Nutrition Unit 2
Select the option that accurately describes plant food sources of protein
The best plant sources of protein include tree nuts and legumes
Convenience foods, such as those purchased from vending machines, conveniences stores, and fast food restaurants, are typically _____
energy-dense
Excess amino acids are first stripped of their _____ portion (amino group), which is converted into ammonia
nitrogen-containing
What are some strategies to reduce the risk of developing atherosclerosis?
Maintain a healthy weight for height; Consume more fiber-rich foods
A triglyceride level greater or equal to _____ is classified as unhealthy
200 mg/dl
An HDL cholesterol level greater or equal to _____ is generally protective against heart disease in both men and women
50 mg/dl
The small intestine absorbs about _____ of dietary cholesterol
50%
What is the recommendation for intake of saturated fat according to the 2015 Dietary Guidelines for Americans?
<10% of total energy intake
Which three cuts of meat are considered lean?
Beef top sirloin steak; Beef chuck roast; Pork tenderloin
Which high-quality protein sources could be substituted for more expensive meat items in order to save money?
Canned tuna; Eggs
Uncontrolled diabetes can contribute to the development of several long-term health conditions. Select the most common long-term consequences of untreated or poorly controlled type 2 diabetes.
Cardiovascular disease, blindness, and nerve damage
Compared to people who eat meat, being vegetarian has been associated with a lower risk of which of the following disease conditions?
Cardiovascular disease; Type 2 diabetes; Hypertension
Which of the following are factors that contribute to the initiation of atherosclerosis?
Certain bacteria; Excess blood glucose; Cigarette smoke
What are some strategies to reduce the risk of developing atherosclerosis?
Consume more fiber-rich foods; Maintain a healthy weight for height
_____ contains coded instructions that specify how amino acids should be arranged to make proteins
DNA
Choose all of the following that are risk factors for atherosclerosis
Diabetes; Increasing age; Excess body fat
What is the name of compounds that speed up chemical reactions without becoming part of the products?
Enzymes
The carbon skeletons from excess amino acids can be used to form which products?
Glucose; Fat; Nonessential amino acids
Which molecules are removed from chyme by the absorptive cells of the small intestine?
Monoglycerides; Cholesterol; Fatty acids
What chemical feature of sterols distinguishes them from other classes of lipids?
Multi-ring structure
Choose the statement that appropriately describes enzymes
Nearly all enzymes are proteins
Which element is part of proteins but not part of lipids or carbohydrates?
Nitrogen
Which of the following foods are considered good non-animal sources of protein?
Nuts; Legumes; Seeds
Which of the following actions would help limit food costs without negatively affecting essential amino acid intakes?
Prepare meals that provide more plant proteins than animal proteins; Reduce the serving size of animal sources of protein
_____ are organic nutrients made up of amino acids
Proteins
Choose the statement that correctly describes lipid digestion
The small intestine is the primary site of lipid digestion
Identify a characteristic of phospholipids that enables them to be major structural components of cell membranes.
Their phosphate "head" is water soluble and their fatty acid "tail" is water insoluble
What is it about the structure of phospholipids that makes them ideal as major structural components of cell membranes?
They are soluble in both water and fat
What is one reason chronically ill, older adults in the United States are at risk for protein deficiency?
They have limited incomes to purchase nutritious foods
Select the structural components of a triglyceride
Three fatty acids; A glycerol backbone
Which blood lipid levels would be considered appropriate for healthy persons?
Total cholesterol 125-200 mg/dl; LDL cholesterol < 100 mg/dl; Triglycerides < 150 md/dl
What are some heart healthy food selection and preparation tips?
Trim visible fat from meat after cooking; Replace some of the solid fat in recipes with applesauce; Use moist cooking methods for lean meats
Which grains contain gluten?
Wheat; Barley; Rye
A _____ is comprised of three fatty acids attached to glycerol
triglyceride
According to the 2015 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, intakes of _____ should be as low as possible
trans fat and cholesterol
The amino group of unneeded amino acids is ultimately converted to _____, which is a waste product of amino acid metabolism that is excreted in urine
urea
A person who relies heavily on plant foods and may or may not include some animal foods in their diet is considered a(n) _____
vegetarian
How does type 2 diabetes differ from type 1 diabetes?
In type 2 diabetes, the cells resist the action of insulin.
Which lifestyle choice would be the best way to reduce a person's risk of atherosclerosis and CVD?
Increase physical activity
What effect does soluble fiber have on the recycling of bile salts?
It binds with used bile salts, preventing their intestinal absorption and leading to their excretion in feces
A lipid with carbons arranged in a ring is called a _____
sterol
What is the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) for protein for healthy adults?
10 - 35%
Currently, Tyra's physical activity level is sedentary. How would incorporating regular physical activity into her lifestyle affect Tyra's diabetes management?
Her insulin sensitivity will improve, which will assist with blood glucose regulation.
If the DNA code contains errors, what effect can this have on protein synthesis?
Abnormal proteins will be produced that may cause chronic health conditions
_____ cells are commonly called "fat cells" because they are designed to store fat
Adipose
_____ is a long-term disease process in which plaque builds up within arterial walls
Atherosclerosis
What are the three key risk factors for developing heart disease?
Having unhealthy blood cholesterol levels; Presence of hypertension; Smoking
Allergic reactions generally occur within _____ of consuming the problematic food
a few minutes to a couple of hours
A chemical attraction that connects two amino acids together is called _____
a peptide bond
Proteins are made up of nitrogen-containing units called _____
amino acids
Adipose cells are designed to store large amounts of _____
fat as triglycerides
Animal sources are considered _____ proteins because they are easy to digest and contain all of the essential amino acids in amounts humans need for proper growth and overall health
high-quality
A food allergy is a reaction that occurs when the _____ system reacts to a harmless substance in food, such as a protein that does not undergo digestion
immune
High-protein intakes may be contraindicated for individuals who have _____
kidney disease
People who have a history of _____ should check with their physician before eating a high-protein diet
kidney stones
Cholesterol and fats are types of _____
lipids
Where does the conversion of recycled bile salts into new bile occur?
liver
A _____ protein lacks or contains inadequate amounts of one or more of the essential amino acids
low-quality
Vegetarian diets are often _____ than "Western diets" that contain plenty of red meat
lower in fat and energy
Convenience foods are generally _____ what it would cost for you to prepare it yourself
more expensive than
Two characteristics of lipids
organic nutrients; doesn't dissolve in water
A _____ bond links two amino acids together
peptide
A vegetarian eats a(n) _____ diet
plant-based
For healthy adults, the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) for _____ is 10-35%
protein
In the United States, chronically ill, older adults are often at risk for _____ more than young and middle-aged adults
protein deficiency
Amino acids are the basic building blocks of _____
proteins
Gluten is a group of related _____ found in wheat, barley, and rye
proteins
The primary site of lipid digestion is the _____
small intestine
