Nutrition Test 2

vitamin A

Carotenoids, including beta-carotene, are precursors to this vitamin. The preformed form of this vitamin is abundant in liver and dairy products, but the provitamin form can also be found in orange vegetables like carrots and sweet potatoes.

micelles

Carriers that transport monoglycerides and fatty acids to intestinal cells are called

Potassium

A deficiency of this mineral may lead to muscle weakness, cramps, and an irregular heartbeat.

B6

A deficiency of this vitamin can lead to sore tongue, skin inflammation, depression, confusion, or anemia.

Thiamin

A deficiency of this vitamin causes beriberi, which is characterized by weakness, swelling, and tingling or numbness in the hands and feet.

Bile

Cholesterol is a component of _________ which is stored in the gallbladder and secreted into the small intestine, where it plays an important role in emulsifying fats.

Cholesterol is...

Cholesterol is a key component of cell membranes. Cholesterol is a component of bile.

the lymphatic system

Chylomicrons transport fat and cholesterol from a meal via ____________ before entering the bloodstream.

polypeptide strands

Cleavage of proteins by pepsin in the stomach results in formation of___________ which get broken down further in the small intestine.

mRNA

DNA does not build or synthesize a protein it encodes for; instead, DNA contains information that is copied by an enzyme to make ____________which leaves the nucleus and goes to the ribosome where the protein is built.

stomach

HCl denatures protein here. Pepsin is formed from pepsinogen here. HCl is secreted here

tRNA (transfer RNA)

It transfers specific amino acids to the growing amino acid chain.

Magnesium

Large intakes of this nutrient in supplement form may cause diarrhea, cramps, and nausea.

cornea.

Light first enters the eye through the

pancreatic lipase

This enzyme, which breaks down triglycerides into monoglycerides and free fatty acids, is called

vitamin d

This is called the "sunshine vitamin" because the body can synthesize it from exposure to ultraviolet rays. This vitamin plays an important role in bone health, the immune system, blood pressure regulation, and cell growth.

LDL

This lipoprotein has the highest cholesterol content of all the lipoproteins, and it deposits this cholesterol to cells of the body.

chloride

This mineral participates in digestion as part of hydrochloric acid in the stomach.

iron, copper, zinc

Three minerals that play a significant role in your blood health.

The gallbladder

_____________ releases bile through the common bile duct.

heme iron, nonheme

___________is found in animal foods like meat and poultry, whereas the ____________ iron form is found in plant foods like grains and vegetables.

Bile

When fat enters the small intestine, an emulsifier called_________ is released into the small intestine to break up the large fat globules into smaller fat droplets.

Olestra

contains 6 to 8 fatty acids connected to sucrose, and cannot be broken down by digestive enzymes.

DNA

contains all of the instructions for building the hundreds of thousands of proteins that are found in the human body.

protein turnover.

continual process of degrading and synthesizing protein is called

Dipeptide

describes an amino acid chain made up of two amino acids joined together.

Hormones

direct activity in the body and can be made of proteins or lipids.

magnesium, flouride, calcium, phosphorus

four minerals that play a significant role in your bone health

Magnesium sulfer chromium iodine

four minerals that play a significant role in your energy metabolism.

sodium phosphorus chloride potassium

four minerals that play a significant role in your fluid and electrolyte balance.

cone

is a cell in the retina responsible for color vision.

Glycerol

is a compound containing carbons, hydrogens, and hydroxyl groups (OH) that serves as the "backbone" for various lipids.

The ribosome

reads the mRNA strand, and with the help of tRNA, builds the corresponding amino acid chain.

HDL

remove cholesterol from tissues and deliver it to the liver for use in bile or excretion.

Manganese

acts as a cofactor for a variety of enzymes and also plays a role in synthesis of bone.

Selenium

acts as an antioxidant and aids in thyroid function.

rod.

A cell in the retina that is responsible for black and white vision, as well as night vision is a

zinc

Adequate ___________ is important for maintaining a healthy immune system and may aid in wound healing.

liver

Amino acids that enter the bloodstream from the small intestine travel to here.

tripeptide

An amino acid chain made up of three amino acids joined together is called a

the events in order from first to last (left to right) in the development of atherosclerosis.

Arterial lining is injured. LDL and other substances seep through the injury and deposit within the arterial wall. LDL cholesterol becomes oxidized. Macrophages travel to the site and engulf the oxidized LDLs, and foam cells form. Foam cells accumulate to create a fatty streak. Plaque forms, and the artery passageway narrows. Blood flow is slowed or stopped.

Selenium

Mineral that acts as an antioxidant

monoglyceride

Structures composed of a glycerol backbone and one fatty acid are called

VLDL

Triglycerides make up the majority of lipids within this lipoprotein, and it serves to deliver these triglycerides from the liver to the body's cells, including fat cells.

LDLs

VLDLs are transformed into ___________ after transport of triglycerides and cholesterol to muscle and fat cells.

amino acids

The 20 different ___________ are the building blocks used for protein synthesis.

Panthothenic acid

A deficiency of this vitamin is very rare, but those with inadequate intakes can experience numbness, muscle cramps, and difficulty walking.

hypertension

A person with a blood pressure of 140/90 is said to have

gene.

A segment of DNA that encodes for the production of a specific protein is called a(n)

Niacin

A severe deficiency of this vitamin causes the disease pellagra.

tRNA.

A type of RNA that plays the important role of transferring specific amino acids to the growing amino acid chain in the ribosomes is called

Pancreas

Enzymes that digest amino acid chains are produced here and delivered via a duct to the small intestine.

sodium

Excess intake may contribute to hypertension (high blood pressure) in those sensitive to this mineral.

3

How many different forms of lipids are commonly found in food?

Trans fat

Hydrogenation by food manufacturers creates this type of fat. This fat can raise LDL (bad) cholesterol and lower HDL (good) cholesterol.

DNA

Instructions on how to build all proteins are stored in this molecule, housed in the nucleus of the cell.

mRNA (messenger RNA)

It carries a copy of the DNA instructions that dictate the sequence of amino acids for making a specific protein. The ribosome moves along this and reads the encoded information

Ribosomes

It releases the amino acid chain once the chain is complete. It reads the nucleotide sequence and helps build the corresponding sequence of amino acids.

essential fatty acids

Linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid are considered________________, and must be obtained from the diet.

polysaturated fats

Linoleic and alpha-linolenic acid are types of this fat. More than 1 double-bond.

Process of lipid digestion

Mechanical digestion by chewing breaks food down. Lingual lipase begins chemical digestion of food. Gastric lipase breaks down triglycerides into diglycerides and free fatty acids. The gallbladder secretes bile into the small intestine, where the bile emulsifies fat into smaller globules. With the aid of pancreatic lipase, fats are further broken down into free fatty acids and monoglycerides. Fat by-products are packaged into micelles and transported to intestinal cells. Micelles separate into their component parts. Short-chain fatty acids enter the bloodstream for transport, and long-chain fatty acids are packaged into chylomicrons and released into lymph vessels.

coenzymes

Most enzymes are proteins, but some may utilize ____________ in the form of vitamins to help with reactions.

folate

Neural tube defects, like spina bifata, can occur if this nutrient is not consumed in adequate amounts during pregnancy.

Foam cells

Once macrophages "gobble up" cholesterol-laden LDL and become enlarged, they are transformed into __________________

retinal

One type of preformed vitamin A ______________ can be converted from retinol.

C

Scurvy symptoms, caused by a deficiency of this nutrient, include rough skin rash and wounds that will not heal.

vitamin k

Since this vitamin promotes blood clotting, intake needs to be monitored for those on blood-thinning medications. Newborns are typically given shots of this vitamin to help with blood clotting until their intestinal bacteria begin to produce the vitamin.

portal vein

Single amino acids that are absorbed in the small intestine travel to the liver via the

Lymph

Small-chain fatty acids can enter the bloodstream directly, but large-chain fatty acids must be packaged first before entering the _______

Calcium

The body stores 99% of this mineral in the bones and teeth.

gastric lipase

The enzyme secreted in the stomach, begins the digestion of some triglycerides.

copper

The metal and trace mineral____________ is part of several enzymes and proteins.

Triglycerides

The most common fat in foods is made up of three fatty acids attached to a glycerol backbone and is called a

retinoids.

The name for the family of substances that are all types of preformed vitamin A is

Atherosclerosis

The narrowing of arteries, also called ___________, is thought to start with an injury to an artery's interior wall.

amine group

The part of an amino acid that contains nitrogen is called the

nucleus.

The structure in the cell that contains DNA is called the

Saturated

These fats are primarily composed of fatty acids in which all carbons are saturated with hydrogen. Coconut oil.

monosaturated fats

These fats contain fatty acids with a maximum of one double bond. This is the most abundant type of fat in olive oil.

HDL

This lipoprotein is released from the liver and picks up cholesterol from cells to transport it back to the liver.

Chylomicrons

This lipoprotein transports triglycerides and other lipids from the intestinal wall cell into lymph.

Phosphorus

This mineral helps provide structure for cell membranes, and is part of the backbone of DNA and RNA.

vitamin e

This vitamin is a powerful antioxidant and also functions as an anticoagulant. Avocados, wheat germ, and sunflower oil are sources of this vitamin.

b12

Those who follow a vegan diet without supplementation are at increased risk of deficiency for this vitamin.

Phospholipids

Which of the three lipids commonly found in foods are used to manufacture cell membranes?

Micelles

are carriers that consist of monoglycerides, fatty acids, and lecithin, and serve to transport digested fats from food to the intestinal cells.

Triglycerides

are found in the center of lipoproteins and make up the majority of both chylomicrons and VLDLs' composition.

Chylomicrons

are large lipoproteins that carry fats and cholesterol from the intestine through the lymph system and to the bloodstream.

amino acid pool

are stockpiles found in the blood and other cells of the body that can be used to build new proteins.

HDLs (high density lipoproteins)

are the densest type of lipoprotein that circulates in the bloodstream; they serve to remove cholesterol from cells and deliver it to the liver.

VLDLs

are the least dense of the lipoproteins produced by the liver.

Chylomicrons

are the only type of lipoprotein that gets circulated in the lymph.

Cholesterol

is a lipid that is made up of four connecting rings of carbon and hydrogen, and is an important component of cell membranes, as well as a precursor for other essential compounds.

Chylomicrons

is a lipoprotein carrier that transports digested fat and other lipids through the lymph system.

rhodopsin

is a protein found in rods; it is needed for night vision.

The acid group

is also known as the carboxyl group.

Protien

is denser than fat, and determines the overall density of a lipoprotein.

Bile

is needed to help mix fats with watery fluids.

Pepsin

is the active form of a digestive enzyme in the stomach that breaks polypeptide chains into smaller polypeptides.

The retina

is the light absorbing layer of the eye that contains the rod and cone cells.

The liver

is the site of the production of bile and some lipoproteins.

Denaturation

occurs when a protein is exposed to heat, acid, bases, or mechanical agitation resulting in unfolding of the protein, though the peptide bonds remain intact.

Selenium iron zinc

three minerals that play a significant role in your immunity.