OCE chapter 4

e

Calcareous oozes are represented by the number(s): a) 2 & 3. b) 3 & 4. c) 2. d) 1. e) 4.

e

What are the three types of loads carried by streams? a) sliding load, rolling load, bouncing load b) bed load, bouncing load, suspended load c) bed load, sliding load, rolling load d) bed load, bouncing load, dissolved load e) bed load, suspended load, dissolved load

c

What can you infer about the ocean environment from a core sample composed of the following layers: siliceous ooze (youngest layer) calcareous ooze basalt rock (oldest layer) a) the core was collected from the mid-ocean ridge in water shallower than 4,000 meters. b) The core was collected beneath a region of low-productivity at a depth greater than the calcite compensation depth (CCD). c) The core was collected in a region of high surface productivity in water deeper than 4,500 meters. d) The core was collected from a region where the seafloor is shallower than the calcite compensation depth (CCD). e) The core was collected in a warm-water region in water deeper than 4,500 meters.

e

What do manganese nodules, metal sulfides, and evaporites all have in common? a) They all form at deep-ocean sites where lithogenous sediments are rare. b) They all are restricted to regions of high evaporation overlying the continental shelf. c) They all form from chemical reactions modified by living organisms. d) They all contain commercially valuable metals that are collected from the sea floor. e) They all precipitate from water oversaturated in their respective minerals.

a

What have oceanographers determined from analyzing sea floor cores? a) climate change and past extinctions b) how deep the ocean really is c) There is an abundance of human-produced trash on the deep ocean floor. d) how fast sediment is accumulating in the deep ocean e) Highly-specialized marine life can exist at all depths in the ocean.

e

What is calcareous ooze? a) coarse-grained, deep-ocean sediment containing the skeletal remains of ooze-secreting microbes b) a fine-grained, shallow-ocean sediment containing the skeletal remains of calcite-secreting microbes c) a fine-grained, deep-ocean sediment containing the skeletal remains of ooze-secreting microbes d) a coarse-grained, deep-ocean sediment containing the skeletal remains of calcite-secreting microbes e) a fine-grained, deep ocean sediment containing the skeletal remains of calcite-secreting microbes

d

What is the approximate depth of the calcite compensation depth (CCD) in the ocean? a) 0.6 mile (1 kilometer) b) 1.6 mile (2.5 kilometers) c) 2 miles (3.2 kilometers) d) 3 miles (4.5 kilometers) e) 4.3 miles (7 kilometers)

c,d

Which of the following are part of the bed load? a) clay b) ions c) gravel d) sand

D

which one doesn't fit A. coccolithophores B. diatoms C. foraminiferans D. oolites E. radiolarians

a

which one doesnt fit: A. siliceous ooze B. quartz sand C. rock fragments D. clay E. volcanic ash

A

Abyssal clay

B

Abyssal clay

a

All the following are examples of hydrogenous sediment except : a) stromatolites. b) halites. c) manganese nodule. d) evaporites. e) phosphates.

c

All the following are examples of lithogenous sediment except : a) clays. b) glacial deposits. c) diatom ooze. d) beach sand. e) volcanic particles.

b

As a whole, the pH of surface waters of the ocean is slightly __________. a) neutral b) alkaline c) acidic

a

Biogenous sediments are indicated by the number(s): a) 2, 3, & 4. b) 2, 3, 4, & 5. c) 1. d) 2 & 4. e) 2 & 3.

b

CCD a) associated with glacial deposits b) depth at which all calcium carbonate is in solution (i.e. dissolved) c) associated with submarine canyons and deep-sea alluvial fans d) depth at which calcium carbonate begins to dissolve e) particle size classification

B

Calcareous ooze

D

Calcareous ooze

f

Calcareous ooze is found in cooler waters at depth around the world. (t/f)

t

Calcareous shells generally will not accumulate on the ocean floor when the water depth exceeds about 4,500 meters (around 15,000 feet). (t/f)

D

Calcite compensation depth (CCD)

b

Calcite-secreting organisms such as __________ and __________ live in the ocean's sunlit surface waters and form the basis of most marine food webs. a) diatoms; radiolarians b) coccolithophores; foraminifers c) coccolithophores; radiolarians d) diatoms; foraminifers

c

Calcium carbonate is most likely to dissolve in water with which characteristic? a) high carbon dioxide concentration b) high oxygen concentration c) low salinity d) low oxygen concentration e) low carbon dioxide concentration

t

Calcium carbonate, phosphates, and manganese may precipitate out of solution to form deposits on the ocean floor. (t/f)

D

Coccolithophore (single)

A

Coccolithophores (multiple)

C

Coccoliths (individual plates)

d

Complete this analogy: Bouncing is to sand as suspension is to_____________. a) sand b) ions c) gravel d) clay

c

Complete this analogy: Sliding is to gravel as dissolution is to_____________. a) clay b) sand c) ions d) gravel

E

Diatom (siliceous)

A

Diatom, showing both halves of its test

D

Diatom, top view

a

Diatomaceous earth, which is composed of silica, __________ above the CCD and __________ below the CCD. a) does not dissolve; does not dissolve b) dissolves; dissolves c) dissolves; does not dissolve d) does not dissolve; dissolves

B

Foraminifers

c

Forams, which are composed of calcium carbonate, __________ above the CCD and __________ below the CCD. a) do not dissolve; do not dissolve b) dissolve; dissolve c) do not dissolve; dissolve d) dissolve; do not dissolve

d

How can pieces of rock in contact with a stream bed move? a) bouncing, sliding, dissolution b) bouncing, suspension, twisting c) rolling, sliding, suspension d) rolling, sliding, bouncing e) rolling, sliding, dissolution

b

How would a snow line on a glacier move as a glacial front is advancing? a) The snow line would move upslope. b) The snow line would move downslope. c) The snow line would remain in approximately the same place.

a

In the demonstration, what does the apple represent? a) the deep sea floor b) the flying object on the end of a string c) a weight suspended in water d) a circular fish that isn't very streamlined e) a grain of sand on a beach

f

Macroscopic biogenous sediment is the most abundant biogenous sediment in the marine environment. (t/f)

d

Marine sediment with more than 30% biogenous material is called __________. a) oolite b) clathrate c) slime d) ooze e) mud

c

Marine sediments that originate in the warm tropical surface ocean would create deposits in the deep sea composed primarily of ___________. a) volcanic ash b) metal sulfides c) calcium carbonate d) quartz sand e) silica

C

Mid-ocean ridge

C

Neritic continental lithogenous

a)

Neritic sediments are most likely to be composed of __________. a) sand, silt, and gravel b) basalt fragments and metallic sulfides c) biogenic ooze d) red clay e) halite, gypsum, and anhydrite

e

Pelagic clays contain lots of material that settles to the seafloor through the water column and are: a) more than 30% hydrogenous material. b) more than 30% biogenous material. c) more than 30% neritic material. d) less than 30% neritic material. e) less than 30% biogenous material.

e

Phosphate-rich nodules form in: a) mid-ocean ridges. b) abyssal plains. c) hydrothermal vent areas. d) estuaries. e) intermediate to shallow depth water.

B

Radiolarian, showing long appendages

C

Radiolarian, spherical shape

e

Sediment samples from deep beneath the ocean floor are recovered by __________. a) instrumented probes b) dredging c) grab sampling d) gravity coring e) rotary drilling

b

Sediments derived from pre-existing rocks on land are called: a) cosmogenous. b) lithogenous. c) biogenous. d) volcanogenic. e) hydrogenous.

t

Texture refers to the size and shape of sediment particles. (t/f)

b

The depth at which calcite dissolves rapidly in the ocean is called the __________. a) lysocline b) calcite compensation depth or CCD c) pycnocline d) halo cline e) thermocline

e

The most abundant mineral in lithogenous sediments is __________. a) aragonite b) halite c) gypsum d) calcite e) quartz

t

The organisms that contribute to biogenous sediment are chiefly algae and protozoans. (t/f)

a

The pH scale is a measure of the __________ ion concentration of a solution a) hydrogen b) hydroxide c) bicarbonate d) carbonate e) carbonic acid

b

The presence of what type of macroscopic sediment would provide evidence of a meteorite impact on Earth? a) spherules b) chondrites c) micrometeorites d) tektites e) oolites

c

The sea floor provides the largest reservoir of usable energy in the ocean—and likely the world—in the form of ______________. a) coal b) crude oil c) clathrates d) phosphorites e) halites

a

Under what conditions will the front of a glacier remain stationary? a) Glacial fronts remain stationary when melting and snow accumulation are equal. b) Glacial fronts remain stationary when friction exceeds gravity forces. c) Glacial fronts remain stationary when melting and snow accumulation are unequal. d) Glacial fronts remain stationary when gravity forces exceed friction.

F

Upwelling, cool water

d

What is salt weathering? a) The formation of minerals in rock cracks during the condensation of salty water, forcing rock apart. b) The formation of ice in rock cracks during the condensation of salty water, forcing rock apart. c) The formation of ice in rock cracks during the evaporation of salty water, forcing rock apart. d) The formation of minerals in rock cracks during the evaporation of salty water, forcing rock apart.

c,d

Which of the following organisms are responsible for the creation of siliceous ooze? a) Coccolithophores b) Foraminifers c) Radiolarians d) Diatoms

d

Which way does ice flow in a glacier retreating uphill? a) upslope b) Ice does not flow in a glacier. c) both upslope and downslope d) downslope

d

You add sand, silt, and clay to a jar of water, shake the jar vigorously, and allow the sediment to settle. The resulting sediment will most closely resemble that of a(n) __________. a) abyssal plain b) abyssal hills province c) tropical reef or bank d) continental rise e) mid-ocean ridge

d

coccolithophores a) lithogenous (terrigenous) sediment b) hydrogenous sediment c) cosmogenous sediment d) biogenous sediment

d

ice rafting a) depth at which calcium carbonate begins to dissolve b) associated with submarine canyons and deep-sea alluvial fans c) particle size classification d) associated with glacial deposits e) depth at which all calcium carbonate is in solution (i.e. dissolved)

d

manganese nodules a) cosmogenous sediment b) lithogenous (terrigenous) sediment c) biogenous sediment d) hydrogenous sediment

c

metal sulfides a) lithogenous (terrigenous) sediment b) cosmogenous sediment c) hydrogenous sediment d) biogenous sediment

e

wentworth scale a) associated with glacial deposits b) depth at which all calcium carbonate is in solution (i.e. dissolved) c) associated with submarine canyons and deep-sea alluvial fans d) depth at which calcium carbonate begins to dissolve e) particle size classification

B

which does not fit A. biogenous B. calcareous C. cosmogenous D. hydrogenous E. lithogenous

c,d

Of the following environments, where would you expect to find large amounts of lithogenous sediment? a) on coral reefs that exist just below the water surface b) along the mid-ocean ridge c) in deep trenches not far offshore d) on the continental shelf e) on the continental slope

d,e

Of the following sediments, which one(s) is/are considered hydrogenous? a) abyssal clay b) black volcanic beach sand c) tests of foraminifers d) manganese nodules e) coatings of metal sulfides near black smokers f) radiolarian ooze

f

Sediments derived from weathered rock and volcanic activities are called biogenous sediments. (t/f)

d

Sediments that are poorly sorted were most likely deposited by: a) a volcanic eruption. b) organisms c) the wind. d) a glacier. e) a river delta.

e

Sediments with an extraterrestrial origin are called: a) hydrogenous. b) volcanogenic. c) biogenous. d) lithogenous. e) cosmogenous.

C

Siliceous ooze

E

Siliceous ooze

A

Siliceous ooze: diatom

E

Siliceous ooze: radiolarian

d

What three steps are required for calcareous ooze to exist below the CCD? a) deposition of calcite shells above the CCD, cover of these shells by a calcareous material, and stability of the sea floor over millions of years b) deposition of calcite shells above the CCD, cover of these shells by a non-calcareous material, and stability of the sea floor over millions of years c) deposition of calcite shells below the CCD, cover of these shells by a non-calcareous material, and movement of the sea floor over millions of years d) deposition of calcite shells above the CCD, cover of these shells by a non-calcareous material, and movement of the sea floor over millions of years e) deposition of calcite shells below the CCD, cover of these shells by a calcareous material, and movement of the sea floor over millions of years

c

What would happen if the depth of the CCD were above the top of the mid-ocean ridge? a) Calcareous ooze would be found below the CCD. b) Non-calcareous sediment on the mid-ocean ridge would dissolve. c) Calcareous ooze would not be found below the CCD. d) The mid-ocean ridge would dissolve.

d

Which is the best definition of glacial snow line? a) the line of latitude dividing zones of snowfall and zones of glacial ice formation b) the line of latitude dividing zones of melting snow and zones of glacial snow c) the line dividing zones of snow and zones of rock at the base of a glacier d) the line dividing zones of accumulation and melting of ice at the surface of a glacier

e

What do freeze-thaw and salt weathering have in common? a) Both freeze-thaw and salt weathering require rain. Only freeze-thaw weathering forces rocks apart physically. b) Both freeze-thaw and salt weathering force rocks apart physically. Only salt weathering requires rain. c) Both freeze-thaw and salt weathering require rain. Only salt weathering forces rocks apart physically. d) Both freeze-thaw and salt weathering force rocks apart physically. Only freeze-thaw weathering requires rain. e) Both freeze-thaw and salt weathering require rain and force rocks apart physically.

a

What is suspended load? a) the fine-grained particles that travel in the water column above the stream bed b) the fine-grained particles that travel along the stream bed c) the ions that travel in the water column above the stream bed d) the ions that travel along stream bed

a,d

Which of the following are microscopic, single-celled floating algae that accumulate to form biogenous sediment? a) Coccolithophores b) Foraminifers c) Radiolarians d) Diatoms

c

All the following statements are true of ocean sediments except : a) ocean sediments include the remains of ancient rocks of cosmic origin. b) ocean sediments may be composed of chemical precipitates such as calcium carbonate or manganese dioxide. c) ocean sediments are thickest in pelagic waters overlying the oceanic ridges. d) ocean sediments can include the fossilized remains of ancient marine life. e) ocean sediments may form from the remains of living organisms falling to the ocean floor.

c

Carbon dioxide (CO2) combines with water (H2O) to form __________. a) bicarbonate ions (HCO3 −) b) hydrogen ions (H−) c) carbonic acid (H2CO3) d) calcium carbonate (CaCO3) e) carbonate ions (CO3 −2)

b

How would you expect the front of a glacier to move if it undergoes a period of net accumulation, followed by net wastage, and finally a period of net accumulation? a) The glacier's front would move forward. b) The glacier's front would move forward, backward, and then forward again. c) We have no way of knowing without more information. d) The glacier's front would move backward, forward, and then backward again. e) The glacier's front would move backward.

d

Ocean sediments provide all the following mineral resources except : a) sand and gravel. b) methane hydrates. c) manganese nodules. d) coal. e) petroleum.

t

Organisms that live on the ocean floor may be responsible for keeping manganese nodules from being buried in the sediment. (t/f)

c

What is the calcite compensation depth, or CCD? a) the ocean depth above which calcite is unstable and will dissolve quickly b) the ocean depth above which calcite is unstable and will deposit quickly c) the ocean depth below which calcite is unstable and will dissolve quickly d) the ocean depth below which calcite is stable and will deposit quickly

e

Which of the following conditions allows for calcareous ooze to be found beneath the CCD? Select only one answer. a) the deposit undergoes slow burial. b) The calcareous ooze accumulates faster than it dissolves. c) Conditions of high salinity are present. d) The deposit is mixed with hydrogenous sediment. e) The ooze accumulates above the CCD and then is covered before being transported to deeper depths by sea floor spreading.

d

Why does calcareous material dissolve below the CCD? a) The higher salinity at depth reacts with calcareous material and causes it to dissolve. b) Deep-ocean marine organisms exude chemicals that cause calcareous material to dissolve. c) The lack of light in the deep ocean causes chemical reactions to occur that dissolve calcareous material. d) Below the CCD, weak acid is formed, which dissolves calcareous material.

b

Why does water frozen in the cracks of a rock help to break down the rock? a) Water contracts when frozen and chemically forces the rock apart. b) Water expands when frozen and physically forces the rock apart. c) Water contracts when frozen and physically forces the rock apart. d) Water expands when frozen and chemically forces the rock apart.

d

Why is this drilling process called rotary drilling? a) Because a high-powered rotary engine drives the drilling process. b) Because the constant pounding on the drill string causes a rotary motion. c) Because the ship spins around in a circle to power the drilling process. d) Because the drill bit turns around in a circle.

a

a) radiolarians b) phosphorites c) corals d) coccolithophores e) foraminiferans

a

abyssal clay a) lithogenous (terrigenous) sediment b) hydrogenous sediment c) biogenous sediment d) cosmogenous sediment

e

which does not fit A. halite and other salts B. manganese nodules C. metal sulfides D. phosphates E. tektites