OCE1001 Exam 1

A container holds 100 atoms of an isotope. This isotope has a half-life of 1.5 months. How many total atoms will be in the container after 3 months? 100 atoms 50 atoms 33 atoms 25 atoms

100 atoms

Oxygen comprises about ________ percent of the Earth's present atmosphere. 40 30 20 50 60

20

A container holds 100 atoms of an isotope. This isotope has a half-life of 1.5 months. How many atoms of the radioactive isotope will be in the container after 3 months? 25 atoms 33 atoms 50 atoms 100 atoms

25 atoms

The average depth of the world's oceans is approximately ________. 2,172 meters (7,126 feet) 11,022 meters (36,161 feet) 5,280 meters (17,323 feet) 3,682 meters (12,080 feet) 840 meters (2,756 feet)

3,682 meters (12,080 feet)

The oceans cover approximately ________ percent of the Earth's surface. 80 90 50 60 70

70

Which of the following statements about the Pacific Ocean is TRUE? The Pacific Ocean spans more than one-half of Earth's entire surface. The Pacific Ocean is about three times larger than the next largest ocean. The Pacific Ocean is the second largest geographic feature on the planet. The Pacific Ocean covers more than two-thirds of the ocean surface area on Earth. All of the continents could fit into the space occupied by the Pacific Ocean.

All of the continents could fit into the space occupied by the Pacific Ocean.

The great oxidation event resulted in the massive die-off of which of the following? Dinosaurs Land plants Anaerobic bacteria Blue-green algae

Anaerobic bacteria

_____________ were the dominant navigators of the Mediterranean Sea in the Middle Ages.

Arabs

Which ocean basin is currently covered by extensive sea ice for much of the year? Pacific Arctic Southern Ocean Atlantic Ocean Indian Ocean

Arctic

Rank the four principle oceans from smallest to largest, in terms of size. Arctic, Indian, Atlantic, Pacific Arctic, Indian, Pacific, Atlantic Arctic, Pacific, Atlantic, Indian Arctic, Atlantic, Indian, Pacific Indian, Arctic, Atlantic, Pacific

Arctic, Indian, Atlantic, Pacific

Which layer of the Earth behaves in a plastic manner? Crust Inner core Lithosphere Outer core Asthenosphere

Asthenosphere

Consider an interdisciplinary study that is aimed at understanding how ocean currents affect the distribution of coral larvae. What two disciplines of oceanography would the researchers be focused on? Biological and chemical oceanography Chemical and physical oceanography Chemical and geological oceanography Biological and physical oceanography Geological and physical oceanography

Biological and physical oceanography

Who of the following is thought to be the first Viking to have seen what is now called Newfoundland? Erik Thorvaldson Bjarni Herjolfsson Prince Henry the Navigator Thor Heyerdahl Leif Eriksson

Bjarni Herjolfsson

Trilobites were dominant during which geologic period? Ordovician Permian Jurassic Devonian Cambrian

Cambrian

_____________ was an English navigator who determined the outline of the Pacific Ocean and was the first person known to cross the Antarctic Circle.

Captain James Cook

____________ was an Italian navigator who made a total of four trips across the Atlantic. He was erroneously credited with discovering North America.

Christopher Columbus

Earth has three compositionally distinct layers—the crust, mantle, and core. The core has separate inner and outer sections that are physically different. For the following physical and compositional properties, sort each item into the bins for the layer of Earth that they best characterize. Drag the appropriate items to their respective bins.

Crust: part of this layer has a relatively homogeneous composition, while the other part is less uniform in composition is Earth's stiff, rigid, rocky shell Mantle: contains a weak layer below the lithosphere contains rock rich in magnesium and iron. Core: contains a liquid outer layer and a solid inner layer contains iron and nickel

PIC NOTE: The Himalayas has the highest elevation in this image. Rank from deepest to shallowest.

Deepest to Shallowest: L->R C D B A

Which of the following ideas support our current scientific understanding of the development of life on Earth? Choose all that apply. The most primitive life on Earth needed sunlight to metabolize food. Early organisms evolved into more complex organisms over geologic time. Primitive life likely existed without the need for oxygen. The "prebiotic soup" of the primitive oceans provided favorable conditions for life to develop. As life evolved it significantly changed Earth's environment.

Early organisms evolved into more complex organisms over geologic time. Primitive life likely existed without the need for oxygen. The "prebiotic soup" of the primitive oceans provided favorable conditions for life to develop. As life evolved it significantly changed Earth's environment.

Who is credited with being the first person to accurately determine Earth's circumference? Erik Thorvaldson Claudius Ptolemy Christopher Columbus Eratosthenes Pytheas

Eratosthenes

____________ used the polar North Star to determine latitude (distance from the equator).

Greeks

PIC Rank the blocks from highest downward pressure to lowest downward pressure.

Highest to Lowest: L->R 87 km 42km 35km Oceanic Crust 2900 Oceanic Crust 2825

During the ____________ phase, the atmosphere was composed of leftover gases from the nebula.

Initial

The explorer who advanced oceanography by introducing systematic soundings, or depth measurements, was __________. James Cameron James Cook Leif Erikson Christopher Columbus Juan Sebastian del Cano

James Cook

Who left Spain in September 1519 and became the first person to complete a circumnavigation of the globe when he returned to Spain three years later? Giovanni Caboto Ferdinand Magellan Juan Sebastian del Caño Vasco da Gama Vasco Nunez de Balboa

Juan Sebastian del Caño

Which of the following is Earth's rigid layer that includes the crust plus the topmost portion of the mantle? Asthenosphere Inner core Lithosphere Mesosphere Outer core

Lithosphere

Which of the following represents Earth's plates that are involved in plate tectonic motion? Asthenosphere Inner core Lithosphere Mesosphere Outer core

Lithosphere

How did the view of the ocean by early Mediterranean cultures influence the naming of planet Earth? Mediterranean cultures believed Earth was composed of small land masses surrounded by large bodies of water. Mediterranean cultures believed Earth was composed of large land masses surrounded by marginal bodies of water. Mediterranean cultures believed Earth was composed of small land masses surrounded by marginal bodies of water. Mediterranean cultures believed Earth was composed of large land masses surrounded by large bodies of water.

Mediterranean cultures believed Earth was composed of large land masses surrounded by marginal bodies of water.

What does NOAA stand for? National Oceanic and Atlas Administration National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Oceanic and Atlas Association National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

The Kuiper Belt is located beyond the orbit of which planet? Saturn Jupiter Mars Pluto Neptune

Neptune

What are the major steps involved in the process of science? Observation, hypothesis, testing, and theory Theory, hypothesis, falsification, and law Guess, testing, hypothesis, and theory Observation, hypothesis, testing, and truth Symposia, testing, hypothesis, and theory

Observation, hypothesis, testing, and theory

________ are events and phenomena that we can detect with our senses. Theories Guesses Hypothesis Observations Laws

Observations

In which period did the first fishes appear? Cambrian Devonian Ordovician Silurian

Ordovician

Which layer of the Earth is composed of a liquid? Asthenosphere Lithosphere Mesosphere Outer core Inner core

Outer core

Which of the following was not abundant in the early atmosphere? Water vapor (steam) Oxygen Carbon dioxide Hydrogen

Oxygen

Waters from which ocean basins combine to form the Southern Ocean? Choose all that apply. Caspian Sea Pacific Arctic Indian Atlantic

Pacific Indian Atlantic

____________ were some of the first navigators; they used stick charts to navigate the sea.

Pacific Islanders

Which of the following has the deepest waters? Pacific Ocean Mediterranean Sea Arctic Ocean Atlantic Ocean Lake Baikal

Pacific Ocean

Which of the following is the largest natural geographic feature on Earth? Pacific Ocean Grand Canyon Great Barrier Reef Antarctica Amazon Rainforest

Pacific Ocean

The largest of the ocean basins, which currently covers more than half of the ocean surface, is the: Arctic Ocean. Atlantic Ocean. Southern Ocean. Pacific Ocean. Indian Ocean.

Pacific Ocean.

What happens during radioactive decay? Daughter isotopes turn into parent isotopes. Energy turns into daughter isotopes. Parent isotopes turn into energy. Daughter isotopes turn into energy. Parent isotopes turn into daughter isotopes.

Parent isotopes turn into daughter isotopes.

The first recorded circumnavigation of Africa was made by the ________. Polynesians Greeks Chinese Phoenicians

Phoenicians

__________ were the first humans from the Western Hemisphere to develop the art of navigation.

Phoenicians

Which of the following was true about the Protoearth? Protoearth's deep structure was homogeneous. Protoearth had one large ocean. Protoearth had early primitive life forms. Protoearth's size was smaller than today's Earth.

Protoearth's deep structure was homogeneous.

The method of determining latitude in the Northern Hemisphere by measuring the angle between an observer's line of site to the North Star and line of site to the northern horizon was developed by: Seneca. Ptolemy. Herodotus. Eratosthenes. Pytheas.

Pytheas.

Which of the following contributed to the salinity of the ocean? Choose all that apply. Runoff caused dissolved elements to enter the ocean. The evolution of life on Earth. The creation of acid rain from volcanic outgassing. Chlorine gas from the atmosphere was dissolved in the water. The differences in oceanic and continental crust.

Runoff caused dissolved elements to enter the ocean. The creation of acid rain from volcanic outgassing. Chlorine gas from the atmosphere was dissolved in the water.

Prior to 1768, which of the following claimed the most human lives at sea? Gunfire Scurvy Contagious disease Shipwreck

Scurvy

What is the difference between an ocean and a sea? Seas are smaller and shallower bodies of salt water that are somewhat enclosed by land, but they are directly connected to the world ocean. Seas are smaller, shallower, composed of freshwater, and are somewhat enclosed by land. Seas are larger and deeper bodies of water that are composed of both fresh and salt water, and they are directly connected to the world ocean. Seas are bodies of water that are composed of salt water, but they are enclosed by land and therefore not directly connected to the world ocean. There is no difference between oceans and seas.

Seas are smaller and shallower bodies of salt water that are somewhat enclosed by land, but they are directly connected to the world ocean.

Which of the following is responsible for generating Earth's magnetic field? The bar magnet that extends from pole to pole Hot spots Convection currents in the mantle Volcanoes erupting rocks that include magnetite Spinning of the metal cores

Spinning of the metal cores

What did Stanley Miller's experiment demonstrate? Stanley Miller's experiment demonstrated how the water that makes up the oceans and atmosphere could be outgassed from Earth's interior. Stanley Miller's experiment demonstrated that vast amounts of complex organic molecules, such as proteins and DNA, could have been produced in Earth's early oceans (a "biotic soup"). Stanley Miller's experiment demonstrated that vast amounts of simple organic molecules could have been produced in Earth's early oceans (a "prebiotic soup"). Stanley Miller's experiment demonstrated that organic molecules could not have been produced in Earth's early oceans. Stanley Miller's experiments demonstrated the salinity of the oceans using synthesized prebiotic materials.

Stanley Miller's experiment demonstrated that vast amounts of simple organic molecules could have been produced in Earth's early oceans (a "prebiotic soup").

Based on definition, it is more appropriate to consider which ocean as a sea? The Pacific Ocean The Atlantic Ocean The Indian Ocean The Arctic Ocean The Antarctic Ocean

The Arctic Ocean

Which of the following statements comparing ocean to land is correct? The tallest point on land, Mt. Everest, is much taller than the ocean is deep. On Earth, the average depth of the oceans is less than the average height of the land. The Pacific Ocean covers more of Earth's surface than all the land combined. About half the surface area on Earth is covered with oceans and half is covered with land.

The Pacific Ocean covers more of Earth's surface than all the land combined.

Which ocean is actually a part of three other oceans? The Pacific Ocean The Arctic Ocean The Southern Ocean The Indian Ocean The Atlantic Ocean

The Southern Ocean

Which of the following statements is/are true regarding Earth's oceans? Choose all that apply. The Southern Ocean is one of the least-studied areas on planet Earth. NASA satellites fly over Antarctica. Earth's ocean is one big interconnected body of water. The Arctic is a continent surrounded by land, whereas the Antarctic is an ocean surrounded by continents. The Indian Ocean is about 7% the size of the Pacific Ocean.

The Southern Ocean is one of the least-studied areas on planet Earth. NASA satellites fly over Antarctica. Earth's ocean is one big interconnected body of water.

Which of the following is not a sea? The Mediterranean Sea The Red Sea The Adriatic Sea The Yellow Sea The Black Sea

The Yellow Sea

How can a dip needle be used to determine one's location on Earth? The angle of magnetic field lines changes depending on where you are on Earth's surface. They are more parallel to Earth's surface at the poles and more perpendicular at the equator. The angle of magnetic field lines is consistent, allowing you to use a dip needle to determine your location. The angle of magnetic field lines changes depending on where you are on Earth's surface. They are more perpendicular to Earth's surface at the poles and more parallel at the equator . The angle of magnetic field lines changes depending on where you are on Earth's surface. They are more parallel to Earth's surface in the southern hemisphere and more perpendicular in the northern hemisphere. The angle of magnetic field lines changes depending on where you are on Earth's surface. They are more parallel to Earth's surface in the northern hemisphere and more perpendicular in the southern hemisphere.

The angle of magnetic field lines changes depending on where you are on Earth's surface. They are more perpendicular to Earth's surface at the poles and more parallel at the equator

How do the physical properties of the asthenosphere differ from the lithosphere? The athenosphere is a brittle, solid region. The lithosphere is a plastic or malleable rock layer that is capable of flow. The athenosphere is a plastic or malleable region of Earth's interior, whereas the lithosphere is a liquified rock layer. Both are capable of flow. The athenosphere is plastic or malleable and capable of slow flow. The lithosphere is a brittle and rigid solid region comprised mosly of basalt and granite. The athenosphere is a brittle, low-density region composed of continental and oceanic crust. The lithosphere is a plastic or malleable, high-density region composed of oceanic crust.

The athenosphere is plastic or malleable and capable of slow flow. The lithosphere is a brittle and rigid solid region comprised mosly of basalt and granite.

Which of the following statements about the average depths of the four principle oceans is correct? The average depth of the Atlantic, Indian, and Arctic Oceans is similar, while the average depth of the Pacific Ocean is much greater. The average depths of the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans are very similar, while the depth of the Arctic Ocean is much shallower than the other three. All four principle oceans have similar average depths. The average depths of the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans are very similar and are much deeper than the Indian and Arctic Oceans.

The average depths of the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans are very similar, while the depth of the Arctic Ocean is much shallower than the other three.

How are the materials that make up Earth's interior stratified in relation to their densities? The lowest-density materials make up the ocean floor, and the highest-density materials make up the mountains. The highest-density materials make up the ocean floor, and the lowest-density materials make up the mountains. The materials are homogenous throughout Earth's interior. The lowest-density materials are concentrated at Earth's core, whereas higher-density materials are located closer to Earth's surface. The highest-density materials are concentrated at Earth's core, whereas lower-density materials are located closer to Earth's surface.

The highest-density materials are concentrated at Earth's core, whereas lower-density materials are located closer to Earth's surface.

Chapter 2 Which of the following statements is true regarding the layer(s) of Earth that is/are responsible for the magnetic field? The inner core is so hot that it is liquid, and the outer core is solid. Both are composed of silicate minerals. The inner core and outer core are both solid, but the inner core is mostly composed of iron and nickel, and the outer core is mostly silicates. The inner core is solid and the outer core is liquid, and they are both composed of silicate minerals. The inner core is so hot that it is liquid, and the outer core is solid. Both are composed mainly of iron and nickel. The inner core is solid and the outer core is liquid, and they are both composed mainly of iron and nickel.

The inner core is solid and the outer core is liquid, and they are both composed mainly of iron and nickel.

Two containers hold the same radioactive isotope. Container A contains 1000 atoms, and container B contains 500 atoms. Which of the following statements about containers A and B is true? The rate of decay of atoms (half-life) in container B is greater (or longer) than the rate of decay of atoms (half-life) in container A. The rate of decay of atoms (half-life) in container A is greater (or longer) than the rate of decay of atoms (half-life) in container B. The rate of decay of atoms (half-life) in container B is the same as the rate of decay of atoms (half-life) in container A.

The rate of decay of atoms (half-life) in container B is the same as the rate of decay of atoms (half-life) in container A.

Which of the following statements is/are true regarding the scientific method? Choose all that apply. The scientific method is an ongoing cycle. The scientific method involves repeated testing and adjustment of hypotheses to explain observations. Scientists make predictions based on established theories. Most people will probably not use portions of the scientific method during their lifetime. The scientific method ends with a theory that is regarded as an absolute truth.

The scientific method is an ongoing cycle. The scientific method involves repeated testing and adjustment of hypotheses to explain observations. Scientists make predictions based on established theories.

Which statement best describes the origin of Earth's oceans? The Earth's oceans were created from nearly equal parts outgassing of the interior and icy comets colliding with Earth. Earth's oceans were outgassed exclusively from the interior of the planet during early formation. The water that fills our oceans was mostly derived from outgassing, with a minor component coming from ice comets. The vast majority of the water that fills our oceans was derived from comets.

The water that fills our oceans was mostly derived from outgassing, with a minor component coming from ice comets.

How do Earth's magnetic field lines of force currently behave? They travel in a straight line from the south pole to the north pole and straight back to the south pole. They create loops from the center of the Earth that exit in the south and enter in the north. They enter the Earth at the Equator and exit at the poles. They travel in a straight line from the north pole to the south pole and straight back to the north pole. They create loops from the center of the Earth that enter in the south and exit in the north.

They create loops from the center of the Earth that exit in the south and enter in the north.

Which of the following would best describe the principal goal of science? Select only one answer. To explain the causes and effects of observable natural phenomena To explain why the world and the laws of nature exist To determine what happened in the past To develop theories that help scientists determine the truth To allow scientists to test their hypotheses with experiments

To explain the causes and effects of observable natural phenomena

According to the geological time scale, which selection lists the correct order of coexistence, from earliest to latest? Insects and dinosaurs, trilobites and amphibians, dinosaurs and birds, flowering plants and fishes, humans and reptiles Trilobites and amphibians, insects and dinosaurs, flowering plants and fishes, dinosaurs and birds, humans and reptiles Trilobites and amphibians, insects and dinosaurs, dinosaurs and birds, humans and reptiles, flowering plants and fishes Trilobites and amphibians, dinosaurs and birds, insects and dinosaurs, flowering plants and fishes, humans and reptiles Trilobites and amphibians, insects and dinosaurs, dinosaurs and birds, flowering plants and fishes, humans and reptiles

Trilobites and amphibians, insects and dinosaurs, dinosaurs and birds, flowering plants and fishes, humans and reptiles

PIC Drag the appropriate items to their respective bins. Each item may be used only once.

Uplifting: L->R Erosion Stress Subsidence/thinning: L->R More snow... Rift Valley

______________ possessed excellent ships and good navigation skills to actively explore the Atlantic Ocean in the late 10th century.

Vikings

Most of the explorations by northern and western Europeans during the Middle (Dark) Ages were undertaken by: Vikings of Scandinavia. Portugal. Italy. Spain. France.

Vikings of Scandinavia.

What is scurvy? Vitamin B deficiency Vitamin C deficiency Vitamin E deficiency Vitamin D deficiency Vitamin A deficiency

Vitamin C deficiency

In science, which one of the following would be considered an observation? Select only one answer. Waves are usually caused by a distant storm. Waves lose little energy as they travel across the ocean. Waves are the result of a disturbance (release of energy) somewhere in the ocean. Waves transfer wind energy from the surface to deeper water. Waves approach the beach at an angle.

Waves approach the beach at an angle.

What is a scientific theory? an explanation that is supported by political leaders and popular media a hypothesis that has been tested once a well-substantiated explanation that is supported by facts, laws, tested hypotheses and logical inferences an educated guess an idea that is supported by a majority of the population

a well-substantiated explanation that is supported by facts, laws, tested hypotheses and logical inferences

An organism's response to environmental changes are called ________. evolution species adaptations mutations natural selection

adaptations

Radioactive materials can sometimes be used to determine the: chemical composition of rocks. metamorphism. origin of rocks. formation method. ages of rocks.

ages of rocks.

The nebular hypothesis suggests that ________. Earth's moon is an asteroid captured by the Earth's gravity the Earth was formed by a cosmic explosion, a "big bang" the Moon is derived from a protoplanet all bodies in the solar system formed from an enormous gas cloud galaxies such as the Milky Way form independent of one another

all bodies in the solar system formed from an enormous gas cloud

According to the fossil record on Earth, the earliest-known life-forms were primitive ________. plants reptiles bacteria shells

bacteria

Evidence suggests that the Sun and the rest of the solar system formed about five ________ years ago. thousand million billion trillion

billion

One of the reasons that free oxygen in our atmosphere is important to the development and maintenance of life on Earth is because oxygen: combines with iron in volcanic rocks. reduces atmospheric temperature. was very abundant in Earth's early atmosphere. can form ozone and block some UV radiation. is necessary for photosynthesis to occur.

can form ozone and block some UV radiation.

The separation of the Earth into layers while it was molten was the result of the: differing densities of the elements that make up the Earth. decrease in temperature downward toward the core. presence of water at Earth's surface. gravitational force created by the rotating Earth. initial collection of materials and their position in Earth.

differing densities of the elements that make up the Earth.

During the _________ phase, the atmosphere was composed of mostly water vapor (steam), small amounts of carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and other gases.

early

Based on physical properties, Earth consists of ________ layers three four two five

five

The study of the structure of the sea floor and how the sea floor has changed through time is an example of ________ oceanography. biological archaeological physical geological chemical

geological

A cometary model of the formation of Earth's ocean must include the chemical difference between the ________ in comet ice and that in Earth's water. carbon nitrogen oxygen hydrogen

hydrogen

A tentative, testable statement about the general nature of a phenomenon is called a(n) ________. observation hypothesis theory law guess

hypothesis

Which sphere of the Earth protects life on Earth from solar storms? asthenosphere magnetosphere lithosphere mesosphere biosphere

magnetosphere

The mechanism by which populations evolve and new species develop is called: intelligent design. natural selection. evolution. descent with modification. adaptation.

natural selection.

Which is the first step of the scientific method? prediction testing observation theory hypothesis

observation

Imagine that you are enjoying a day at the beach in California, exploring tidepools. You find a California Sea Hare in the shallow water and gently scoop it into your hand, as shown in the figure above. As you touch it, the sea hare releases purple ink into your hand. You think maybe the sea hare released the ink to scare you (a potential predator) away, but you are not sure. What steps of the scientific method have you performed in your inquiry? Choose all that apply. observation hypothesis testing prediction theory

observation hypothesis

The most likely place for the basic building blocks for the development of life to interact and produce life is in Earth's ________. meteorites oceans mantle lithosphere atmosphere

oceans

Stanley Miller's famous experiment demonstrated that __________. organic molecules could be produced from the mixture of gases comprising Earth's early atmosphere all the required factors have been identified for the production of living organisms the earliest organisms lived in volcanoes living organisms can be produced by lightning strikes Earth's early atmosphere was rich in CO2, ammonia, and hydrogen

organic molecules could be produced from the mixture of gases comprising Earth's early atmosphere

The oldest fossilized remains of organisms are primitive ________ bacteria recovered from rocks formed on the sea floor about 3.5 billion years ago. streptococcus chemosynthetic heterotrophic photosynthetic

photosynthetic

The study of the transmission of light and sound in the oceans is an example of ________ oceanography. geological archaeological chemical biological physical

physical

During the _________ phase, the atmosphere was composed of increased amounts of atmospheric oxygen, which caused the ozone concentration in the stratosphere to increase.

present

Our world ocean can be divided into four principal oceans plus an additional ocean, based on the ________ of the ocean basins and the ________ of the continents. position; latitude depth; elevation size; shape shape; position

shape; position

Now, what would be the next step you would need to take to advance your understanding of the sea hare ink response to the next level of scientific inquiry? theory observation testing hypothesis prediction

testing

What is the scientific definition of half-life? the number of parent isotopes that will be lost during a single radioactive decay event the amount of time over which the number of daughter isotopes increases by half the number of daughter isotopes that will be gained during a single radioactive decay event the amount of time over which the number of parent isotopes decreases by half

the amount of time over which the number of parent isotopes decreases by half

Plate tectonics and evolution, which are held with a high degree of confidence because of rigorous testing and verification, are examples of: laws. observations. guesses. theories. hypotheses.

theories.

Based on chemical composition, Earth consists of ________ layers four five two three

three

Which of the following is characteristic of continental-continental convergent plate boundaries? volcanic island arcs hot spots uplifted mountain ranges mid-ocean ridges

uplifted mountain ranges

Current scientific knowledge indicates that the most likely origin of most of Earth's oceans was due to ________. comets from outer space water-bearing minerals found in meteorites release of liquid water from the core water vapor released from volcanic outgassing

water vapor released from volcanic outgassing