OB chapter 5-

Expectancy theory states that people are motivated to behave in ways that produce Multiple choice question. 1. desired combinations of expected outcomes. 2. Interactional fairness. 3. procedural fairness. 4. surprising combinations of unexpected outcomes.

1. desired combinations of expected outcomes.

David McClelland's theory states that employee behavior is driven by: 1. needs we acquire as we live our lives 2. needs with which we are born 3. unknowable needs 4. one need that is the same for all

1. needs we acquire as we live our lives

What are the characteristics that are influenced by motivation? 1. ______ of behavior or thought 2. ______ of behavior or thought 3. ______ of behavior or thought

1. persistence 2. intensity 3. direction

The job design method that offers an employee the opportunity to experience achievement, recognition, and stimulating work through vertical loading is job _____

enrichment

The theory that explains how people strive for fairness in social exchanges is _____ theory.

equity

The activities that involve alteration of specific jobs or sets of interdependent jobs to improve employee experience and motivation are known as ___ ____

job design

Using Vroom's expectancy theory to predict motivation, it can be said that: Multiple choice question. the elements are not interdependent motivation will be high when at least one element is high motivation will be high when all three elements are high motivation will be high when at least two elements are high

motivation will be high when all three elements are high

According to McClelland's acquired needs theory, which need involves the desire to maintain social relationships and join groups? Multiple choice question. need for power need for affiliation need for recognition need for achievement

need for affiliation

Pay, promotions, challenging assignments, participation in decision making are all considered ______ in Adam's equity theory.

outputs

Who formulated the theory that motivation is a function of five basic needs: physiological, safety, love, esteem, and self-actualization? 1. Abraham Maslow 2. David McClelland 3. Frederick Herzberg 4. Douglas McGregor

1. Abraham Maslow

______ justice reflects the perceived fairness of the way resources are allocated. _____ justice describes the quality "of the interpersonal treatment people receive when procedures are implemented.

-distributive -interactional (the elements of justice theory)

what are the 3 different equity relationships resulting from an equity comparison?

-equity -negative inequity -positive inequity

What does equity theory explain? (2)

-how people strive for fairness in give-and-take relationships -how people strive for fairness in social exchanges

Frederick Herzberg's theory states: -job dissatisfaction is associated with _____ factors -Job satisfaction is associated with _______ factors. -Managers can improve motivation by improving .....?

-hygiene -motivating -Managers can improve motivation by improving both motivators that create satisfaction and hygiene factors that reduce dissatisfaction.

David McClelland's acquired needs theory states that Multiple select question. 1. people vary in the extent to which they possess certain needs 2. we are born with the needs for power, affiliation, and achievement. 3. all three needs are equally balanced in everyone. 4. one need often dominates over the others.

1. people vary in the extent to which they possess certain needs 4. one need often dominates over the others.

Which theory assumes that our behavior and well-being are influenced by three innate needs: competence, autonomy, and relatedness? 1. self-determination theory 2. acquired needs theory 3. Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory 4. McClelland's theory

1. self-determination theory

According to McClelland's acquired needs theory, which need involves the desire to excel, solve problems, and surpass others? 1. need for safety 2. need for achievement 3. need for affiliation 4. need for power

2. need for achievement

Which term describes the idea that not all individuals prefer an equal ratio of outputs to incomes? Multiple choice question. equity sensitivity equity ambivalence equity variability equity confusion

equity sensitivity

The job design method that puts more variety into a job by combining specialized tasks of comparable difficulty is:

job enlargement

The psychological mechanisms that guide the direction, intensity, and persistence of one's behaviors or thoughts are known as:

motivation

Theory X: ____ view of employees. They ____ work, must be ____, and are only motivated by ____ and ______. ("....") Theory Y: A modern and ____ set of assumptions about people at work: They are self-_____, ______, ______, and ______.

theory x: negative view, dislike work, must be monitored, motivated by rewards and punishments. "carrots and sticks" theory y: positive set of assumptions, self-engaged, committed, responsible, and creative.

What role does cognitive dissonance play in equity theory? 1. It motivates people to maintain consistency between their beliefs and their behavior. 2. It forces people to accept inconsistencies between their beliefs and their behaviors. 3. It discourages people from working harder than their coworkers. 4. It encourages people to mimic the behaviors of those around them.

It motivates people to maintain consistency between their beliefs and their behavior.

An unfair social exchange, such as not being paid for overtime worked, is likely to do which of the following? Multiple select question. 1. Motivate the employee to correct the situation. 2. Lead to changes in the employee's attitude or behavior. 3. Cause cognitive dissonance in the employee. 4. Create a sense of well-being and satisfaction in the employee.

Motivate the employee to correct the situation. Lead to changes in the employee's attitude or behavior. Cause cognitive dissonance in the employee.

Which of the following are considered outputs in equity theory? (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. Skills Seniority Recognition Bonuses

Recognition Bonuses

According to Herzberg's theory, what happens when employees have no grievances about hygiene factors?

They experience an absence of job dissatisfaction but are not necessarily motivated.

Frederick Herzberg's theory states which of the following? Multiple select question. 1. Motivation and dissatisfaction are based on the same cluster of factors. 2. Job dissatisfaction is associated with hygiene factors 3. Job satisfaction is associated with motivating factors. 4. Managers can improve motivation by improving both motivators that create satisfaction and hygiene factors that reduce dissatisfaction.

all except 1

The hygiene factors in Herzberg's study include: select all that apply. 1. opportunity for advancement 2. relations with one's supervisor 3. salary 4. working conditions

all except one

In equity theory, inputs can include: Multiple select question. personality traits education skills and knowledge pay and benefits

all except pay

One way managers can improve employee perceptions of procedural justice is to: Multiple choice question. use an authoritarian approach to decision making create new citizenship rewards allow them to participate in important work decisions allow employees to perceive that they affect decisions without affecting actual outcomes

allow them to participate in important work decisions

Needs are defined as physiological or psychological deficiencies that:

arouse behavior

What motivates corrective action in equity theory?

cognitive dissonance

Herzberg's theory associates job satisfaction with factors relating to the work ______ of the task being performed.

content

What are the two general categories of motivation theories?

content and process theories

Altering jobs to improve employee experience and productivity is called job

design

The job characteristics model builds intrinsic motivation by: Multiple choice question. observing and experimenting to provide standards horizontally loading a job vertically loading a job designing jobs with the five core characteristics

designing jobs with the five core characteristics

The theory that can be used to predict behavior in any situation where there is a choice between two or more alternatives is:

expectancy theory

True or false: Merit raises are the ideal form of monetary reward under expectancy theory.

false

Which term describes someone who cares more about what they put into a group project than the rewards they receive from participating in the project? Multiple choice question. positive equity sensitivity negative equity sensitivity high equity sensitivity low equity sensitivity

high equity sensitivity

Job design terms that individuals negotiate for themselves involving schedule flexibility, career development, or other adjustments are known as _____ deals

idiosyncratic

In Adams' equity theory, knowledge, experience, education, and effort expended all are perceived as:

inputs

Promoting high intrinsic motivation by designing jobs with the five core job characteristics is the goal of which approach to job design? Multiple choice question. scientific management job characteristics model job enlargement model the two-factor theory

job characteristics model

The approach to job design in which individuals make physical and cognitive changes in the task or relational boundaries of their work is known as ____ _____

job crafting

Employees' perceptions of ____ are enhanced when they have a voice in the decision-making process

justice

what are the key elements to the equity theory? (3)

outputs, inputs, and a comparison of the ratio of outputs to inputs

Kaya and Franklin just received their end-of-year bonuses. Kaya's bonus was 10% larger than Franklin's, but Kaya knows she regularly worked overtime while Franklin rarely did. Based on this equity comparison, which equity relationship is Kaya most likely to perceive?

positive inequity

McClelland's theory states that employees are motivated by acquired needs that include the need for: They are the key drivers of employee behavior.

power, affiliation, and achievement

The form of organizational justice that reflects the perceived fairness of the process and procedures used to make organizational decisions is: Multiple choice question. comparative justice procedural justice interactional justice distributive justice

procedural justice

The job design method that moves employees from one job to another is job _____

rotation

The kind of management that sets standards established by facts gained from systematic observation, experiment, or reasoning is:

scientific management

The top-down job design method that creates jobs that are very simplified and repetitive is ____ ____

scientific management

The quantifiability of a goal is known as goal _____

specificity

According to Herzberg's theory, issues related to hygiene factors will cause an employee to move from a: Multiple choice question. state of dissatisfaction to motivation state of dissatisfaction to satisfaction state of no dissatisfaction to dissatisfaction state of no dissatisfaction to motivation

state of no dissatisfaction to dissatisfaction

Douglas McGregor outlined managers' pessimistic assumptions toward employees as Theory _

theory x

The question that asks "How much do I value the outcomes I will receive by achieving my performance goals?" represents which element of Vroom's expectancy theory?

valence

Self-determination theory assumes that three innate needs drive our behavior:

autonomy, competence, and relatedness

How can managers incorporate the principles of expectancy theory? Multiple choice question. by having employees switch jobs every few months by linking performance to rewards that individual employees value by treating every employee exactly the same by setting ambitious goals that are impossible to achieve

by linking performance to rewards that individual employees value

-The theories that focus on identifying the factors that motivate employees are known as ___ theories. -_____ theories focus on explaining how internal and external factors motivate workers.

-content -process