OB Chapter 39; Pediatric Variations of Nursing Interventions

The nurse is caring for a teenager scheduled for surgery. What criteria does the nurse use to obtain valid consent from the patient? The patient should: Select all that apply. a. Be intelligent. b. Be over the age of majority. c. Be well-informed. d. Act voluntarily. e. Be healthy

B, C, D

The nurse is preparing a child for an endotracheal tube (ET) placement. How does the nurse verify the placement of the tube? Select all that apply. a. Visualization of unilateral chest expansion b. Auscultation over the epigastrium c. Examination of water vapor in the tube d. Waveform verification with continuous capnography e. Examination using a chest radiography

B, C, D, E

What does the nurse keep in mind while administering an enema to a child? a. The nurse should not give details about the procedure. b. The buttocks of the child should be held together briefly. c. Pillows should not be used during the procedure. d. Administration of enemas should be noninvasive in children

b; The buttocks of the child should be held together briefly.

The relative of a child receiving oxygen therapy brings the child a remote-controlled airplane as a gift. What safety risk does the toy present to the patient? a. 1The toy may cause suffocation. b. The toy can cause fire. c. The toy may have toxic lead paint. d. The toy may distract the child.

b; The toy can cause fire.

The nurse is removing the tape of an intravenous catheter in a child. What is the most appropriate instruction given by the nurse? a. "Stay calm while I remove the catheter." b. "This will cause just a little bit of pain." c. "Let's remove the tape together." d. "You are the bravest kid in the world."

c; "Let's remove the tape together."

An appropriate method for administering oral medications that are bitter to an infant or small child would be to mix them with: a. A bottle of formula or milk. b. Any food the child is going to eat. c. A small amount (1 teaspoon) of a sweet-tasting substance such as jam or ice cream. d. Large amounts of water to dilute medication sufficiently.

c; A small amount (1 teaspoon) of a sweet-tasting substance such as jam or ice cream.

A critically ill child has hyperthermia. The parents ask the nurse to give an antipyretic such as acetaminophen (Tylenol). The nurse should explain that antipyretics: a. May cause malignant hyperthermia. b. May cause febrile seizures. c. Are of no value in treating hyperthermia. d. Are of limited value in treating hyperthermia.

c; Are of no value in treating hyperthermia.

Frequent urine testing for specific gravity and glucose are required on a 6-month-old infant. The most appropriate way to collect small amounts of urine for these tests is to: a. Apply a urine-collection bag to the perineal area. b. Tape a small medicine cup to the inside of the diaper. c. Aspirate urine from cotton balls inside the diaper with a syringe. d. Aspirate urine from a superabsorbent disposable diaper with a syringe.

c; Aspirate urine from cotton balls inside the diaper with a syringe.

Nursing considerations related to the administration of oxygen in an infant include to: a. Humidify the oxygen if the infant can tolerate it. b. Assess the infant to determine how much oxygen should be given. c. Ensure uninterrupted delivery of the appropriate oxygen concentration. d. Direct the oxygen flow so that it blows directly into the infants face in a hood.

c; Ensure uninterrupted delivery of the appropriate oxygen concentration.

What should the nurse consider when having consent forms signed for surgery and procedures on children? a. Only a parent or legal guardian can give consent. b. The person giving consent must be at least 18 years old. c. The risks and benefits of a procedure are part of the consent process. d. A mental age of 7 years or older is required for a consent to be considered informed.

c; The risks and benefits of a procedure are part of the consent process.

The nurse is caring for an unconscious child. Skin care should include: a. Avoiding use of pressure reduction on the bed. b. Massaging reddened bony prominences to prevent deep tissue damage. c. Using draw sheet to move child in bed to reduce friction and shearing injuries. d. Avoiding rinsing skin after cleansing with mild antibacterial soap to provide a protective barrier.

c; Using draw sheet to move child in bed to reduce friction and shearing injuries.

Several types of long-term central venous access devices are used. A benefit of using an implanted port (e.g., Port-a-Cath) is that it: a. is easy to use for self-administered infusions. b. does not need to pierce the skin for access. c. does not need to limit regular physical activity, including swimming. d. cannot dislodge from the port, even if child plays with port site.

c; does not need to limit regular physical activity, including swimming.

The nurse must suction a child with a tracheostomy. Interventions should include: a. Encouraging the child to cough to raise the secretions before suctioning. b. Selecting a catheter with a diameter three-fourths as large as the diameter of the tracheostomy tube. c. Ensuring that each pass of the suction catheter take no longer than 5 seconds. d. Allowing the child to rest after every 5 times the suction catheter is passed.

c; Ensuring that each pass of the suction catheter take no longer than 5 seconds.

In some genetically susceptible children, anesthetic agents can trigger malignant hyperthermia. The nurse should be alert in observing that, in addition to an increased temperature, an early sign of this disorder is: a. Apnea b. Bradycardia c. Muscle rigidity d. Decreased blood pressure

c; Muscle rigidity

A nurse must do a venipuncture on a 6-year-old child. An important consideration in providing atraumatic care is to: a. Use an 18-gauge needle if possible. b. If not successful after four attempts, have another nurse try. c. Restrain the child only as needed to perform venipuncture safely. d. Show the child equipment to be used before procedure.

c; Restrain the child only as needed to perform venipuncture safely.

Tepid water or sponge baths are indicated for hyperthermia in children. The nurse should: a. Add isopropyl alcohol to the water. b. Direct a fan on the child in the bath. c. Stop the bath if the child begins to chill. d. Continue the bath for 5 minutes.

c; Stop the bath if the child begins to chill.

The emergency department nurse is cleaning multiple facial abrasions on 9-year-old Mike. His mother is present. He is crying and screaming loudly. The nurse should: a. Ask him to be quieter. b. Have his mother tell him to relax. c. Tell him it is okay to cry and scream. d. Suggest that he talk to his mother instead of crying.

c; Tell him it is okay to cry and scream.

An appropriate intervention to encourage food and fluid intake in a hospitalized child is to: a. Force child to eat and drink to combat caloric losses. b. Discourage participation in non-eating activities until caloric intake is sufficient c. Administer large quantities of flavored fluids at frequent intervals and during meals. d. Give high-quality foods and snacks whenever child expresses hunger.

d; Give high-quality foods and snacks whenever child expresses hunger.

The nurse must do a heel stick on an ill neonate to obtain a blood sample. Which procedure is recommended to facilitate this? a. Apply cool, moist compresses b. Apply a tourniquet to the ankle c. Elevate the foot for 5 minutes d. Wrap foot in a warm washcloth

d; Wrap foot in a warm washcloth

A 13-year-old patient with an ankle injury requires minor surgery. The parents of the patient have given their consent but are unable to wait during the procedure. What is the best nursing action in this context? a. Persuade the parents to be with the patient. b. Ask the patient's school teacher to be present. c. Conduct the surgery when either parent is available. d. Adhere to the parents' wishes of not participating

d; Adhere to the parents' wishes of not participating

The nurse is doing a pre-hospitalization orientation for a 7-year-old child who is scheduled for cardiac surgery. As part of the preparation, the nurse explains that she will not be able to talk because of an endotracheal tube but that she will be able to talk when it is removed. This explanation is: a. Unnecessary. b. The surgeons responsibility. c. Too stressful for a young child. d. An appropriate part of the child's preparation.

d; An appropriate part of the child's preparation.

The nurse approaches a group of school-age patients to administer medication to Sam Hart. To identify the correct child, the nurse should: a. Ask the group, Who is Sam Hart? b. Call out to the group, Sam Hart? c. Ask each child, Whats your name? d. Check the patients identification name band.

d; Check the patients identification name band.

The nursing instructor is teaching a group of students about using chest tubes in children. Which statement by the student indicates a need for additional teaching? a. Excess fluid is removed by chest tubes. b. Chest tubes clear air from lungs. c. Pneumothorax may need chest tubes. d. Chest tubes eliminate leaked blood.

d; Chest tubes eliminate leaked blood.

The nurse is preparing to insert a nasogastric (NG) tube for a child with impaired swallowing capacity. Arrange the steps of the procedure in the correct order. 1.Flush the tube with sterile water. 2.Place child supine with head slightly hyperflexed. 3.Measure the tube for approximate length. 4.Stabilize the tube by holding or taping it to the cheek. 5.Warm the formula to room temperature.

2, 3, 4, 5, 1

Informed consent is valid when: Select all that apply. a. universal consent is used. b. it is completed only for major surgery. c. a person is over the age of majority and competent. d. information is provided to make an intelligent decision. e. the choice exercised is free of force, fraud, duress, or coercion.

C, D, E

The nurse is preparing for the admission of an infant who will have several procedures performed. In which situation is informed consent required (Select all that apply)? a. Catheterized urine collection b. Intravenous (IV) line insertion c. Oxygen administration d. Lumbar puncture e. Computed tomography (CT) scan with contrast

D, E

The nurse is speaking with the parents of a child with a very high fever. Which statement by the child's parent indicates a need for additional teaching? a. "The temperature is quite high. It's life-threatening." b. "I guess chills are common during high fever." c. "Antipyretics should bring down the temperature." d. "Fever has its own advantages for the body."

a; "The temperature is quite high. It's life-threatening."

The nurse finds that a patient has developed tachycardia and tachypnea after administration of a muscle relaxant. What is an appropriate nursing action? a. Administer dantrolene sodium intravenously. b. Use hot compresses on the neck and axillae. c. Assess the patient's history of surgical procedures. d. Administer an inhaled anesthetic.

a; Administer dantrolene sodium intravenously.

When liquid medication is given to a crying 10-month-old infant, which approach minimizes the possibility of aspiration? a. Administering the medication with a syringe (without needle) placed along the side of the infant's tongue. b. Administering the medication as rapidly as possible without the infant securely restrained. c. Mixing the medication with the infant's regular formula or juice and administering by bottle. d. Keeping the child upright with the nasal passages blocked for a minute after administration.

a; Administering the medication with a syringe (without needle) placed along the side of the infant's tongue.

The nurse wore gloves during a dressing change. When the gloves are removed, the nurse should: a. Wash hands thoroughly. b. Check the gloves for leaks. c. Rinse gloves in disinfectant solution. d. Apply new gloves before touching the next patient.

a; Wash hands thoroughly.

The best explanation for why pulse oximetry is used on young children is that it: a. is noninvasive. b. is better than capnography. c. is more accurate than arterial blood gases. d. provides intermittent measurements of O2.

a; is noninvasive.

Which antipyretic is associated with Reye syndrome in children? a. Acetaminophen (Tylenol) b. Aspirin (Bayer) c. Ibuprofen (Advil) d. Norfloxacin (Noroxin)

b; Aspirin (Bayer)

What nursing action is appropriate for specimen collection? a. Follow sterile technique for specimen collection. b. Sterile gloves are worn if the nurse plans to touch the specimen. c. Use Standard Precautions when handling body fluids. d. Avoid wearing gloves in front of the child and family.

c; Use Standard Precautions when handling body fluids.

It is important to make certain that sensory connectors and oximeters are compatible since wiring that is incompatible can cause: a. Hyperthermia b. Electrocution c. Pressure necrosis d. Burns under sensors

d; Burns under sensors

When caring for a child with an intravenous infusion, the nurse should: a. Use a macro dropper to facilitate reaching the prescribed flow rate. b. Avoid restraining the child to prevent undue emotional stress. c. Change the insertion site every 24 hours. d. Observe the insertion site frequently for signs of infiltration.

d; Observe the insertion site frequently for signs of infiltration.

The nurse needs to take the blood pressure of a preschool boy for the first time. Which action is best in gaining his cooperation? a. Take his blood pressure when a parent is there to comfort him. b. Tell him that this procedure will help him get well more quickly. c. Explain to him how the blood flows through the arm and why the blood pressure is important. d. Permit him to handle equipment and see the dial move before putting the cuff in place.

d; Permit him to handle equipment and see the dial move before putting the cuff in place.

When administering a gavage feeding to a school-age child, the nurse should: a. Lubricate the tip of the feeding tube with Vaseline to facilitate passage. b. Check the placement of the tube by inserting 20 mL of sterile water. c. Administer feedings over 5 to 10 minutes. d. Position the child on the right side after administering the feeding.

d; Position the child on the right side after administering the feeding.

An 8-month-old infant is restrained to prevent interference with the intravenous infusion. The nurse should: a. Remove the restraints once a day to allow movement. b. Keep the restraints on constantly. c. Keep the restraints secure so the infant remains supine. d. Remove the restraints whenever possible.

d; Remove the restraints whenever possible.

What is a common postoperative complication of anesthesia? a. Respiratory tract infections b. Cardiac arrest c. Infection of the joints d. Resistance to anesthetic agents

d; Resistance to anesthetic agents

Which is the preferred site for intramuscular injections in infants? a. Deltoid b. Dorsogluteal c. Rectus femoris d. Vastus lateralis

d; Vastus lateralis

The nurse is caring for a child who is scheduled to undergo an ostomy procedure. What are possible causes for a child to need undergo an ostomy procedure? Select all that apply. a. Necrotizing enterocolitis b. Hirschsprung disease c. Crohn disease d. Diseases of the bladder e. Difficulty urinating

A, B, C, D

The nurse suspects tissue injury in an infant on intravenous therapy. What parameters will the nurse assess to determine tissue injury? Select all that apply. a. The amount of redness b. Blanching c. The amount of swelling d. Quality of pulses above infiltration e. Coolness of the area

A, B, C, E

A 9-year-old patient is scheduled for a surgical procedure next week. What teachings will the nurse include to ensure the patient's assent? Select all that apply: a. Inform the patient about the nature of the condition. b. Tell the patient what can be expected. c. Inform the patient how consent is obtained. d. Assess patient understanding. e. Solicit an expression of the patient's willingness.

A, B, D, E

A nurse is caring for a child in Droplet Precautions. Which instructions should the nurse give to the unlicensed assistive personnel caring for this child (Select all that apply)? a. Wear gloves when entering the room. b. Wear an isolation gown when entering the room. c. Place the child in a special air handling and ventilation room. d. A mask should be worn only when holding the child. e. Wash your hands upon exiting the room.

A, B, E

The advantages of the ventrogluteal muscle as an injection site in young children include which of the following (Select all that apply)? a. Less painful than vastus lateralis b. Free of important nerves and vascular structures c. Cannot be used when child reaches a weight of 20 pounds d. Increased subcutaneous fat, which increases drug absorption e. Easily identified by major landmarks

A, B, E

Katie, 4 years old, is admitted to outpatient surgery for removal of a cyst on her foot. Her mother puts the hospital gown on her, but Katie is crying because she wants to leave on her underpants. The most appropriate nursing action is to: a. Allow her to wear her underpants. b. Discuss with her mother why this is important to Katie. c. Ask her mother to explain to her why she cannot wear them. d. Explain in a kind, matter-of-fact manner that this is hospital policy.

a; Allow her to wear her underpants.

The nurse is administering an antipyretic medication to a child with a high fever. What action does the nurse take in the first hour after giving the medication? a. Check the temperature again. b. Administer another dose. c. Check the child's weight. d. Check for aspirin toxicity.

a; Check the temperature again.

The nurse is teaching a mother how to perform chest physiotherapy and postural drainage on her 3-year-old child, who has cystic fibrosis. To enable the mother to perform percussion, the nurse should instruct her to: a. Cover the skin with a shirt or gown before percussing. b. Strike the chest wall with a flat-hand position. c. Percuss over the entire trunk anteriorly and posteriorly. d. Percuss before positioning for postural drainage.

a; Cover the skin with a shirt or gown before percussing.

The nurse gives an injection in a patients room. What should the nurse do with the needle for disposal? a. Dispose of syringe and needle in a rigid, puncture-resistant container in patients room. b. Dispose of syringe and needle in a rigid, puncture-resistant container in an area outside of patients room. c. Cap needle immediately after giving injection and dispose of in proper container. d. Cap needle, break from syringe, and dispose of in proper container.

a; Dispose of syringe and needle in a rigid, puncture-resistant container in patients room.

The nurse is caring for a child recovering from ankle surgery. The child was administered an anesthetic for pain relief. What does the nurse do to prevent respiratory complications during the postoperative care? a. Encourage respiratory movement with incentive spirometers. b. Conduct hyperventilation with 100% oxygen. c. Initiate cooling measures such as ice packs to the groin and axillae. d. Change the child's position every 24 hours.

a; Encourage respiratory movement with incentive spirometers.

A 10-year-old female child requires daily medications for a chronic illness. Her mother tells the nurse that she is always nagging her to take her medicine before school. What is the most appropriate nursing action to promote the child's compliance? a. Establishing a contract with her, including rewards b. Suggesting time-outs when she forgets her medicine c. Discussing with her mother the damaging effects of nagging d. Asking the child to bring her medicine containers to each appointment so they can be counted

a; Establishing a contract with her, including rewards

Kimberly, age 3 years, has a fever associated with a viral illness. Her mother calls the nurse, reporting a fever of 102 F even though Kimberly had acetaminophen 2 hours ago. The nurses action should be based on knowing that: a. Fevers such as this are common with viral illnesses. b. Seizures are common in children when antipyretics are ineffective. c. Fever over 102 F indicates greater severity of illness. d. Fever over 102 F indicates a probable bacterial infection.

a; Fevers such as this are common with viral illnesses.

The nurse is preparing a 12-year-old girl for a bone marrow aspiration. She tells the nurse that she wants her mother with her like before. The most appropriate nursing action is to: a. Grant her request. b. Explain why this is not possible. c. Identify an appropriate substitute for her mother. d. Offer to provide support to her during the procedure.

a; Grant her request.

A 2-year-old child is being admitted to the hospital for possible bacterial meningitis. When preparing for a lumbar puncture, the nurses best action is to: a. Prepare child for conscious sedation during the test. b. Set up a tray with equipment the same size as for adults. c. Reassure the parents that the test is simple, painless, and risk free. d. Apply EMLA to puncture site 15 minutes before procedure.

a; Prepare child for conscious sedation during the test.

A 6-year-old child is hospitalized for intravenous (IV) antibiotic therapy. He eats little on his regular diet trays. He tells the nurse that all he wants to eat is pizza, tacos, and ice cream. Which is the best nursing action? a. Request these favorite foods for him. b. Identify healthier food choices that he likes. c. Explain that he needs fruits and vegetables. d. Reward him with ice cream at the end of every meal that he eats.

a; Request these favorite foods for him.

The nurse is educating new parents about the prevention of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). What position does the nurse tell the parents is the best sleeping position for their infant? a. Supine b. Prone c. On the side d. On a chair

a; Supine

What is critical information for the nurse to incorporate into her care when using restraints on a child? a. Use the least restrictive type of restraint. b. Tie knots securely so they cannot be untied easily. c. Secure the ties to the mattress or side rails. d. Remove restraints every 4 hours to assess skin.

a; Use the least restrictive type of restraint.

The nursing instructor is teaching a group of students about gastrostomy feeding. Which statement by the student indicates a need for additional teaching? "It is used: a. "...when tube passage is not possible through the mouth." b. "...when tube passage is possible through the pharynx." c. "...when tube passage is not possible through the cardiac sphincter." d. "....to avoid the constant irritation of an NG tube."

b; "...when tube passage is possible through the pharynx."

A child is receiving total parenteral nutrition (TPN; hyperalimentation). At the end of 8 hours, the nurse observes the solution and notes that 200 mL/8 hr is being infused rather than the ordered amount of 300 mL/8 hr. The nurse should adjust the rate so that how much will infuse during the next 8 hours? a. 200 mL b. 300 mL c. 350 mL d. 400 mL

b; 300 mL

When teaching a mother how to administer eye drops, where should the nurse tell her to place them? a. In the conjunctival sac that is formed when the lower lid is pulled down b. Carefully under the upper eyelid while it is gently pulled upward c. On the sclera while the child looks to the side d. Anywhere as long as drops contact the eyes surface

b; Carefully under the upper eyelid while it is gently pulled upward

Which information should the nurse include in teaching parents how to care for a childs gastrostomy tube at home? a. Never turn the gastrostomy button b. Clean around the insertion site daily with soap and water c. Expect some leakage around the button d. Remove the tube for cleaning once a week

b; Clean around the insertion site daily with soap and water

Using knowledge of child development, the best approach when preparing a toddler for a procedure is to: a. Avoid asking the child to make choices. b. Demonstrate the procedure on a doll. c. Plan for the teaching session to last about 20 minutes. d. Show necessary equipment without allowing child to handle it.

b; Demonstrate the procedure on a doll.

The nurse finds that a child under care for a gastrostomy experienced fecal incontinence. What is a priority intervention by the nurse? a. Use a disinfectant immediately on the skin. b. Gently clean the skin and remove moisture. c. Elevate the bed no more than 30 degrees. d. Use an adhesive remover to remove fecal matter

b; Gently clean the skin and remove moisture.

The nurse is caring for a child after surgery. The child refuses to eat any food for lunch. What is an appropriate intervention by the nurse? a. Insist that the child eat some more food. b. Give the child a favorite food. c. Call the child's parents. d. Refer the matter to the dietician.

b; Give the child a favorite food.

An important nursing consideration when performing a bladder catheterization on a young boy is to: a. Use clean technique, not Standard Precautions. b. Insert 2% lidocaine lubricant into the urethra. c. Lubricate catheter with water-soluble lubricant such as K-Y Jelly. d. Delay catheterization for 20 minutes while anesthetic lubricant is absorbed.

b; Insert 2% lidocaine lubricant into the urethra.

Guidelines for intramuscular administration of medication in school-age children include to: a. Inject medication as rapidly as possible. b. Insert the needle quickly, using a dart-like motion. c. Penetrate the skin immediately after cleansing the site, before skin has dried. d. Have the child stand, if possible, and if he or she is cooperative.

b; Insert the needle quickly, using a dart-like motion.

The nurse is caring for an infant on gastrostomy feeding. The nurse gives the infant a small and safe pacifier to suck on. What is the rationale behind this? a. Nutritive sucking is essential during gastrostomy feeding. b. It keeps the child from crying too much. c. It prevents the risk of aspiration during gastrostomy feeding. d. It enhances the nutritive value of gastrostomy feeding.

b; It keeps the child from crying too much.

The nurse has just collected blood by venipuncture in the antecubital fossa. Which should the nurse do next? a. Keep arm extended while applying a bandage to the site. b. Keep arm extended, and apply pressure to the site for a few minutes. c. Apply a bandage to the site, and keep the arm flexed for 10 minutes. d. Apply a gauze pad or cotton ball to the site, and keep the arm flexed for several minutes.

b; Keep arm extended, and apply pressure to the site for a few minutes.

Which nursing action is the most appropriate when applying a face mask to a child for oxygen therapy? a. Set the oxygen flow rate at less than 6 L/min. b. Make sure the mask fits properly. c. Keep the child warm. d. Remove the mask for 5 minutes every hour.

b; Make sure the mask fits properly.

A venipuncture will be performed on a 7-year-old girl. She wants her mother to hold her during the procedure. The nurse should recognize that this: a. Is unsafe. b. May help the child relax. c. Is against hospital policy. d. Is unnecessary because of the child's age.

b; May help the child relax.

In preparing to give enemas until clear to a young child, the nurse should select: a. Tap water b. Normal saline c. Oil retention d. Fleet solution

b; Normal saline

A 2-year-old child comes to the emergency department with dehydration and hypovolemic shock. What best explains why an intraosseous infusion is started? a. It is less painful for small children. b. Rapid venous access is not possible. c. Antibiotics must be started immediately. d. Long-term central venous access is not possible.

b; Rapid venous access is not possible.

The nurse is planning how to best prepare a 4-year-old child for some diagnostic procedures. Guidelines for preparing this preschooler should include: a. Planning for a short teaching session of about 30 minutes. b. Telling the child that procedures are never a form of punishment. c. Keeping equipment out of the child's view. d. Using correct scientific and medical terminology in explanations.

b; Telling the child that procedures are never a form of punishment.

What is the most appropriate statement for the nurse to make to a 5-year-old child who is undergoing a venipuncture? a. You must hold still or Ill have someone hold you down. This is not going to hurt. b. This will hurt like a pinch. I'll get someone to help hold your arm still so it will be over fast and hurt less. c. Be a big boy and hold still. This will be over in just a second. d. I'm sending your mother out so she wont be scared. You are big, so hold still and this will be over soon.

b; This will hurt like a pinch. I'll get someone to help hold your arm still so it will be over fast and hurt less.

Bronchial (postural) drainage generally is performed: a. immediately before all aerosol therapy. b. before meals and at bedtime. c. immediately on arising and at bedtime. d. thirty minutes after meals and at bedtime.

b; before meals and at bedtime.

A neonate had corrective surgery 3 days ago for esophageal atresia. The nurse notices that after the child receives his gastrostomy feeding, there is often a backup of formula feeding into the tube. As a result, the nurse should: a. position the child in a supine position after feedings. b. position the child on his or her left side after feedings. c. leave the gastrostomy tube open and suspended after feedings. d. leave the gastrostomy tube clamped after feedings.

c; leave the gastrostomy tube open and suspended after feedings.