OCE Chapter 15

Which of the following is a threat to coral reef survival?

all of the above

The most successful adaptation for living on a sediment-covered shore is:

burrowing into the sediment

Chlorophyll concentration is a direct measurement of what in the ocean?

primary productivity

The distribution of benthic biomass is related to:

primary productivity

Of the following statements about kelp and kelp forests, which is/are true? (2)

- Kelp in kelp forests is held to the bottom by a strong anchor called a holdfast. - The giant brown bladder kelp Macrocystis can grow up to 0.6 meter (2 feet) a day, making it the fastest-growing alga in the world.

which of the following are examples of benthic organisms? (3)

-clams -crabs -coral

Which of the following statements is/are true of corals? (3)

-corals live in tropical water -corals are benthic organisms -corals are animals

Which of the following organisms is/are mentioned in the SmartFigure video as being common on the reef flat? (3)

-echinoderms -anemones -fine branching and soft corals

Where do chemosynthesizers live? (3)

-hydrothermal vents -mid ocean ridges -hot water springs

Which of the following organisms have the ability to exist in varied temperature, salinity, pH, and low-oxygen environments for extended periods? (3)

-snails -mussels -limpets

Coral reefs cover less than ________ of the ocean's surface area but they are home to ________ of all marine species.

0.5%; 25%

Where on the coral reef structure would you expect to find the largest, strongest coral heads?

20-50 meters water depth

At what water depth are delicate plate corals common?

50-150 meters

Most reef-building corals receive about ________ of their nutrition from symbiotic zooxanthellae algae.

90%

The most important members of hydrothermal vent biocommunities are microscopic ________.

?

Which of the following hydrothermal vent fields emits fluids at a much lower temperature compared to typical black smokers?

?

Which of the following organisms use photosynthesis? (4)

All EXCEPT Archaea

Which of the following environments supports chemosynthesis? (4)

All except: in mid-water depths (below the euphotic zone but above the ocean floor)

Which of the following statements about the characteristics of the deep-ocean floor are true? (4)

All except: there are extremely variable conditions on the deep-ocean floor

Which of the following chemical formulas represents a sugar molecule?

C6H12O6

Which of the following statements regarding the benefits coral reefs provide to people is correct?

Coral reef tourism provides some countries with over 50% of their gross national product.

Which of the following protects itself with stinging needlelike cells called nematocysts?

Sea Anemones

Which of the following digests the edible tissue inside a mussel shell by turning its stomach inside out and slipping it through the crack in the shell?

Sea stars

Scientists have proposed that which of the following deep ocean processes may hold part of the answer to the question of whether life on Earth emerged from the deep sea?

Serpentinization

The diversity pattern of reef-building coral observed in today's oceans is related to which of the following?

The past positions of the continents

Which of the following statements about the physical environment of the deep-ocean is incorrect?

The temperature rarely exceeds 0°C at the deep-ocean floor.

In the lower intertidal zone, what is one common adaptation that marine organisms typically exhibit?

They are well camouflages so that they can blend in and hide from predators during low tide

In the spray zone, what is one common adaptation that marine organisms typically exhibit?

They have hard shells that prevent organisms from drying out

Which of the following statements regarding corals and algae is/are true? (4)

all EXCEPT Corals are photosynthetic

Which of the following statements about corals are true? (4)

all EXCEPT Over 50 different species of tropical reef-building corals inhabit the Atlantic Ocean.

Which of the following organisms adapt to limited space by attaching to other organisms? (4)

all EXCEPT sea cucumbers

Which of the following organisms attach themselves to rocks or the seafloor with threads, adhesives, a muscular foot, multiple legs, or hundreds of tube feet to anchor themselves? (4)

all EXCEPT sea slugs

Which of the following are common to both chemosynthesis and photosynthesis? (4)

all EXCEPT sunlight

Which of the following adaptations help organisms avoid predation? (4)

all EXCEPT swim bladder

Of the following statements about benthic communities along sediment-covered shores, which is/are true? (3)

all except: -The most stable sediment-covered shores have the largest grain sizes. -Nearly all the organisms that inhabit sediment-covered shores are sessile epifauna.

Of the following adaptations, which apply to life in rocky intertidal environments? (3)

all except: -Having a soft, flexible body helps prevent organisms from drying out. -Burrowing is one of the most common adaptations in rocky intertidal zones.

How did the discovery of hydrothermal vent communities in the 1970s change our understanding of life in the ocean? (3)

all except: -Prior to this discovery it was thought that there was no life in the deep ocean. -Prior to this discovery it was thought that all primary producers were chemosynthetic.

Of the following statements about benthic organisms, which is/are true? (3)

all except: -Benthic organisms cannot live beneath the euphotic zone. -Benthic organisms are all permanently attached to the bottom.

Sewage discharge and fertilizer runoff is detrimental to coral growth because it increases the:

amount of inorganic nutrients in the water that stimulates excessive algal growth.

Two dominant organisms of the rocky shore found high on the rocks of the intertidal zone are:

buckshot barnacles and limpets.

The distribution of benthic biomass closely matches the distribution of ________ in surface waters.

chlorophyll

Zooxanthellae are autotrophic marine protists that are found in the living tissues of some simple marine invertebrates such as corals, sea anemones, and jellyfish. Zooxanthellae are:

dinoflagellates.

Coral bleaching often occurs in response to ________.

elevated temperatures

Two dominant organisms commonly found at mid-water levels of the rocky intertidal zone are:

goose-necked barnacles and mussels.

The most serious threat to coral reefs are ________.

humans

Organisms that live in the spaces between sediment particles are called:

meiofauna

Organic matter decomposes most slowly in _________.

mud flats

Which of the following marine habitats has the lowest species diversity?

mud flats

What are benthic organisms?

organisms that live in or on the seafloor

Ability to break off body parts and regrow them later is an adaptation to cope with which of the following adverse conditions of the rocky intertidal zone?

predators

Stinging cells, camouflage, and an inking response are adaptations to cope with which of the following adverse conditions of the rocky intertidal zone?

predators

The low-water portion of the rocky intertidal zone is dominated by:

red and brown algae and surf grasses.

The organism posing the greatest threat to the kelp forest is the _________.

sea urchin

Which of the following animals feed directly on living kelp?

sea urchins

The most important limiting factor in rocky intertidal communities is:

space

In a tidepools area such as that shown in the video, what is the correct order of intertidal zones, going from the base of the coastal cliffs into deeper water?

spray zone, upper intertidal zone, middle intertidal zone, lower intertidal zone

Primary producers in hydrothermal vent communities are:

sulfur-oxidizing archaea.

(Intro) The amount of life on the ocean floor depends primarily on _________.

the productivity of the surface layer above it

Biocommunities at active hydrothermal vents had up to one ________ times more biomass than the rest of the deep-ocean floor.

thousand