O2 Therapy ATI
Nonrebreather face mask
-The reservoir bag allows a higher FiO₂ to be administered. -At flow rates slower than 6 L/min, the risk of rebreathing carbon dioxide increases. A valve closes during expiration so that exhaled air does not enter the reservoir bag and is not rebreathed. The valves on the side ports of the mask allow exhalation but close on inspiration to prevent inhalation of room air. FiO₂: 80% to 95% — Flow: Liter maintaining reservoir bag 2/3 full
O2 therapies and Supplies
-These include a flow meter, extension tubing, an oxygen-delivery device, and if the flow rate is more than 4 L/min, sterile water for humidification. -The flow meter attaches to the oxygen outlet and regulates the amount of oxygen delivered to the patient. Because most hospitals have outlets for both oxygen and air on the equipment panel at the bedside, it is important to confirm that the flow meter is attached to the oxygen outlet, designated by a green "oxygen" label, and not the air outlet, designated by a yellow "air" label, before initiating oxygen therapy.
Assess patients receiving oxygen therapy, especially those diagnosed with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), frequently for any changes in their condition. When patients with COPD receive oxygen at too high a flow rate, carbon dioxide narcosis
(a complication that causes confusion, tremors, convulsions, and coma) can result. This complication can ultimately lead to respiratory arrest if left untreated. Positioning is also very important;
Chronic
1. Clubbing of the fingers and toes 2. Peripheral Edema 3. Right sided heart failure 4. Resp. Acidosis 5. O2 saturation less than 87 percent
Late signs of hypozia
1. Decreased level of conciousness 2. Decreased activity level 3. Hypotension 4. Bradycardia 5. Metabolic acidosis 6. Cyanosis
Who needs tracheostomy Mask ?
1. Patients who have artificial airways require continuous humidification since the airway bypasses the normal filtering and humidification process of the nose and mouth. The two devices most commonly used are a t-tube and a tracheostomy mask.
Early Signs of hypoxia
1. Restlessness 2. Confusion 3. Anxiety 4. Elevated Blood pressue 5. Increased Heart Rate 6. Increased resp. Rate 7. Dyspnea
Indications of hypoxemia Early
1. Tachycardia, 2. tachypnea 3. Restlessness, anxiety, confusion 4. Pale skin, mucus membranes 5. Elevated blood pressure 6. use of accesory muscles nasal flaring, tracheal tugging, adventitous lung sounds
A nasal cannula is the
1. device most often used to administer oxygen therapy. It consists of a length of tubing, usually 7 to 14 feet long, with two small prongs to insert into one of the patient's nares. 2. It also has a plastic piece at the neck that slides up under the patient's chin to tighten the tubing and keep it in place. It is available in a range of sizes and can be used for various age groups.
Partial rebreather masks may also be used to deliver an FiO₂ of 60% to 75% with a flow rate of 6 to 11 L/min. The partial rebreather mask has ports
1. so most of the expired air escapes. 2. There is no inspiratory valve, so some of the exhaled air returns to the bag and mixes with the inspired air.
A variety of oxygen-delivery devices are available for administering oxygen therapy. Which device to use often depends on the degree of hypoxia the patient is experiencing and any underlying respiratory diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It is also important to consider
1. the patient's age 2. level of consciousness 3. presence of an artificial airway 4. and environment (hospital or home) when choosing an oxygen-delivery device.
A face tent delivers oxygen concentrations of
24% to 100% with flow rates of at least 10 L/min. This device is convenient for delivering both humidification and oxygen; however, it is difficult to control the concentration of oxygen administered since the actual concentration of oxygen depends on the rate and depth of the patient's respirations
A Venturi mask can deliver accurate oxygen concentrations from
24% to 50% with flow rates from 4 to 10 L/min. This is the most accurate form of oxygen delivery. Because this device delivers a precise oxygen concentration and carbon dioxide buildup is minimal, it is commonly used for patients who have COPD. Humidification is usually unnecessary with this device. The Venturi mask interferes with talking and eating; therefore, a prescription for oxygen via nasal cannula may be necessary for the client to use during meals.
An oxygen hood delivers a
28% to 85% oxygen concentration varying with the prescribed flow rate and size of the hood.
What is a T tube
A t-tube is a t-shaped device with a piece that connects the oxygen source to the artificial airway (endotracheal tube or tracheostomy). The recommended flow rate when using a t-tube is 10 L/min, with a nebulizer set at the appropriate oxygen concentration.
Non Rebreather Mask
Delivers one of the highest O2 concentration possible by a mask (60% to 80%) at a flow rate of 6L to 10L/Minute (Potter & Perry, 2013, p. 852).
FiO₂: 24% to 28% —
Flow: 1 to 2 L
FiO₂: 32% to 36% —
Flow: 3 to 4 L
FiO₂: 40% to 44% —
Flow: 5 to 6 L
Pulse Oximetry
Measures diffusion and perfusion by reading oxygen saturation in the blood.
Devices
Nasal Cannula Nasal catheter Trans tracheal catheter Simple mask Partial re-breather mask Non re-breather mask Venturi mask Oxygen tent
Face Mask
Oxygen mask is fitted carefully to avoid leakage of O2. Mask should not be tight.
Common face masks
Simple face mask Partial re-breather mask Non re-breather mask Venturi mask
Later indicatons of hypoxemia
Stopr cyanotic skin bradypnea hypotension cardiac dysarthmia
Verify Order Patient record and need for procedure Identify, Gather, and Prepare Equipment and
Supplies Administering oxygen therapy (oxygen source, delivery device, flow meter, extension tubing, sterile water, humidifier, small gauze pads)
Pulse Oximetry
The color of blood varies depending on how much oxygen it contains. A pulse oximeter shines two beams of light through a finger (or earlobe), one beam is red light, one is infrared light. These two beams of light can let the pulse oximeter detect what color the arterial blood is and it can then work out the oxygen saturation. (Potter & Perry, 2013, p. 458)
O2 flow rate for manual resuscitation bag
The oxygen flow meter is usually set at 10 to 15 L/min when performing manual resuscitation. There is also a valve on the bag that ensures one-way pressure into the mask and then allows the bag to reinflate from ambient air or from an oxygen source.
The Recommended flow rate for T tube
The recommended flow rate when using a t-tube is 10 L/min, with a nebulizer set at the appropriate oxygen concentration.
Basic parts of flow rate:
The two metal prongs fit into the wall outlet. The green collar behind the prongs twists to release the flow meter from the wall outlet, allowing it to be removed. The cylinder portion of the flow meter has numbers and lines indicating how many liters of oxygen are being delivered per minute (L/min).
CPT
Therapy to mobilize pulmonary secretions (Potter & Perry, 2013, p. 842). Include: postural drainage, chest percussion, and vibration (Potter & Perry, 2013, p. 842). CPT, in most cases, causes productive coughing. In the patient with a decreased ability to cough, suctioning is required (Potter & Perry, 2013, p. 842).
Depending on the flow rate prescribed, humidification might be required. This is usually
accomplished by attaching a bottle of sterile water to the oxygen-delivery equipment. As the oxygen bubbles through the water, it picks up moisture and helps keep the patient's mucous membranes from becoming dry. Be sure to replace the sterile water at least every 24 hours or according to the facility's policy. With high flow rates (FiO₂ of 4 L/min or more), humidification is required.
The benefits of BiPAP include
an increase in the amount of air in the lungs at the end of expiration, reduced airway closure, and improved oxygenation.
Bilevel positive airway pressure (BiPAP) provides
assistance during inspiration and keeps the airway from closing during expiration. The benefits of BiPAP include an increase in the amount of air in the lungs at the end of expiration, reduced airway closure, and improved oxygenation. Both CPAP and BiPAP will be discussed in more detail in another Skills
Since the goal of oxygen therapy is to prevent or relieve hypoxia,
delivering oxygen should help prevent or resolve the manifestations of hypoxia. With effective oxygen therapy for patients who have hypoxia, vital signs and oxygen saturation should move closer to normal or to the patient's baseline readings.
Many different types of oxygen-delivery
devices are used to administer oxygen. The device used often depends on why the patient is receiving oxygen, the flow rate (L/min) prescribed, and the length of time the patient will receive oxygen therapy.
The oxygen hood consists of a
disposable vinyl box that fits over the child's head. It provides warm humidified oxygen at a specific temperature. When using a hood, it is important to ensure that there is enough space between the curve of the hood and the child's neck to allow carbon dioxide to escape. An oxygen hood delivers a 28% to 85% oxygen concentration varying with the prescribed flow rate and size of the hood.
A nonrebreather mask can deliver oxygen concentrations of 80% to 95% with flow rates from 10 to 15 L/min. When using a nonrebreather mask,
do not allow the reservoir bag to deflate or the oxygen source to deplete. If the bag deflates or the oxygen source diminishes, the patient is likely to breathe in large amounts of exhaled carbon dioxide.
A face tent is often used as an alternative to an aerosol mask,
especially for patients who report feeling claustrophobic with an aerosol mask. I .
A simple mask is usually used
for patients who require a moderate flow rate for a short period of time. It is composed of a plastic mask that fits snugly over the patient's mouth and nose. The mask has holes (vents) on each side that are used for exhalation and for air entrainment if the flow rate is too low. An adjustable elastic strap that fits over the patient's head holds the mask in place. A piece of tubing connects the mask to the oxygen source. Extension tubing is usually added to allow the patient more freedom of movement.
What is face tent like?
it is composed of a soft mask that fits under the patient's chin and loosely covers the mouth and nose. An adjustable elastic strap holds it in place. Face tents are often used after nasal and oral surgery.
Before initiating oxygen therapy,
make sure all equipment is checked. The oxygen should be turned on and the flow meter and regulator checked to make sure they are functioning properly. The gauge indicating the level of oxygen in the tank should also be checked to make sure there is an adequate amount remaining.
O2 should not be
used around fire or in an environment where there's a potential for sparks. It is recommended that oxygen delivery systems be kept 10 feet from any open flame
A nonrebreather mask has vents on each side that are covered by flaps to keep the patient from breathing in room air and ensure that a high concentration of oxygen is delivered. The mask also has a reservoir bag that is inflated with pure oxygen. Between the mask and the bag is a one-
way valve that allows the patient to breathe in the oxygen supplied by the source as well as oxygen from the reservoir. This provides the patient with an oxygen concentration of nearly 100%. A piece of tubing, usually connected to extension tubing, connects the mask to the oxygen source.
What kInd of patient need nasal canula
nasal cannula is usually used for patients who are noncritical with minor breathing problems and for patients who cannot or will not wear an oxygen mask. Because this device administers low-flow oxygen, humidification is usually not required until the liter flow rate exceeds 4 L/min.
Depending on the setting,
oxygen is supplied in different ways. In inpatient settings, oxygen is usually stored in large holding tanks outside of the building and piped in to patient rooms via outlets on the wall that are located behind the patient's bed. In home care, oxygen is usually supplied in small portable tanks.
Oxygen tents and hoods are usually used for
pediatric patients who have airway inflammation, croup, or other respiratory infections. The oxygen tent consists of a canopy that surrounds the child. It provides oxygen, humidification, and a cool environment to help control body temperature. An oxygen tent can provide oxygen concentrations of up to 30% with flow rates from 10 to 15 L/min.
Continuous positive pressure ventilation (CPAP)
provides a set positive airway pressure throughout the patient's breathing cycle. It is commonly used for patients who experience sleep apnea because the continuous positive pressure keeps the airway open and prevents the upper airway from collapsing. The usual CPAP pressure is between 5 and 20 cm of water.
having the patient in a
semi- or high-Fowler's position helps facilitate lung expansion. Turning and repositioning, coughing and deep breathing will also promote ventilation.
CPAP is commonly used for patient who have
sleep apnea because the continuous positive pressure keeps the airway open and prevents the upper airway from collapsing. The usual CPAP pressure is between 5 and 20 cm of water.
A nasal cannula delivers oxygen concentrations of
24% to 44% with flow rates from 1 to 6 L/min through the cannula. The exact concentration inspired depends on the flow rate and on the patient's rate and pattern of breathing and the depth of respirations. A
Oxygen tent and hood
This canopy encloses the child and is used to provide oxygen, humidification, and/or a cool environment to control temperature. FiO₂: Approximately 50% — Flow: 10 to 15 L
Simple face mask
This device requires a fairly high oxygen flow to prevent rebreathing of carbon dioxide. About 75% of the inspired volume is room air that the patient breathes through the holes in the side of the mask. An accurate FiO₂ is difficult to estimate. FiO₂: 40% to 60% — Flow: 5 to 8 L
Venturi Mask
This device uses different size adaptors to deliver a fixed or predicted FiO₂. The FiO₂ delivered depends on the flow rate and/or entrainment port size. It is used for patients who have COPD when an accurate FiO₂ is essential and carbon dioxide buildup must be kept to a minimum. Humidifiers usually are not used with this device. FiO₂: 24% to 50% — Flow: 4 to 10 L
Face Tent
This soft aerosol mask fits loosely around the patient's face and neck. It is an alternative to an aerosol mask for patients who feel claustrophobic, but it is sometimes difficult to keep in place. It is convenient for providing humidification and oxygenation; however, oxygen concentration cannot be controlled. FiO₂: 24% to 100% — Flow: At least 10 L
Document
Date and time - initiated Method of delivery - cannula, simple mask Flow rate - in L/min Patient's response - any adverse reactions Condition of patient's skin - ears, nose Respiratory assessment - before and after oxygen therapy Patient and family teaching - done
Venturi Mask
Delivers O2 concentrations varying from 24% to 40% or 60% at a flow rate of 4L to 12L/minute(Potter & Perry, 2013, p. 852). Incentive spirometer allows the patient to take a deep breath and provides the ability to visualize the volume.
Canula FLow Rate
Delivers relatively low concentration of O2 (24& to 44%) at a flow rate of 2L to 6L per minute (Potter & Perry, 2013, p. 851). Above 6L/min client tends to swallow air and FiO2 is not increased. Humidify anything more than 4L (Potter & Perry, 2013, p. 851).
Simple Face mask
Has vents on each side in order for room air to leak in and there by diluting the source O2. Allows exhaled CO2 to escape. Used when increased O2 delivery is needed for short period (e.g. less than 12 hours) (Potter & Perry, 2013, p. 851).
Non rebreather
One way valves on the mask and between the mask and the reservoir prevent the room air and the client's exhaled air entering the bag so only oxygen in the bag is inspired (Potter & Perry, 2013, p. 852). This also should not deflate.
To regulate oxygen percentage concentration: We can take the help of
Oxygen Analyzers ABG Analysis Pulse oximetry
The manual resuscitation bag consists of a
mask, a self-inflating bag that is compressed to ventilate the patient, and an oxygen port where the oxygen tubing is connected. It might also have an adapter that fits onto an oxygen port where the oxygen tubing is connected. It might also have an adapter that fits onto an endotracheal tube when it is going to be used for an intubated patient.
noninvasive Ventilation
n alternative to mechanical ventilation, is used to maintain positive airway pressure and to improve alveolar ventilation without the need for an artificial airway. It is commonly used for patients who have congestive heart failure, sleep disorders, and pulmonary diseases to improve oxygenation, reduce and reverse atelectasis, reduce pulmonary edema, and improve cardiac function. The two types of noninvasive ventilation are CPAP and BiPAP.
In the late stages of hypoxia,
the patient is likely to develop hypotension, bradycardia, and metabolic acidosis. The patient may also develop cyanosis, a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes.
n the early stages of hypoxia,
the patient is often restless and confused and might report feeling anxious. The patient's vital signs might also vary from baseline, with heart rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure elevated.
If hypoxia is left untreated,
the patient's condition can deteriorate, resulting in a decrease in activity level, an increase in confusion, a decrease in level of consciousness, and possibly coma.
Nasal cannula
• Remove device from package and connect extension tubing • Assure flow meter is securely attached to oxygen source • Connect tubing to flow meter and adjust flow rate • Insert prongs of nasal cannula into nares • Gently bring tubing up and around ears • Bring tubing down under chin and secure with plastic slide • Pad tubing where needed • Provide skin care to nares every 4 hours or per policy
Simple mask
• Remove device from package and connect extension tubing • Assure flow meter is securely attached to oxygen source • Connect tubing to flow meter and adjust flow rate • Place mask on face from nose downward • Place elastic band around head • Adjust mask to fit snugly and form a secure seal • Provide skin care as needed where mask touches face
Nonrebreather mask
• Remove device from package and connect extension tubing • Assure flow meter is securely attached to oxygen source • Connect tubing to flow meter and adjust flow rate high enough to inflate the reservoir bag partially • Place mask on face from nose downward • Place elastic and around head and adjust mask to fit snugly and form a secure seal • Provide skin care as needed where mask touches face
Venturi mask
• Remove device from package and connect extension tubing • Attach color-coded adapter for prescribed oxygen flow rate • Connect tubing to adapter • Assure flow meter is securely attached to oxygen source • Connect oxygen tubing to flow meter and adjust to a high flow rate • Place mask on face from nose downward • Place elastic and around head and adjust mask to fit snugly and form a secure seal • Provide skin care as needed where mask touches faces
NonBreather Mask
- This device is used to deliver high flow rates and high concentrations of oxygen. Like the simple mask, the nonrebreather mask fits snugly over the patient's mouth and nose. An adjustable elastic strap that fits over the patient's head holds the mask in place.
Venturi mask is used for patient with
-have COPD when an accurate FiO₂ is essential and carbon dioxide buildup must be kept to a minimum. -24% to 50% — Flow: 4 to 10 L
A Venturi mask is most often used for critically ill patients who require administration
-of a specific concentration of oxygen. It consists of a mask with holes on each side that allow exhaled air to escape. At the base of the mask and connected to the tubing are color-coded adaptors. Each adaptor is marked to tell which specific oxygen concentration the patient will receive and at what liter flow rate to set the oxygen.
A simple mask has the ability to deliver oxygen concentrations of
40% to 60% with flow rates from 5 to 8 L/min. Because carbon dioxide can build up in the mask at low flow rates, do not use a flow rate lower than 6 L/min with this type of mask. When using this mask, consider humidification to keep the patients' mucous membranes from becoming dry.
Nasal Canulla
Common & inexpensive device Easy to apply: Position properly in nares Does not interfere with eating or talking Relatively comfortable Permits some freedom movement Well tolerated by clients
O2 Flow rate
Determines the amount of oxygen delivered the patient. Measured in liters per minute. Rate Varies according to patient's condition & route of O2 administration
Always handle oxygen tanks with caution.
Keep them upright and secured with a chain or in an appropriate holder to keep them from falling and the valve rupturing. Store empty oxygen tanks upright as well and secure them appropriately.
Nasal Canula
Most patients tolerate this device well, and it is simpler to use than a mask. The fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO₂) varies depending on the flow of oxygen in L/min and the rate and depth of the patient's breathing.
Caution patients when using electrical equipment in such as razors or radios when oxygen is in use.
The electrical equipment must be functioning properly and well grounded. Both have the potential to cause sparks if they malfunction and could result in fire. Teach children receiving oxygen therapy not to play with electric or friction toys since they can also cause sparks.
Flow rate for Tracheostomy Mask
The flow rate is usually set at 10 L/min, with a nebulizer set at the appropriate oxygen concentration.
If a patient is not improving with oxygen therapy,
check to make sure the equipment is functioning properly, the correct oxygen delivery device is in use, and the flow rate is set correctly. If the equipment and flow rate are appropriate, you might have to adjust the oxygen's flow rate. Because oxygen is considered a medication, you must obtain an order from the provider before adjusting the flow rate. -Perform a respiratory assessment along with a complete set of vital signs, including oxygen saturation indicated via pulse oximetry. After assessing your patient, also document the patient's skin color, level of consciousness, and other signs and any manifestations of hypoxia. -, perform a skin assessment where the oxygen-delivery device comes into contact with the patient's skin. Inspect the nose, the ears, and under the chin for redness, irritation, and skin breakdown. To help prevent irritation and skin breakdown, consider padding pressure areas when initiating oxygen therapy. Keeping the patient's skin clean and dry can also help reduce the risk of skin irritation and breakdown.
A manual resuscitation bag is used to provide high
concentrations of oxygen to a patient prior to a procedure, such as suctioning or intubating, and during respiratory or cardiac arrest. It can also be used to assist patients who are breathing but not adequately.
The degree of hypoxia the patient is experiencing usually determines
what signs and symptoms he or she will exhibit. The patient's age, general health, current disease process, and history of chronic illness also play a role in how the patient responds to hypoxia.
Oxygen therapy is indicated for patients who are at risk for developing hypoxia. This includes patients
who are recovering from surgery and may be in pain or still sedated. It also includes patients who have a respiratory illness that causes excessive secretions to accumulate in the lungs or conditions that reduce the circulation of blood through the lungs. Many patients with cardiac conditions are also at risk of developing hypoxia and benefit from oxygen therapy.
It is commonly used for patients
who have congestive heart failure, sleep disorders, and pulmonary diseases to improve oxygenation, reduce and reverse atelectasis, reduce pulmonary edema, and improve cardiac function. The two types of noninvasive ventilation are CPAP and BiPAP.
Face tent
• Remove device from package and connect extension tubing • Add sterile water to humidifier • Assure flow meter is securely attached to oxygen source • Connect humidifier to flow meter and adjust flow rate • Place face tent under chin, then over mouth and nose • Place elastic band over head and adjust for a loose fit • Provide skin care as needed where mask touches face
chronic hypoxia, the manifestations differ and develop over time. These patients often have
1. clubbing of their fingers and toes, 2. peripheral edema, 3. right-sided heart failure, and an oxygen saturation below 87%.
Tracheostomy mask
A tracheostomy mask, sometimes referred to as a tracheostomy collar, is a small mask that fits over the patient's tracheostomy site. An adjustable elastic strap that fits around the patient's neck holds it in place. The mask has an exhalation port that remains patent at all times and a port that connects to the oxygen source with large-bore tubing. The flow rate is usually set at 10 L/min, with a nebulizer set at the appropriate oxygen concentration.
Resuscitation bag
The mask fits over the patient's nose and mouth and has a soft air-filled cushion around the mask that forms an airtight seal when placed on the patient's face. The apex, or narrow portion of the mask, is placed over the nose and the base, or broader portion of the mask, over the mouth. The self-inflating bag is made of a firm, rubber-like material that is manually compressed to give the patient "a breath." The bag has an oxygen port where oxygen tubing can be connected. The oxygen flow meter is usually set at 10 to 15 L/min when performing manual resuscitation. There is also a valve on the bag that ensures one-way pressure into the mask and then allows the bag to reinflate from ambient air or from an oxygen source.
