and are kept alive with feeding tubes. This is an example of:
Urban Ledgend
Which of the following results does not support the recent research on the health benefits of flavonoids found in dark chocolate?
WRONG! NOT In a study of about 1,000 people, greater chocolate intakes were associated with more depressive symptoms.
The most energy-rich nutrient is:
WRONG! NOT PROTEIN (most likely carbohydrates)
Which of the following food constituents is not digested in the stomach?
WRONG! NOT Starch
Which of the following statements is true of the Daily Values?
WRONG! NOT The Daily Values are a better way of determining nutrient goals of individuals
Which of the following best fits into a meal plan for a person who must eat 1 cup vegetables, 2 ounces grain, and 2 ounces protein foods at lunch?
WRONG! NOT a sandwich of 2 slices whole bread, 4 tablespoons nut butter, and 1 tablespoon honey with salad of 1 cup raw spinach
The liver converts excess energy-yielding nutrients into _____ for storage.
WRONG! NOT glycogen and protein
Which of the following statements is true about the effect of genetics and nutrition on chronic diseases?
WRONG! NOT good dietary choices are sufficient to prevent the onset of all chronic diseases
The importance of the lungs in the circulatory system is that they are responsible for:
adding oxygen to the blood
Most foods that are high in calcium are poor sources of iron. This statement illustrates the characteristic of a nutritious diet known as _____.
balance
The nervous system's role in hunger regulation is coordinated by the:
brain
For healthy people, the Food Lists for Diabetes and Weight Management help primarily with:
calorie control
Your family always has rice available at every meal, just as it has been for every generation. This is an example of food selection because of:
cultural tradition
Digestion of macronutrients begins in the mouth with enzyme action on:
fats and starch
Omnivorous people eat:
foods of both plant and animal origin
A certain amount of fiber in foods contributes to the health of the digestive tract, but too much fiber leads to nutrient losses. The characteristic of diet planning illustrated by this statement is called:
moderation
