Nutrition Test 1

How many kcal/kg in: carbohydrates, protein, fat/lipids, alcohol?

- 1 g of carbohydrates has 4 kcal - 1 g of protein has 4 kcal - 1 g of fat has 9 kcal - 1 g of alcohol has 7 kcal

What are the macronutrients? Nutrients that the body needs in large amounts.

-Carbohydrates -Fats -Proteins

What are micronutrients? Nutrients that body needs in very small amounts.

-Vitamins -Minerals

When reading an article for scientific purposes, you could trust one that is in a ________________.

Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics National Osteoporosis Foundation Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Food and Drug Administration

What is: nutrient density, energy density? What are some examples of foods that fit into each of these categories?

Energy density refers to the amount of energy a food provides per given weight of the food. ⁃ Energy-dense food has a kcal-to-weight ratio of 4.0 or higher. ⁃ Fat supplies the most energy per gram. Nutrient-dense food supplies more vitamins and minerals in relation to total calories. ⁃ Broccoli ⁃ Leafy greens ⁃ Fat-free milk ⁃ Oranges ⁃ Lean meats ⁃ Whole-grain cereals

What is an essential nutrient, non-essential nutrient, and a conditionally essential nutrient?

Essential nutrients must be supplied by food because your body can not make them. ⁃ Nonessential nutrients are those nutrients that can be made by the body; they may often also be absorbed from consumed food. ⁃ Conditionally essential nutrients are normally not essential but become essential under certain conditions. ⁃ Metabolic disorders ⁃ Serious illness

In this class, can energy and calories be used interchangeable when referring to food?

Food energy is reported in 1000-calorie units

Why is it important to study nutrition?

Food is a basic human need for survival. ⁃Nutrients are the life-sustaining substances found in food. - Necessary for growth, maintenance, and repair of the body's cells Nutrition is the scientific study of nutrients and how the body uses them. Diet is a person's usual pattern of food choices. To eat well we should learn about: the nutritional value of foods ⁃ the effects of diet on health ⁃ changing our ingrained food related behaviors

Stomach ulcers are often associated with which type of bacteria?

H. pylori

Most do not purchase recommended amounts of________________?

Most Americans do not purchase the recommended amounts of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, fish, and low-fat dairy products.

Do all micronutrients and macronutrients provide energy?

No, only macronutrients provide energy.

What are enzymes?

Protein that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction without being altered in the process

How is food moved through the esophagus?

SLIDE 17

To give an example of a restriction from Healthy People 2020, what is the recommended daily limit of sodium for a typical American?

Sodium less than 2300 mg

What is chyme?

The pulpy acidic fluid that passes from the stomach to the small intestine, consisting of gastric juices and partly digested food. Nutrients from chyme are absorbed into either the capillary network or the lacteal.

What is a nutrient requirement?

Today, nutritionists have a wide knowledge of the role of nutrients in health and disease. We know that people need many different nutrients if they are to maintain health and reduce the risk of diet-related diseases. The amount of each nutrient needed is called the nutritional requirement.

1. Most Americans purchase too many/much of______________?

We tend to purchase more than the recommended amounts of red meats, candies, cheese, sugary beverages, and refined grain products.

What are the AMDR for: Carbs, Proteins, Fats?

are ranges of carbohydrate, fat, and protein intakes that provide adequate amounts of vitamins and minerals, and may reduce the risk of diet-related chronic diseases. SLIDE #17

The majority of absorption takes place in the ____________________, through ______________.

small intestine ; ¥ Nutrient absorption can occur by: ¥ simple diffusion ¥ facilitated diffusion ¥ active transport ¥ osmosis ¥ endocytosis

What is the primary role of the large intestine?

¥ After moving through the ileocecal sphincter, unabsorbed water and undigested remains of chyme ¥ reabsorption of water and mineral ions such as sodium and chloride ¥ formation and temporary storage of faeces ¥ maintaining a resident population of over 500 species of bacteria bacterial fermentation of indigestible materials.

What is fortification? Enrichment?

¥ Enrichment is the addition of specific amounts of iron and the B vitamins thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and folic acid to specific refined grain products. ¥ Fortification is the addition of nutrients to any food. ¥ Calcium to orange juice ¥ Vitamin A and D to milk ¥ Vitamins and minerals to ready-to-eat cereals

What kinds of compounds are secreted in the human stomach?

¥ Gastric glands located in the stomach synthesize and secrete gastric juice. ¥ A collection of stomach secretions that includes mucus, hydrochloric acid, intrinsic factor, and digestive enzymes. ¥ Mucus cells secret mucus. ¥ G cells secrete gastrin. ¥ Hormone that stimulates stomach motility and gastric gland secretions ¥ A hormone is a chemical messenger secreted by organs of the endocrine system that convey information to target cells. ¥ Chyme is a semiliquid mass that forms when food mixes with gastric juice. ¥ Occurs in lower stomach ¥ Pyloric sphincter regulates the flow of chyme into the small intestine.

What is GERD? What are some major causes? What are some prevention tips?

¥ Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a chronic condition characterized by frequent heartburn that can damage the esophagus. 61&62

Where does digestion begin?

¥ Oral cavity is another term for mouth.

What is a prebiotic? What is a probiotic?

¥ Probiotics are live microorganisms that promote good health for their human hosts. ¥ Lactobacillus ¥ Bifidobacterium ¥ Prebiotics are food components that beneficial bacteria in the large intestine use for fuel.

What is a key role of saliva in your mouth?

¥ Salivary glands are structures that produce saliva and secrete the fluid in the oral cavity. ¥ Saliva is the watery fluid that contains mucus and a few enzymes. ¥ Lysozyme ¥ Enzyme in saliva that can destroy some bacteria that are in food or the mouth ¥ Salivary amylase ¥ Enzyme in saliva that begins starch digestion ¥ Lingual Lipase ¥ Enzyme secreted in saliva that begins fat digestion

Why are the villi and microvilli so important in digestion?

¥ The mucosa of the small intestine is highly folded and covered by villi. ¥ Tiny, fingerlike projections of the small intestinal mucosa that are involved in digestion and nutrient absorption ¥ Each villus has enterocytes. ¥ Absorptive cells that form the outer layer of a villus ¥ The end of the enterocyte exposed to chyme contains microvilli. ¥ Tiny, hairlike projections that form the brush border of an enterocyte ¥ Contain brush border enzymes ¥ Help digest protein and carbohydrates ¥ Villi are absorptive structures. ¥ Enterocytes remove nutrients from chyme and enable them to enter the intestinal blood or lymph vessels. ¥ Nutrient absorption can occur by: ¥ simple diffusion ¥ facilitated diffusion ¥ active transport ¥ osmosis ¥ endocytosis

31. What is the role of the pancreas in digestion?

¥ The pancreas produces digestive enzymes and bicarbonate ions.

21. What is the primary function of the digestive system? A secondary function?

¥ the breakdown of food into nutrients ¥ absorption of nutrients ¥ elimination of solid waste products ¥ Digestion is the process of breaking down large food molecules into nutrients that the body can use. ¥ Absorption is the uptake and removal of nutrients from the digestive tract. ¥ Gastrointestinal tract, alimentary canal, or gut ¥ ¥ The digestive system has two major components: ¥ GI tract ¥ Hollow, muscular tube ¥ Accessory organs ¥ Assists GI tract