OCE FSU TEST 1 (ch. 1-4)
The greatest proportion of Earth's surface lies in this elevation/depth interval.
4000-5000 m below sea level
When did the Appalachian Mountains of North America begin to form?
450 million years ago
when did our solar system begin to form?
5 billion years ago
A ship's fathometer (an echo sounder) transmits a sound pulse and records the return of an echo 7.4 seconds later. If the speed of sound in water is 1,500 m/second, what is the water depth in meters?
5,550
when did the great mountain ranges of southern Europe and Asia begin to form?
50 million years ago
what percent of earths volcanic activity, each year, takes place on the seafloor?
85%
Wegener used which of the following to provide evidence for continental drift?
Shape of continental margins
what is the difference between passive and continental margins?
convergent active margins will have a steep continental slope, whereas passive margins will have a more gradual slope
Which type of plate boundary is most closely associated with uplifting continental regions and mountain building?
convergent boundaries
which of the following fossils was used as data to help reconstruct pangea because it was a reptile found in South America and Africa?
Mesosauras
which of the following statements about coral reefs and seamounts is most accurate?
coral reefs at the ocean surface grow away from seamounts over time
-contains a liquid outer layer and a solid inner layer -contains iron and nickel
core
Sediments with an extraterrestrial origin are called:
cosmogenous
Tektites are an example of which of the following sediment types?
cosmogenous sediment
tektites
cosmogenous sediment
What sediment type(s) is/are included in the pink category labeled "Other" on the map?
cosmogenous sediments and hydrogenous sediments
Rocks like the ones shown in the photo most likely formed at which of the following tectonic settings?
divergent plate boundary
The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is an example of a:
divergent plate boundary
what re the three types of plate boundaries?
divergent, convergent, and transform
Plates move apart at __________ boundaries, move together at __________ boundaries, and move side-by-side at __________ boundaries.
divergent/convergent/tranform
Forams, which are composed of calcium carbonate, __________ above the CCD and __________ below the CCD.
do not dissolve; dissolve
Diatomaceous earth, which is composed of silica, __________ above the CCD and __________ below the CCD.
does not dissolve, dose not dissolve
which of the following was used during early exploration of the oceans to collect sediment samples?
dredge
what would happen to earth if ocean floor were created at divergent boundaries at a faster rate then it is destroyed at convergent boundaries?
earth would increase in volume
shorty after devastating 2011 tohoku-oki earthquake, the Chikyu drillship began an expedition to study which of the following?
earthquake generated heat from friction
Which of the following statements about earths magnetic field is most accurate?
earths magnetic field switches polarity at irregular time intervals
which of the following is an example of the embryonic stage of the Wilson cylce?
east africa
Seafloor depth was first determined by what remote sensing technology?
echo sounder
which of the following marine resources is used to make wallboard or sheet rock?
evaporative salts
how often does earths magnetic field switch polarity?
every 100,000 to several million years
a very important way to increase the settling rate of fine particles in the open ocean is via:
fecal pellets
which of the following contains calcium carbonate?
foraminiferans
what is a linear sea floor feature that is seismically inactive, occurs beyond offset mid-ocean ridge segments, and the relative movement between two points on either side of the feature is in the same direction?
fracture zone
which of the following features is related to transform faults along mid-ocean ridges?
fracture zone
which is the correct order of coral reef development near seamounts?
fringing reef, barrier reef, atoll
Coral reefs that initially develop along the margin of an island or continent where environmental conditions are suitable are called:
fringing reefs
The main energy resources associated with marine sediments are petroleum and ________.
gas hydrates
The study of the structure of the sea floor and how the sea floor has changed through time is an example of __ oceanography
geological
the distinctive type of sedimentary layering that has largest particles on the bottom and smallest particle on the top, with intermediate sized particles in the middle, is called which of the following?
graded bedding
what is the characteristic layering of an individual turbidity current deposit called?
graded bedding
In general, polar neritic sediment tends to have more ________.
gravel than in tropical waters
Volcanic peaks that are below sea level but rise more than 1 kilometer above the deep-ocean floor and have a flattened top are called ________.
guyots
underwater volcanic peaks that resemble volcanoes on land except that they are flat on top are called__
guyots
what happened to the nebular gas that remained from the formation of the planets and their satellites?
it was blown away by the solar wind
Climate distribution on Earth is primarily controlled by:
latitude
the Hawaiian islands are located where the pacific plate is:
moving over a hot spot or mantle plume
Complete this statement: Divergence is to moving away as convergence is to _______.
moving toward
a method of mapping the topography of the ocean floor along a strip up to 60 km wide
multi-beam sonar
which tectonic plates are oceanic?
nazca plate, pacific plate
where do you find a continental margin?
near the coast
Where in a lava lamp would the density of both materials be equal?
near the middle of the lamp
Chains of extinct volcanoes that are progressively older as one travels away from a hotspot are called ________.
nemataths
which of the following statements about earthquakes with magnitude greater than 4.0 is most accurate?
occur in a pattern than correlates closely with plate boundaries
Which geologic features are associated with convergent boundaries?
ocean trenches and volcanoes
why is the average depth of the ocean much greater than the average height of land?
oceanic crust is more dense than continental crust
The steeply-sloping and slower-spreading parts of the mid-ocean ridge are called ________.
oceanic ridges
new lithosphere is produced in association with:
oceanic ridges
along the margins of the Pacific are found most of Earths
oceanic trenches
where would you expect to see alternating bands of rock with different magnetic polarities?
on both sides of the mid ocean ridge
what did the surface of earth look like 600 million years ago?
one large continent surrounded by ocean
choose the option that doesnt fit; coccolithophoes diatoms oolites foraminiferans radiolarians
oolites
The reason the deposit on the bottom forms the way it does is a result of __________.
settling velocity
A seamount that grew above sea level, experienced wave erosion, and is now inactive.
tablemount
the particles found in some sediment that suggest that an extraterrestrial impact event are:
tektites
Compared to the rest of the planet, an unusually high concentration of hot spots and rifting is located on the continent of Africa. A likely explanation for this is that __________.
the african plate is essential stationary with respect to earths interior and the thick continental crust acts as a "heat blanket"
what is the scientific definition of half-life?
the amount of time over which the number of parent isotopes decreases by half
what effect do turbidity currents have on the continental slope?
turbidity currents are erosive to the continental slope and, as a result, carve out submarine canyons
The oldest ocean crust is about 200 million years old and is located near an ocean trench.
true
associated with submarine canyons and deep sea alluvial fans
turbidite
which of the following best describes turbidity currents?
underwater avalanches of muddy water mixed with rocks and other debris
all true oceanic islands are __ in origin
volcanic
seamounts and abyssal hills are __ in origin
volcanic
What surface feature provides evidence for the location of hot spots?
volcanoes within tectonic plates
what are the reaction products of respiration?
water and carbon dioxide gas
what factor primarily controls the distribution of calcareous ooze?
water depth
The four principal ocean basins (plus an additional ocean) on Earth are the:
Atlantic, pacific, indian, southern, and arctic oceans
which of the following is the first step of the scientific method?
observation
which terms are associated with a passive continental margin?
-a wide continental shelf -a continental rise
What features are associated with a passive continental margin?
-continental rise -flat coastal terrain
which of the following are associated with the mid-ocean ridge?
-hydrothermal vents -central rift valley -basalt volcanism and pillow lavas -volcanoes
what processed influence the shape and features of continental shelves?
-large fluctuations in sea level over geologic time -major climate changes, such as ice ages -tectonic activity produced by offshore faults -trench formation at convergent boundaries
of the following statements about mapping the ocean floor, which are true?
-multibeam surveys from ships produce very detailed maps of the sea floor -only about 20% of the sea floor has been accurately mapped in detail -measurements of sea surface elevation by satellites are used to produce maps of the sea floor
of the following statements about nemataths and volcanic arcs, which are true?
-nemataths and volcanic arcs are both the result of volcanic activity -volcanic arcs are associated with convergent plate boundaries -in a volcanic arc, any of the volcanoes can be active at any time
of the following statements about ocean crust, which are true?
-ocean crust is destroyed at deep sea trenches -ocean crust is created at the mid ocean ridge
of the following statements about density stratification, which are true?
-outgassing is a direct result of density stratification -the origin of earths oceans and atmosphere are a result of density stratification -density stratification has caused earths internal structure to be layered -density strat has caused the highest density material to be found at earths core
In which of the following environments would you expect lithogenous sediments to be dominant sediment type?
-the abyssal plains -a sandy beach -at the base of the continental slope
of the following statements about earths magnetic field which is/are true?
-the magnetic north pole may reverse so that it is located near the geographic south pole -the lines of the magnetic force are perpendicular relative to earths surface at the magnetic south pole -the lines of the magnetic force are perpendicular relative to earths surface at the magnetic north pole -the lines of the magnetic force are parallel with Earths surface at the equator
which of the following statements about the wilson cycle are correct?
-the pacific ocean basin is shrinking and the atlantic ocean basin is growing wider -the mediterranean sea is in the process of closing -the embryonic stage begins with continental crust being uplifted and pulled apart
the majority of ocean trenches are associated with __
-the pacific ring of fire -subduction zones and associated faults -narrow or no continental shelves -very deep ocean water depths -volcanic arcs and active continental margins
which of the following statements accurately describe the depth and height of earths surface as shown on the hypsographic curve?
-the percentage of earths surface above sea level is 29.2% -the average depth of the ocean is much greater than the average height of the land -more people have been to the top of the tallest mountain on earth than have been to the bottom of the deepest trench
why does the seafloor have a striped pattern of magnetic anomalies that is symmetric with respect to the mid-ocean ridge?
-the polarity of earths magnetic field experiences reversals -the ocean floor is spreading apart and new sea floor is forming -the igneous rock of the ocean floor preserves earths existing magnetic field as the rock cools
of the following techniques, which one(s) can be used to map the seafloor?
-using satellites to measure the sea surface -recording many depths using a long cable -direct visitation of the sea floor -sending sound through water (sonar)
which of the following is an example of an active continental margin?
-west coast of the United States -west coast of Chile
The sediments that are produced in areas of high primary productivity are indicated by the number(s):
2 and 3
what is the approximate depth of the calcite compensation depth in the ocean?
3 miles
deposition of calcite shells above the CCD, cover of these shells by a non-calcareous material, and movement of the sea floor over millions of years
3 steps required for calcareous ooze to exist below the CCD
the average depth of the worlds oceans is approcimately
3,682 meters (12,080 feet)
The first person to advance the idea of mobile continents or continental drift was:
Alfred Wegener
which of the following is an example of an oceanic-continental convergent plate boundary?
Andes Mountains
which of the following mountain ranges are examples of continental arcs?
Andes and Cascades
which of the following is the main reason that Earth has a magnetic field?
Convection in the liquid iron nickel outer core generates a magnetic field
in the figure above, which shows the portion of the hypsographic curve. which areas represent the middle of tectonic plates?
B and D
which of the following rocks is the most reliable one used to collect information about earths magnetic field where and when the rock originated?
Basalt
what is the chemical formula for sugar?
C6H12O6
Depth at which all calcium carbonate is in solution (i.e. dissolved)
CCD
the ocean depth below which calcite is unstable and will dissolve quickly
CCD
-is earths stiff, rigid, rocky shell -part of this layer has a relatively homogeneous composition, while the other part is less uniform in composition
Crust
Where are tectonic plates located?
Earth's surface
which of the following parts of polynesia was populated last?
Easter Island
The book The History of Ocean Basins, which contained the idea of seafloor spreading, was written by geologist:
Harry Hess
which of the following is an example of a nematath?
Hawaiian Islands- Emperor Seamount Chain
To which planet is NASA sending the spacecraft InSight to study crustal movements similar to earthquakes?
Mars
Consider the geologic fate of the following seamounts and islands in the Hawaiian Island-Emperor Seamount chain. Assuming conditions remain favorable for coral growth, which would most likely be the next to form an atoll?
Kauai
which ocean is the deepest ocean in the world?
Pacific
Which ocean covers more than half of the ocean surface area on Earth?
Pacific OCean
which of the following has the deepest waters?
Pacific Ocean
Tamu Massif, the largest single volcano on Earth occurs in which of the following oceans?
Pacific ocean
study of magnetism over geologic time
Paleomagnetism
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.
Panamerica
supercontinent 250 million years ago
Pangea
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.
Stanley Miller
What do all plate boundaries have in common?
They are all associated with zones of earthquakes.
The most likely place to find abundant manganese nodules is on the:
abyssal plain far from a continent
Extending from the base of the continental rises into the deep-ocean basins are flat depositional surfaces called:
abyssal plains
characteristics of passive continental margins include which of the following?
broad continental shelves
particle size classification
Wentworth Scale
How are normal polarity and reverse polarity of Earth's magnetic field different?
a compass points toward the north Pole during normal polarity and to the south pole during reverse polarity
approximately how long does it take fora complete wilson cycle to occur?
a few hundred million years
how did our solar system begin to form?
a large cloud of dust and gas began to contract under the force of gravity
What common item is used in this video to demonstrate a turbidity current?
a large jar filled with water and sediment
what is a nebula?
a large, diffuse cloud of dust and gas in space
The important contribution to navigation made by Eratosthenes in the third century BC was __________.
a reasonably accurate calculation of the circumference of our planet
in general, what is our best evidence that the orientation of Earth's magnetic field has changed over time?
a record of earths magnetic field is recorded in oceanic rocks, which show a clear pattern of changes in earths magnetic polarity
what is a volcanic arc?
a row of volcanoes that forms on the overriding plate near a subduction zone
What surface feature would you expect to form if both a hot spot and a tectonic plate are stationary?
a single volcano
what was pangea?
a supercontinent that formed 300 million years ago
The average slope of the continental shelf is approximately ________.
a tenth of a degree
Volcanic features on the ocean floor that are less than 1,000 meters (0.6 miles) tall are called:
abyssal hills or seaknolls
If the rate and direction of plate movement remain the same for the next 50 million years, an accurate prediction would then be:
accretion of the california terrane onto alaska
radioactive materials can sometimes be used to determine the:
ages of rocks
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.
aleutian islands
The nebular hypothesis suggests that:
all bodies in the solar system formed from an enormous gas cloud.
what is the relationship between the mantle and the asthenosphere?
all of the asthenosphere is contained within a larger layer called the mantle
what is the relationship between the crust and the lithosphere?
all of the crust is contained within a larger layer called the lithosphere
marine sediments provide valuable clues about which of the following earth history events?
all of the options
where is the youngest ocean floor found?
along the crest of mid-ocean ridges
Why does the orange liquid rise when the lava lamp animation is plugged in?
although both liquids expand when heated, the orange liquid expands more
What common household item is used in this video to demonstrate rotary drilling?
an apple corer
The Mariana Trench is an example of ________ plate boundary.
an oceanic-oceanic convergent
the east pacific rise is an example of __ plate boundary
an oceanic-oceanic divergent
which of the following is characteristic of oceanic-continental convergent plate boundaries?
andesitic volcanoes
which ocean basin is currently covered by extensive sea ice for much of the year?
arctic
Based on definition, it is more appropriate to consider which ocean as a sea?
arctic ocean
What factor primarily determines the distribution of radiolarian ooze?
areas of upwelling
Isostatic adjustments are the result of the buoyancy of Earth's lithosphere as it floats on the ________ below which is denser and plastic like.
asthenosphere
biogenous sediment usually contains abundant calcite below the calcite compensation depth BECAUSE it readily dissolves above the calcite compenstion depth
both the assertion and the reason are incorrect
what is the difference between a barrier reef and an atoll?
barrier reefs surround an inactive volcano emerging above sea level, while atolls surround the previous location of a submerged volcano
The measurement of ocean depth and the charting of seafloor topography is called__
bathymetry
measurement of ocean depth and seafloor topography
bathymetry
Why is this drilling process called rotary drilling?
because the drill bit turns around in a circle
Why does calcareous material dissolve below the CCD?
below the CCD, weak acid is formed, which dissolves calcareous material
Sediments derived from the remains of the hard parts of once-living organisms are called __________ sediments.
biogenous
Fossiliferous limestone is an example of which of the following sediment types?
biogenous sediment
The White Cliffs of Dover are an example of which of the following sediment types?
biogenous sediment
coccolithophores
biogenous sediment
diatomaceous ooze
biogenous sediment
siliceous ooze
biogenous sediment
stomatolites
biogenous sediment
what is the appropriate term for the movement of the orange liquid in the lava lamp animation?
convection
a fine-grained, deep ocean sediment containing the skeletal remains of calcite-secreting microbes
calcareous ooze
what would happen if the depth of the CCD were above the top of the mid ocean ridge?
calcareous ooze would not be found below the CCD
two common types of chemical compounds found in biogenous sediments are __ and __
calcium carbonate; silica
Trilobites were dominant during which geologic period?
cambrian
One of the reasons that free oxygen in our atmosphere is important to the development and maintenance of life on Earth is because oxygen:
can form ozone and block some UV radiation
earth's early atmosphere most likely included:
carbon dioxide, water vapor, ammonia, and methane.
Satellites use microwave beams to measure sea level to an accuracy of four ________.
centimeters
the first scientists to propose the origin of coral reefs based upon subsidence (sinking) of volcanic islands was:
charles darwin
Although Earth's oceans have existed since early in the formation of the planet, its ________ must have changed.
chemical composition
You take a sediment sample from the ocean floor at a depth of 5500 m. The area has low biological productivity and the CCD is at 4500 m depth. Your sample will probably consist of __________.
clay
What have oceanographers determined from analyzing sea floor cores?
climate change and past extinctions
Which sediment type dominates in the neritic environment?
coarse lithogenous sediment, such as sand and small rocks
Calcite dissolves more readily in seawater that is ________ in temperature and ________ in pressure.
colder;higher
Passive margins are usually produced over geologic time by which of the following?
continental rifting and continued sea floor spreading
where does the deep-ocean basin begin along a passive continental margin?
continental slope
Melt from the subducting plate rises to the surface, erupts through the crust on the overriding plate and forms ______ on continents, or ______ in the ocean.
continental volcanic arcs, volcanic island arcs
The Alps are an example of __ plate boundary
continental-continental convergent
Plate convergence begins during which stage of the Wilson Cycle?
declining
The Pacific Ocean is an example of the ________ stage of the Wilson Cycle.
declining
active continental margins are characterized by which of the following?
deep sea trenches
which of the following is thought to have enriches ocean floor sediments with rare-earth elements?
deep-sea hotsprings
Older lithosphere is destroyed in association with:
deep-sea trenches
the two major types of microscopic, planktonic organisms that produce siliceous oozes are a__ and __
diatoms; radiolarians
The separation of the Earth into layers while it was molten was the result of the:
differing densities of the elements that make up earth
The deposition of coarse-grained lithogenous material in neritic environments along continental margins is an example of the ________ of biogenous sediment.
dilution
Iceland is located on what type of plate boundary?
divergent
Which type of plate boundary is most closely associated with the formation of new ocean floor?
divergent
Why are ocean basins continually being destroyed and created, rather than simply being redistributed around Earth's surface like continents?
high density oceanic crust subducts beneath low-density continental crust where plates converge
Siliceous ooze is particularly abundant on the seafloor at __________ and at __________.
high latitudes; equatorial upwelling zones
When the subcontinent of India drifted northward and collided with Asia, what landform was created?
himalaya mountains
Which phenomenon can explain the presence of volcanoes in the middle of the Pacific Ocean?
hot spots
A cometary model of the formation of Earth's ocean must include the chemical difference between the ________ in comet ice and that in Earth's water.
hydrogen
Sediments produced because of chemical reactions in seawater are called:
hydrogenous
Oolites are an example of which of the following sediment types?
hydrogenous sediment
halite
hydrogenous sediment
manganese nodules
hydrogenous sediment
metal sulfides
hydrogenous sediment
oolites
hydrogenous sediment
Salt beds of the U.S. Gulf Coast are __________.
hydrogenous sediments
A tentative, testable statement about the general nature of a phenomenon is called a/an:
hypothesis
cumulative plot of the frequency of depth or elevation
hypsographic curve
associated with glacial deposits
ice rafting
the direction of motion along a seafloor transform fault is:
in the same direction as the plates are spreading
coral reefs;
include atolls, barrier, and fringing reefs
Moving from an oceanic ridge to an oceanic trench, the thickness of the lithosphere:
increases in proportion to the distance
what elements are found in high concentrations in oceanic crust?
iron and magnesium
The island of Java is an example of a volcanic island associated with volcanic activity at a ________.
island arc
Sediments derived from pre-existing rocks on land are called:
lithogenous
abyssal clay
lithogenous (terrigenous) sediment
Sandstone is an example of which of the following sediment types?
lithogenous sediment
Turbidite deposits are an example of which of the following sediment types?
lithogenous sediment
In the figure above, which illustrates Earth's major layers. Which layer is represented by the letter C?
lithosphere
which of the following is earths rigid layer that includes the crust plus the topmost portion of the mantle?
lithosphere
rocks in which layer(s) of earth are rigid?
lithosphere, mesosphere, inner core
tectonic plates are pieces of the __ that float on the more fluid __ below.
lithosphere; asthenosphere
calcium carbonate is most likely to dissolve in water with which characteristic?
low salinity
depth at which calcium carbonate begins to dissolve
lysocline
Of the following sediments, which one(s) is/are considered hydrogenous?
manganese nodules, coatings of metal sulfides near black smokers
-contains rock rich in magnesium and iron -contains a weak layer below the lithosphere
mantle
what is the basis for relative positions of Earth's physical layers?
material density, with the least dense material on the surface and the most dense material in the center
Ocean basins with continental margins are representative of the ________ stage of the Wilson Cycle.
mature
What stage is marked by the creation of a well-formed ocean basin with a mid-ocean ridge in the middle?
mature
which of the following gasses is most common in gas hydrates from under the ocean floor?
methane
The ancient remains of which of the following, buried before they could decompose, are the source of today's petroleum deposits?
microscopic organisms
Oceanic crust spreads at _____, creating new crust and slowly enlarging the ocean basin.
mid-ocean ridges
Which geologic features are associated with divergent boundaries?
mid-ocean ridges and continental rift valleys
where do you expect to find a rift valleY?
middle of the ocean
which of the following is Earths liquid iron-nickel layer?
outer core
Earth's second atmosphere formed from ________.
outgassing
What are the reaction products of photosynthesis?
oxygen gas and sugar
which of the following is the largest natural geographic feature on earth?
pacific ocean
Waters from which ocean basins combine to form the Southern Ocean?
pacific, indian, atlantic
The study of historical changes of continental shapes and positions is called:
paleogeography
Which of the following was not used as evidence for continental drift?
paleomagnetic reversals
with respect to mid-ocean ridges, transform faults are;:
perpendicular to the ridge axis
which of the following resources found in ocean sediments has the greatest economic value?
petroleum
of the following, which energy resources can be extracted from marine sediments?
petroleum and gas hydrates
The study of the transmission of light and sound in the oceans is an example of ________ oceanography.
physical
Earth's current atmosphere supports animal life because __________.
plant photosynthesis provides oxygen that is critical for aerobic respiration
Fossils of ancient tropical plants are currently found near the poles because the:
plants lived in the tropics, but landmasses have drifted to current locations
where do most earthquakes occur?
plate boundaries
most large ocean floor features owe their origins to __
plate tectonic processes
which process causes the surface geography of earth to change over time?
plate tectonics
used high frequency sound waves to measure ocean depth
precision-depth recorder
what type of organisms utilize photosynthesis?
primary producers phytoplankton autotrophs
when was the precambrian eon?
prior to 600 million years ago
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.
ptolemy
The method of determining latitude in the Northern Hemisphere by measuring the angle between an observer's line of site to the North Star and line of site to the northern horizon was developed by:
pytheas
the most abundant mineral in lithogenous sediments is __
quartz
China currently supplies about 90% of which of the following resources?
rare-earth elements
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.
rift valley
depression along a ridge axis
rift valley
subduction zones surrounding the pacific ocean give rise to volcanoes. the area surrounding the pacific ocean is called the __
ring of fire
which of the following is the most advanced technology used to collect samples from the deep ocean?
rotary corer
Neritic sediments are most likely to be composed of __________.
sand, silt, and gravel
a well substantiated explanation that is supported by facts, tested hypotheses, and logical inferences
scientific theory
an active volcano that occurs along the crest of the mid-ocean ridge
seamount
Large volcanoes on the seafloor that are cone-shaped on top because they never reached sea level are called:
seamounts
Volcanic peaks on the deep-ocean floor with conical tops are called:
seamounts
Why do coral reefs at the ocean surface grow away from seamounts over time?
seamounts subside as tectonic plates move. coral reefs grow away from the seamount in order to stay near the sunlight
in comparison with other ocean basins, major sedimentary features such as continental rises and abyssal plains are relatively rare in the pacific. the primary reason for their scarcity in the pacific is that __
sediment is trapped within the trenches of the convergent plate boundaries ringing the pacific
used to determine ocean structure beneath the sea floor
seismic reflection profile
Our world ocean can be divided into four principal oceans plus an additional ocean, based on the ________ of the ocean basins and the ________ of the continents.
shape;position
The correct order of seafloor features from the coast to the mid-ocean ridge is:
shelf, slope, rise, abyssal plain
what elements are found in high concentrations of continental crust?
silica and aluminum
How does siliceous ooze accumulate on the seafloor if silica-based residues are dissolved slowly at all depths?
silica tests accumulate faster than seawater can dissolve them
examine the five words and choose the one that doesnt fit; rock fragments volcanic ash siliceous ooze quarts sand clay
siliceous ooze
What common household item is used in this video to demonstrate the properties of the asthenosphere?
silly putty
what mechanism(s) is/are responsible for transporting clay to deep ocean basins?
slow-moving ocean currents and wind
As shown in this video, Silly Putty will flow when stress is applied __________ and Silly Putty will fracture when stress is applied __________.
slowly, rapidly
what is the relationship between the mantle and the lithosphere?
some of the mantle is contained within a smaller layer called the lithosphere
The method that is used most frequently to investigate sediment and rock layers of the sea floor is:
sound waves (specifically seismic reflecting profiling)
the first recorded attempt to measure the ocean's depth was conducted using which of the following techniques?
sounding
mid ocean ridge
spreading center
seafloor magnetic stripes
spreading center
seafloor spreading
spreading center
island arc
subduction zone
sloping area from a trench along a downward moving plate
subduction zone
trench
subduction zone
______ are deep valleys at passive continental boundaries. They are likely carved out by ______, which occur when sediment-laden water rapidly moves down slope.
submarine canyons, turbidity currents
what is a turbidity?
suspended sediment
which of the following is the predominant process that forms the thick blanket of sediment on abyssal plains the deep-ocean floor?
suspension settling
continent-continent convergence occurs in what stage of the wilson cycle
suturing
the himalaya mountains are an example of the __ stage of the wilson cycle
suturing
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Multibeam SONAR systems have resolution limitation in deep water BECAUSE beams of sound spread out with depth.
the assertion and reason are both correct, and the reason is valid
an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide due to burning of coal will cause the calcite compensation depth to rise BECAUSE the oceans will get more acidic
the assertion and the reason are both correct and the reason is valid
coarse grained lithogenous neritic deposits dominate continental margin areas BECAUSE they do not contain biogenous, hydrogenous, and cosmogenous particles.
the assertion is correct but the reason is incorrect
Abyssal clays are commonly red-brown or buff in color BECAUSE they contain gypsum.
the assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: few abyssal plains are located in the pacific ocean BECAUSE turbidity currents only occur along passive continental margins
the assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect
The pacific ring of fire is home to the majority of earths active volcanoes and large earthquakes BECAUSE of the prevalence of divergent plate boundaries along the pacific rim.
the assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Andesitic volcanic eruptions are usually less explosive and destructive than basaltic eruptions because andesite magma is more viscous than basalt magma and contains a higher gas content.
the assertion is incorrect but the reason is correct
marine sediments cant provide insight into today's climate changes BECAUSe they reveal a detailed history of earths past climate
the assertion is incorrect but the reason is correct
what would happen in the lava lamp if the orange liquid were denser at warmer temperatures than the blue/clear liquid shown in the animation?
the blue/clear liquid would rise toward the tip when the lamp was turned on, whereas the orange liquid would sink
what is the relationship between the crust and lithosphere?
the crust is part of the lithosphere
Collecting adequate samples from which of the following is the most difficult?
the deep ocean floor
in this demonstration, what does the apple represent?
the deep sea floor
what is meant by the term plate boundary?
the edge of a plate, where two plates meet each other
what prompted the first widespread mapping of the ocean floor?
the important of submarine warfare during world war 11
which properties of a lava lamp are important to remember when modeling convection?
the lava lamp contains two liquids with different densities that do not mix and that expand at different rates when heated
which of the following statements is true of the lithosphere?
the lithosphere is composed of the crust and the uppermost portion of the mantle
Frederick Vine and Drummond Matthews determined that new ocean floor was being produced at ocean ridges by examining:
the magnetic pattern of rocks on the seafloor
what happened when Mr. Trujillo hit the Silly Putty with his hammer?
the material fractured like a solid
Alfred Wegener's continental drift hypothesis received much hostile criticism and ridicule from the scientific community because of which of the following?
the mechanism he proposed for the movement of the continents
As Heezen and Tharp interpreted the ocean depth data, they identified what unusual feature that hinted at continental drift?
the oceanic ridges have a cleft, or rift, in the middle rather than a peak
what would happen to the orange liquid in the lava lamp if heat did not conduct out of the top of the lava lamp?
the orange liquid would stay near the top of the lava lamp
The largest geographic feature on the surface of Planet Earth is __________.
the pacific ocean
Two containers hold the same radioactive isotope. Container A contains 1000 atoms, and container B contains 500 atoms. Which of the following statements about containers A and B is true?
the rate of decay of atoms in container A is greater than the rate of decay of atoms in container B
The flat top of a guyot or tablemount in deep water is evidence that __________.
the seamount was once at the surface of the ocean, but is now submerged due to plate movement and erosion was it was near sea level
which part of earth's cumulative hypsographic curve includes the mid-ocean ridges?
the shallowest slope below sea level
Satellites are used to map the ocean floor because they __________. (a) are unaffected by surface weather (b) can cover areas where ships have not produced surveys (c) can "see" large areas of the seafloor at one time (d) the shape of the ocean surface itself reflects large features on the seafloor below (e) All of the above statements are correct
the shape of the ocean surface reflects large features on the seafloor
What did the maps of the ocean floor produced by Bruce Heezen and Marie Tharp reveal about seafloor topography?
there are ridges in the middle of the ocean basin floors
Why did Heezen and Tharp have to do "inspired guessing" when creating their maps of the ocean floor?
there were gaps in the data that were used to make the map because the tracks of the ships collecting the data were widely spaced
what is a defining feature of rocks that are high in iron and magnesium?
they are dark
which of the following statements about marine sediments is correct?
they record the timing and severity of some global extinction events
what did the continents that formed during the break up of the supercontinent 600 million years ago look like?
they were nothing like the continent shapes we see on earth today
Which plate boundary is NOT associated with volcanic eruptions?
transform
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.
trenches
where do coral reefs exist with sea mounts?
tropical latitudes
what does the term "asthenosphere" literally mean?
weak sphere
When will a hot spot volcano become extinct?
when the volcano is carried away from the hot spot by the tectonic plate
Warm water (From 30°C to 350°C) hydrothermal vents form:
white smokers
which of the following statements are true regarding Earth's oceans?
-Nasa satellites fly over Antarctica -the southern ocean is one of the least-studied areas on planet earth -earths ocean is one big interconnected body of water
which statements correctly describe differences between oceanic and continental crust?
-continental crust is thicker than oceanic crust -continental crust floats higher on the mantle than oceanic crust -continental crust is mainly composed of granite, whereas oceanic crust is mainly composed of basalt
which of the following ides support our current scientific understanding of the development life on Earth?
-early organisms evolved into more complex organisms over geologic time -primitive life likely existed without the need for oxygen -as life evolved it significantly changed Earth's environment -the "prebiotic soup" of the primitive oceans provided favorable conditions for life to develop
of the following statements about the asthenosphere, which are true?
-the asthenosphere is very hot and contains areas of partially molten rock -the asthenosphere is a highly viscous layer located beneath the lithosphere
which of the following statements are true regarding earths core?
-the outer core is liquid because it is so hot -earths core is composed of two layers that differ in physical properties -the core is composed of mainly iron and nickel, with some sulfur
which statements are true regarding the scientific method?
-the scientific method is an ongoing cycle -involved repeated testing and adjustment of hypotheses to explain observations -scientists make predictions based on established theories
Which of the following lines of evidence did Alfred Wegener use to support the concept of drifting continents?
-the way the shapes of the continents fit together like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle -the distribution of species of fossils -evidence of glaciers in areas that are now tropical -the pattern of similar mountain belts on different continents
A container holds 100 atoms of an isotope. This isotope has a half-life of 1.5 months. How many total atoms will be in the container after 3 months?
100 atoms
A container holds 100 atoms of an isotope. This isotope has a half-life of 1.5 months. how many atoms of the radioactive isotope will be in the container after 3 months?
25 atoms
if you had an equally sized hand sample of each rock showing in the figure about, which would feel the heaviest?
3, the dark one
earth is about
4.6 billion years old
Archeological evidence suggests that boat technology was developed about ________ years ago.
40,000
Which ocean is the shallowest ocean in the world?
Arctic Ocean
The first person we are aware of who determined the circumference of the Earth using trigonometry and the angle of sunlight at Alexandria, Egypt, was:
Eratosthenes
who is credited with being the first person to accurately determine Earth's circumference?
Eratosthenes
Who was killed in the Philippines during his last sea voyage after a skirmish with local people?
Ferdinand Magellen
Who left Spain in September 1519 and became the first person to complete a circumnavigation of the globe when he returned to Spain three years later?
Juan Sebastian del Cano
The explorer who advanced oceanography by introducing systematic soundings, or depth measurements, was __________.
James Cook
ancient precursor of the Pacific Ocean
Panthalassa
what happens during radioactive decay?
Parent isotopes turn into daughter isotopes.
the first recorded circumnavigation of africa was made by the __
Phoenicians
how did the moon form?
The Moon formed due to the impact of a Mars-sized body with the Earth.
who is credited with being the first European to see the Pacific Ocean?
Vasco Nunez de Balboa
oceanic crust is primarily:
basalt
According to the fossil record on earth, the earliest known life forms lived in sea floor rocks about 3.5 __ years ago
billion
Evidence suggests that the Sun and the rest of the solar system formed about five __ years ago
billion
earths atmosphere became oxygen rich about 2.45 __ years ago
billion
All continents fit together with the least number of overlaps and gaps when the continents are matched along:
edges at around 2,000 meters depth
plate tectonics and evolution, which are held with a high degree of confidence because of rigorous testing and verification, are examples of;
theories
where did the energy of the sun come from originally?
thermal energy that was converted from the gravitational energy of the original nebula collapse
how do plants and animals gain the energy needed to carry out cellular function?
they utilize the energy in sugar
Compared to continental crust, oceanic crust is generally __________.
thinner, denser, darker in color, and at lower elevations
According to the Geologic Time Scale, which selection lists the correct order of coexistence, from earliest to latest?
trilobites and amphibians, insects and dinosaurs, dinosaurs and birds, flowering plants and fishes, humans and reptiles
Current scientific knowledge indicates that the most likely origin of most of Earth's oceans was due to ________.
water vapor released from volcanic outgassing