OB Ch. 3 - Individual Differences and Emotions
A few of the major reasons organizations use personality tests:
- Reduce time and cost of recruiting and hiring. - Reduce biases in the interview process. - Increase the pool of candidates (because such tests can be administered electronically and remotely). - Complement candidate information found in resumes and interviews.
People high in emotional stability tend to be:
- Relaxed - Secure - Unworried - Less likely to experience negative emotions under pressure - Higher job performance - More organizational citizenship behaviors - Few counter-productive work behaviors
In order to be effective in improving intelligence, through training, such training needs three characteristics:
1. Adaptive 2. Variety 3. Generalizability
Big 5 Personality Dimensions
1. Extroversion 2. Agreeableness 3. Conscientiousness 4. Emotional stability 5. Openness to experience
4 narrow and positive individual traits for CSEs
1. Generalized self-efficacy 2. Self-esteem 3. Locus of control 4. Emotional stability
*** Liu has a goal to work hard and eventually apply for a promotion at the Great Grain Company. Liu is most likely to exhibit positive emotions if: A. The emotions are congruent with his goal B. He has emotional intelligence C. The emotions are incongruent with his goal D. He feels inadequate E. He had a bad experience being promoted at his former company
A
Core self-evlautions (CSEs)
A broad personality trait comprised of four narrow and positive individual traits: 1. Generalized self-efficacy 2. Self-esteem 3. Locus of control 4. Emotional stability
Self-esteem
A general belief about your self-worth
Practical intelligence involves changing oneself to suit the environment (____________), changing the environment to suit oneself (______________), or finding a new environment within which to work (_____________).
Adaptation Shaping Selection
Employees that exhibit _______________ are likely to fit and excel in jobs requiring interpersonal interaction, such as customer service. These same employees are more likely to stay with their jobs, be kind and get along with others, and thus have positive relationships and experiences at work.
Agreeableness
George does not score particularly well on standard IQ tests yet he has a unique ability to deal with complex interpersonal situations. What would explain this phenomenon? A. practical intelligence B. multiple intelligences C. reasoning ability D. emotions and attitude E. gender
B
The less potent sources of self-efficacy beliefs
Behavior Models Persuasion from Others Assessment of physical/emotional state
Martha would like to hire employees who will be strong performers in her organization. Which of the Big Five personality dimensions should she try to make sure the new employees score high on? A. Extraversion B. Agreeableness C. Conscientiousness D. Emotional Stability E. Openness to Experience
C
*** Managers can realize the practical value of _________________ by selecting employees based on them and then training them to enhance elements of their _______________.
CSEs
We all have strengths and weakness, so knowledge of our intelligences may help in:
Choosing a career or selecting the best candidate Development of ourselves and others
______________________ has the strongest and most positive effects on performance across jobs, industries, and levels.
Conscientiousness
Joe was terminated from his job and believed the reason was his boss did not like him and his hard work was not appreciated. Joe likely has: A. high emotional stability. B. an internal locus of control. C. low self-efficacy. D. an external locus of control. E. low self-esteem.
D
Maria is a manager for Greens and Grits. Maria would like to improve job satisfaction for her employees. She can accomplish this by implementing different policies dealing with: A. Personality B. Intelligence C. Cognitive ability D. Emotions and attitudes E. All of the above
D
Conscientousness - Characteristics
Dependable, responsible, achievement-oriented, persistent
*** Jessica would like to be a best-selling author. She studied OB and knows this will take at least 10,000 hours of deliberate practice. Jessica should do all of the following EXCEPT: A. Identify aspects of performance that need improvement B. Get a coach to receive feedback C. Study other writers and their works D. Take breaks to maintain concentration E. Only practice as long as it remains fun
E
*** _________________ is the ability to monitor your own and others' feelings and emotions and use this information to guide your thinking and actions.
Emotional intelligence (EI)
_______________________ is associated with higher job satisfaction and well-being.
Emotional stability
*** __________________ are complex, relatively brief responses aimed at a specific target.
Emotions
Which locus of control exhibits: More anxious Earn less, receive smaller raises Less motivated by incentives
External locus of control
___________________ is a stronger predictor of job performance than agreeableness, but weaker than conscientiousness, across all professions.
Extroversion
*** T/F: Self-esteem cannot be improved.
FALSE
T/F: You should make serious decisions based on someone's personality test
False
T/F: CSEs are static.
False! They can be developed and improved.
T/F: Emotions may motivate your behavior but are not an important means for communicating with others.
False. Emotions may motivate your behavior and are an important means for communicating with others.
T/F: Personality is monolithic
False. Every person is a combination of the various dimensions - no one is 100 percent of one and zero of the others.
T/F: Managers have an impact on fixed IDs
False. Managers have little or no impact on fixed IDs.
T/F: Your personality characteristics are likely to have the least influence and effect on performance when you are working in situations that are unstructured and with few rules.
False. You're more likely to show your true colors (your personality) when the situation is open and lacks constraints.
Why is it important to apply yourself to areas or goals that are important to you to improve self-esteem?
In those areas your motivation will likely be highest and presumably you'll work the hardest.
*** ____________ are insightful for understanding, motivating, and otherwise managing employees.
Individual differences
*** _______________________ is a broad category used to describe the vast number of attributes (traits and behaviors) that describe a person.
Individual differences (IDs)
Narcissists
Individuals who 1) have a grandiose sense of self-importance, 2) requiring or even demanding excessive admiration, 3) having a sense of entitlement, 4) lacking empathy, and 5) tending to be exploitative, manipulative, and arrogant.
Openness to Experience - Characteristics
Intellectual, imaginative, curious, broad-minded
Important Individual Differences at Work
Intelligence Cognitive abilities Personality Core self-evaluations - Self-efficacy - Self-esteem - Locus of control - Emotional stability Attitudes Emotions
Which locus of control exhibits: higher motivation higher expectations exert more effort when given difficult tasks more job satisfaction from performance
Internal locus of control
Elements that enhance self-efficacy
Job Design Training and Development Self Management Goal Setting Creativity Coaching Leadership
Individual-Level Work Outcomes
Job performance Job satisfaction Turnover Organizational citizenship behaviors Counterproductive work behaviors
There's a positive correlation between self-efficacy and ___________ _________ and __________ _____________
Job performance and job satisfaction
Gardner's 8 intelligences
Linguistic intelligence Logical-mathematical intelligence Musical intelligence Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence Spatial intelligence Interpersonal intelligence Intrapersonal intelligence Naturalist intelligence
Dark Triad
Machiavellianism, Narcissism, Psychopathy
Practical intelligence skills are used to:
Manage oneself, manage others, and manage tasks.
*** T/F: Most experiences are purely positive or negative, rather than a mixture of positive and negative emotions.
Most experiences are a mixture of positive and negative emotions, rather than purely one or the other.
Are personality models unique to the culture in which they were developed? Cross-cultural reseatch on the Big Fiv suggests the answer is:
NO.
It seems as emotional stability continues to increase, ________________s decline, likely because you focus your attention on the task at hand and not on your coworkers.
OCBs
________________ is linked with higher levels of creativity compared with other traits, but these employees may be more likely to quit.
Openness
Extroversion - Characteristics
Outgoing, talkative, sociable, assertive
4 competencies of EI
Personal Competence - Self-Awareness - Self-Management Social Competence - Social Awareness - Relationship Management
*** _______________ is the combination of stable physical, behavioral, and mental characteristics that give individuals their unique identities.
Personality
Gardner: Logical-mathematicl intelligence
Potential for deductive reasoning, problem analysis, and mathematical calculation
Gardner: Musical intelligence
Potential to appreciate, compose, and perform music
Gardner: Linguistic intelligence
Potential to learn and use spoken and written languages
Gardner: Naturalist intelligence
Potential to live in harmony with your environment
Gardner: Spatial intelligence
Potential to recognize and use patterns
Gardner: Intrapersonal intelligence
Potential to understand and regulate yourself
Gardner: Interpersonal intelligence
Potential to understand, connect with, and effectively work with others
Gardner: Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence
Potential to use mind and body to coordinate physical movement
The most potent source of self-efficacy beliefs
Prior experience
Sources of self-efficacy beliefs
Prior experience Behavior models Persuasion from others Assesment of physical/emotional state
Emotional Stability - Characteristics
Relaxed, secure, unworried
*** _________________ is a person's belief about his or her chances of successfully accomplishing a specific task.
Self-efficacy
Why personality tests are not valid predictors of job performance:
Test takers do not describe themselves accurately (faking) Tests are bought off the shelf and given by untrained employees Personality tests are meant to measure personality, not what individual differences are needed to perform a particular job
Emotional Intelligence (EI)
The ability to monitor one's own emotions and those of others, to discriminate among them, and to use this information to guide one's thinking and actions.
Personality
The combination of relatively stable physical, behavioral, and mental characteristics that give individuals their unique identities
How is EI different from IQ?
Those who developed the concept of EI argue that traditional models of IQ are too narrow, failing to consider interpersonal competence. They also argue from a practical perspective that EI is more flexible than IQ and can be developed throughout your working life.
*** T/F: Employers use personality tests to select and place employees, but no "ideal personality" exists and tests are often misused.
True
*** T/F: Knowledge of IDs is abundant and a useful way for leveraging your strengths and developing your weaknesses.
True
T/F: Intelligence can be improved; it is a learned skill.
True
T/F: Low self-esteem can be raised more by having the person think of desirable characteristics possessed rather than of undesirable characteristics from which he or she is free.
True
T/F: Performing at a high level boosts self-esteem, and not the other way around.
True
T/F: Self-esteem is relatively stable across your lifetime, but it can be improved
True
T/F: Self-Efficacy can be developed.
True bitch
T/F: Emotions are the most flexible of the individual differences
True. Emotions can and often do change moment to moment and thus are more flexible than the other individual differences discussed so far.
Agreeableness - Characteristics
Trusting, good-natured, cooperative, softhearted
How we differ has been shown to influence how we approach each of the following:
Work Solving problems Conflict Interactions with co-workers
What does it mean to have a proactive personality?
You're someone who is relatively unconstrained by situational forces and who affects environmental change. You're someone who identifies opportunities and acts on them. The many benefits: - Increased job performance - Higher job satisfaction - Higher affective commitment - Entrepreneurial
Generalized self-efficacy
a person's belief about their chances of successfully accomplishing a specific task
Locus of Control
a relatively stable personality characteristic that describes how much personal responsibility someone takes for their behavior and its consequences
Those higher on ________________ are more likely to seek new opportunities.
agreeableness
Intelligence
an individual's capacity for constructive thinking, reasoning, and problem solving
Most personality tests (are/aren't) valid predictors of job performance
are not
_____________ and _____________ are relatively flexible
attitudes and emotions
___________ concepts are more likely to include the complexity in both individuals and situations than those that are ______________.
broad, narrow
Psychopaths
can be aggressive and lack concern for others, guilt, or remorse when their own actions do others harm. Have no empathy.
People with high core self-evalutaions see themselves as
capable, competent, and valuable.
What are emotions?
complex, relatively brief, affective responses aimed at a particular person, information, experience, or event.
_________________ has the strongest and most positive effects on performance across jobs, industries, and levels
conscientousness
*** Intelligence Is more than IQ and represents an individual's capacity for
constructive thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
Machiavellian
crafty; double-dealing "the ends justify the means" often maintain emotional distance and are manipulative
individuals with high levels of _____________ ____________ tend to be relaxed, secure, unworried, and less likely to experience negative emotions under pressure.
emotional stability
____________ can change our psychological and physiological states
emotions
*** Self-efficacy beliefs can be improved via
experience, behavior models, persuasion from others, and emotional state.
people with ____________ locus of control score lower on emotional stability.
external
_______________ is beneficial if the job involves interpersonal interaction and is a stronger predictor of job performance than agreeable-ness
extroversion
*** The Big Five personality dimensions are
extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, and openness to experience.
*** Emotions can be distinguished in terms of a __________ or a _________ orientation.
future past
*** EI is associated with
higher sales and improved retention, as well as leadership effectiveness.
Emotional stability
how relaxed, secure, and unworried one is
Negative emotions are triggered by frustration and failure to meet goals. They are said to be goal _________________.
incongruent
Using a narrow perspective of individual differences and emotions gives us a precise description of someone's particular type of _________________, while using a broader perspective of individual differences, we can more effectively predict ____________________.
intelligence, behavior
*** Identifying the ________________ relevant to particular jobs can be used to select, place, and develop individuals accordingly.
intelligences
Besides leading to increases in job performance, job satisfaction, engagement, and affective commitment, proactive personality is also linked to
intentions to be entrepreneurial.
The characteristics and traits of personality are the product of
interacting genetic and environmental influences and are stable over time and across situations and cultures.
*** Multiple intelligences are:
linguistic, logical, musical, kinesthetic, spatial, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalist.
When studying individuals, we either consider narrow or broad concepts. ____________ concepts tend to be better for describing individuals because they are more precise, whereas _____________ concepts (the Big 5) are better for predicting behavior and outcomes such as job performance, job satisfaction, turnover, etc.
narrow, broad
Proactive personality
people who identify opportunities, show initiative, take action, and persevere until meaningful change occurs
*** Awareness and management of your and others' emotions can enhance ______________.
performance
Personality is a ___________ input in the Organizing Framework
person
*** EI can be developed by building
personal and social competence.
What types of emotions are there?
positive, negative, mixed, past, future
To be effective at managing people, we need to be ___________, specific, and _________ about personalities
precise, scientific
*** People with ________________ personalities identify opportunities and act on them, show initiative, take action, and persevere until meaningful change occurs
proactive
People with _________ personalities are hard-wired to change the status quo.
proactive
The strongest effects result when both you and your manager have ___________ personalities
proactive
If employee engagement is the desired outcome, then ________________________ was found to be the strongest predictor, followed by conscientiousness and extraversion. _______________________ and ________________ were the weakest.
proactive personality Agreeableness and openness
Fear is a ____________ emotion
prospective it anticipates something
*** It is helpful to think of IDs in terms of their ____________ ______________.
relative stability
Managers have influence on _______________ ______________ ideas that influence individual level work outcomes such as performance and satisfaction
relatively flexible
Anger is a ___________ emotion
retrospective it reflects on something
Personal achievements and praise bolster ______________, while prolonged unemployment and destructive feedback erode it.
self-esteem
Practical intelligence
the ability to solve everyday problems by utilizing knowledge gained from experience in order to purposefully adapt to, shape, and select environments
Individual differences (IDs)
the many attributes, such as traits and behaviors, that describe each of us as a person
external locus of control
the perception that chance or outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate. Things happen to me. I blame others for failures. I can't control the future.
internal locus of control
the perception that you control your own fate I can make things happen. I can determine my future. I accept personal responsibility for failures.
*** Emotion display norms dictate
which types of emotions are expected and appropriate in particular organizational situations.
Self-Efficacy: If we believe that we can get something done, we're going to do a good job trying to get it done, and then we're going to feel good about how we did it.
yeah baby
CSE is greater than the sum of its parts
yup
Benefits/Drawbacks of EI:
•Better social relationships. •Greater well-being. •Increased satisfaction. •No clear link to improved job performance. •Research remains unclear.
