Nutrition Test 2: Chapter 5

Omega-3:

Essential fatty acid; alpha-linolenic acid

Omega-6:

Essential fatty acid; linolenic acid.

The gastric ____ enzyme released in the stomach acts primarily on triglycerides that have fatty acids with short chain-lengths.

Lipase

Foods high in monounsaturated or polyunsaturated fats are typically ____ at room temperature.

Liquid.

What is a triglyceride?

A molecule consisting of three fatty acids bonded to a glycerol.

____ contains one carbon-carbon double bond.

Monounsaturated fatty acid.

____ contains no carbon-carbon double bonds

Saturated fatty acids.

A compound containing a multi-ring structure and a hydroxyl group is a:

Sterol

Multi-ringed compound with a hydroxyl group

Sterol

Glycerol background with three fatty acids.

Triglyceride

_____ contain carbon-carbon double bonds.

Unsaturated fats.

A diet containing less than 10% of kcal from fat may ____.

-Be deficient in in essential fatty acids. -Lead to deficiencies of fat soluble-vitamins.

What are the by-products of phospholipid digestion?

-Glycerol -Fatty Acids -Phosphorus compounds

Fat digestion is rapid through in the small intestine under what "right" circumstances?

-Lipase breaks triglycerides down to monoglycerides. -Bile from the gallbladder is present

As components of the cell membranes, phospholipids;

-Provide structure -Are a source of essential fatty acids for the cells.

Which statements are true about sterols?

-They can be produced by the body -They contain a multi-ring structure -Cholesterol is a common example

Major functions of fatty acids and triglycerides:

-To aid in transport of fat soluble vitamins. -To insulate and protect the body. -To provide energy.

List the steps of dietary fat absorption.

1. Absorption of glycerol, monoglycerides, and fatty acids into small intestinal cells. 2. Triglycerides are reassembled. 3. Triglycerides are packed into chylomicrons 4. Chylomicrons enter the lymphatic system.

LDL

Carries cholesterol made by the liver and from sources to cells. Taken out of circulation by the liver.

Chylomicron

Carries dietary fat from the small intestine to the cells.

VLDL

Carries lipids made by the liver and from other sources to the cells.

_____ is a type of lipid only found in foods of animal origin.

Cholesterol

General structure of a phospholipid:

Contain phosphorous, fatty acids, and a nitrogen-containing base.

HDL

Contributes to cholesterol removal from cells and excretion from the body.

Chains of carbon flanked by hydrogen:

Fatty acids.

A function of ____ is to serve as the backbone for the three fatty acids attached to a triglyceride molecule.

Glycerol.

Glycerol background with with fatty acids and at least one phosphorus-containing group.

Phospholipid

A ____ is a type of lipid that contains a glycerol backbone, two fatty acids, and a phosphorus group.

Phospholipids.

____ contain two or more carbon-carbon double bonds.

Polyunsaturated fatty acid.

____ contain no carbon-carbon double bonds.

Saturated fats.