Nutrition: Unit 3: Chapter 9:

In general, if the body needs more vitamins, a _____ percentage will be absorbed.

Greater

When it comes to meeting vitamin K needs, think _____.

Green

What is hypervitaminosis and how does it occur?

Hypervitaminosis is a condition resulting from the presence of excessive amounts of vitamins in the body. It occurs by ingesting more vitamins than the body needs.

What do INR and PT stand for?

International Normalized Ration, Prothrombin Time.

What disease does vitamin E cure?

It doesn't cure any diseases but it plays a role in preventing cardiovascular disease, blood clotting, cancer, and cataracts.

What supplements can reduce the risk of age- related macular degeneration (AMD)?

Large amounts of antioxidants (vitamin C, E, and beta- carotene) can reduce AMD.

What are the most popular sources of vitamin A?

Milk, cereal, cheese, egg yolks, and organ meat.

Name two of the primary reasons for a lack of vitamin D in Americans.

Naturally occurring food sources are scarce, and malnutrition.

Why is Warfarin prescribed and how does it work?

People who are more at risk of developing a blood clot are prescribed Warfarin. Warfarin decreases the activity of vitamin K since vitamin K is essential in forming clots.

These foods are high in _______, ______, and _________, and low in _________, all of which are likely to yield protective effects.

Phytochemicals, antioxidants, dietary fiber, energy dense.

Contrast provitamins and preformed vitamins.

Preformed vitamins are found in food, while provitamins are precursors that are converted to vitamins in the body.

What is known is that without vitamin A, embryonic and fetal development is impaired, especially in the development of the limbs, heart, eyes, and ears. Children fail to grow when their diets lack vitamin A, but when either ______ or _________ are given, growth is enhanced.

Retinol, retinoic acid.

_______, but not retinoic acid, is essential for reproduction. Normal levels of _______ are required for sperm production in males and normal menstrual cycle in females.

Retinol, retinol.

_______ is one of the most commonly associated diseases due to a lack of sunshine and sufficient intake of vitamin D.

Rickets

Cancer is responsible for 22.8 percent of all deaths in the United States, making it the _______ leading cause of death, behind ________.

Second, heart disease.

What are 2 factors to keep in mind regarding the use of dietary supplements?

Supplements may be harmful for some individuals and supplements are not regulated.

What are 3 steps patients should follow to keep their INR/PT stable?

Take your medicine exactly as your doctor directed. Have your INR/PT checked regularly. Keep your vitamin K intake consistent form day to day.

Vitamin D is called the "________" because it is derived from the reaction between ultraviolet rays and a form of cholesterol found in the skin.

"Sunshine vitamin"

Vitamin K is so named because of its role in "________" the Danish word for _________, or __________. It also functions as a cofactor in several key roles in the body, and is essential for strengthening the bones.

"koagulation", coagulation, blood clotting.

Maintaining a healthy weight throughout life may be one of the most important ways to protect against cancer. As estimated ____ percent of the cancer deaths in males and _____ percent in females 50 years of age or older can be attributed to overweight and obesity.

14, 20

Vitamin K is found naturally in ____ forms. Some plants manufacture ________, or vitamin K. This is the primary source of vitamin K in the diet. In animals, bacteria that reside naturally in the colon synthesize _______ also referred to as vitamin K.

2, phylloquionone, menaquinone.

Why don't fat- soluble vitamins need to be consumed daily?

Because they are stored in the liver.

Explain why it is no surprise that most Americans do not meet their daily vitamin D needs?

Because very few foods provide ample amounts of vitamin D.

There are _____ different forms of naturally occurring vitamin E, but one form, _______ is most active in the body. The synthetic form of vitamin E found in dietary supplements is only _____ as active as the natural form.

eight, alpha- tocopherol, half

Vitamin A is important in keeping the ________ moist and structurally sound.

epithelial cells

Carotenoids are absorbed more efficiently when _____ is present in the GI tract.

fat

Define fortified foods and their benefit.

fortified foods are foods with added vitamins and minerals. Fortified foods often contain nutrients that are not naturally present in the food or in higher amounts than the food contains naturally. The benefit is that it bring the good nutrient back into the foods that processing the food has taken out of them.

Hypervitaminosis D can cause over absorption of calcium from the intestines as well as calcium loss from bones. When this occurs blood calcium levels can become extremely high a condition called _________ which can cause nervous system problems and cause severe depression.

hypercalcemia.

One of the most well- known functions of vitamins A is the role it plays in _______.

vision

Anticoagulants (anticlotting medications) such as Coumadin (warfarin) decrease ________ activity, resulting in thinner blood.

vitamin K

Whether from food or sunshine, vitamin D enters the body in an inactive form. Which three organs in the body are involved in reactions activating vitamin D?

liver, small intestines, skin

There is no question that antioxidants play an important role in the body and that diets high in antioxidants - rich fruits, vegetables, and whole grains are associated with lower incidences of some diseases. However, these foods also contain other protective compounds. For example, _________, naturally occurring plant compounds that give fruits and vegetables their vibrant colors, have many beneficial functions in the body, such as acting as antioxidants, stimulating the immune system, and interacting with hormones that may help prevent certain cancers.

phytochemicals

_________ foods have a significant impact on reducing cancer risk.

plant- based

The term vitamin A refers to a family of fat- soluble ______ that include ______, ________, and ________. Whereas all three retinoids participate in essential functions in the body, ________, the alcohol form, is the most usable.

retinoids, retinol, retinal, retinoic acid, retinol.

________ and ________ will absorb more ingested vitamins than will a non-pregnant adult.

young children, pregnant women

Vitamin D deficiencies are increasing worldwide, most likely due to individuals misunderstanding of the critical role of ________ as a source of vitamin D.

sunshine

Why are PT INR checking in people who are on Warfarin?

They are a test that measures the time in which our blood forms clots. They are checked in people who are taking Warfarin to keep the PT INR in the desired range.

Define free radicals

They are unstable molecules that contain an unpaired electron; free radicals can damage the cells of the body and possibly contribute to the increased risk of chronic diseases.

Hypervitaminosis D can cause over absorption of calcium from the intestines as well as calcium loss from bones. When this occurs blood calcium levels can become extremely high a condition called _________ which can cause nervous system problems and cause

Thirteen essential, organic micronutrients that are needed by the body for normal functions, such as regulating metabolism and assisting in energy production and overall health.

In 2007, a large group of scientists complied results from over 7000 research studies and published a report called Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity, and the Prevention of Cancer: A Global Perspective. According to this work, what is the best advice for reducing the risk of cancer?

To consume a varied healthy, plant- based diet, limited saturated fat and sugar intake, maintain a healthy weight, avoid tobacco, limit alcohol intake, and lead an active lifestyle.

With the exception of vitamin K, storing fat- soluble vitamins poses a greater risk levels becoming ______?

Toxic

What are good food sources for vitamin E?

Vegetable oils, avocados, nuts, and seeds.

Discuss the factors that can destroy vitamins found in foods?

Vitamins can be destroyed during cooking or storage. Examples are exposure to oxygen, exposure to light, water, changes in pH, and heat.

How do fat- soluble and water- soluble vitamins differ in the way they're absorbed and stored in the body?

Water- soluble vitamins are absorbed with water and enter the bloodstream directly from the small intestines. Fat- soluble are released from the protein with the help of pepsin and hydrochloric acid. The freed fat soluble vitamins are then ready to be absorbed, primarily in the duodenum.

Which has more bioavailability, water- soluble or fat- soluble vitamins?

Water- soluble vitamins are more bioavailable because fat- soluble vitamins require bile and the formation of a micelle in order to be adsorbed.

What criteria must be met in order for a compound to be considered a vitamin.

When it cannot be synthesized in ample amounts in the body. A chronic deficiency of the compound is likely to cause physical symptoms.

What are the factors that determine the bioavailability of vitamins?

Whether the food is cooked, raw, or refined, absorption, nutritional status, whether or not the vitamin is natural or synthetic.

Vitamin A also works with the immune system to create ______ and ______ that fight foreign invaders should they enter the bloodstream.

White blood cells, antibodies.

List 4 situations where supplements may be needed.

Women of child bearing age, pregnant or lactating women, and strict vegetarians.

Is it possible for the levels of certain vitamins to become toxic?

Yes, it is possible for certain levels of vitamins to become toxic. Fat- soluble vitamins, particularly A, can build up to the point of toxicity, causing harmful symptoms and conditions.

Consuming too much vitamin D can cause loss of _______, _________, _________, and _________.

appetite, nausea, vomiting, constipation.

Plant food sources usually contain provitamin A compounds which are precursors to retinol in the body. Three such compounds, _______, ________, and ______ are types of carotenoids, the yellow- red pigments that give carrots, butternut squash, and cantaloupe their vibrant, deep orange color. For _____ carotenoids are the only dietary source of vitamin A.

beta- cyptoxanthin, beta- carotene, alpha- carotene, vegan.

Vitamin E is primarily valued for being an effective _________?

blood clotting.

Blood ______ levels influences the metabolism of vitamin D. When blood ______ levels ______, parathyroid hormones (PTH) activates vitamin D. This boost in the levels of active vitamin D enhances the absorption of _______. The results is the blood ______ levels returns to normal.

calcium, calcium, drop, calcium, calcium.

Vitamin D regulates two important bone minerals, ______ and ________. Vitamin D also participates in several other functions including _________ stimulation of the immune system, blood pressure regulation, and _________ secretion.

calcium, phosphorus, cell differentiation, insulin.

This type of cancer, ________ represents almost 80-90 percent of all cancers in adults.

carcinomas

What are the most popular foods for provitamin A carotenoids?

carrots, spinach, and sweet potatoes.

Vitamin A stimulates ______ and _______ of the epithelial cells they grow and develop. For immature skin cells to differentiate into mature skin cells, for example, vitamin A acts as a signal to turn on the genes to create the proteins needed to make healthy skin. This role of vitamin A is one reason dermatologist prescribe retinoid- containing medications, such as Retin- A or Accutain, to treat acne.

cell division, cell differentiation.

During the process of blood clotting vitamin K functions as a ______ in the synthesis of four clotting factors: prothombin, VII, IX, X.

coenzyme

Define antioxidants and provide examples of antioxidants ?

Antioxidants substances that neutralize harmful oxygen- containing free radicals that can cause cell damage. Vitamins A, C, and E and beta carotene are antioxidants.

The term cancer is used to identify a group of more that 100 diseases characterized by _________ and _________?

uncontrolled growth, spread of abnormal cells.

Give 3 examples for foods that are high sources of vitamin K. What are some considerations patients should follow when eating these foods?

cooked kale, spinach, and collards. When eating these foods make sure to eat in moderation. If your PT/INR is difficult to manage you should meet with a dietician to create a stable intake of vitamin K.