OCE1001 FSU Chapter 5

Which of the following is not one of the reasons why water is considered a universal solvent?

When the ions separate, they become attracted to identically charged water molecules.

All the following processes decrease seawater salinity except : iceberg melting. river runoff. sea ice melting. precipitation. evaporation.

evaporation.

bonds that hold adjacent water molecules together

hydrogen bonds

bonds that involve the sharing of electrons between atoms

covalent bonds

negatively charged subatomic particles that orbit an atomic nucleus

electrons

A rapid change in ocean temperature with a change in depth occurs in the: halocline. pycnocline. barocline. isocline. thermocline.

thermocline.

Which property of water causes coastal communities to have only moderate differences in daily highs and lows when compared to inland communities? high salinity low heat capacity high heat capacity high viscosity low viscosity

high heat capacity

Which of the following hydrologic cycle reservoirs is the smallest? Atmospheric water vapor World ocean Groundwater and soil moisture Ice caps, glaciers, and snow Streams and lakes

Atmospheric water vapor

Which is the most abundant ion in seawater? Chloride Magnesium Calcium Potassium Sodium

Chloride

Of all the following processes which one increases the salinity of water? Sea ice melting Runoff Evaporation Precipitation Icebergs melting

Evaporation

Which of the following processes causes sea surface salinity to increase near the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn? Polarization Condensation Melting Freezing Evaporation

Evaporation

change in state from liquid to gas

Evaporation

area of rapid change in density with slight change in depth halocline. Pycnocline. barocline. isocline. thermocline.

Pycnocline

In the high latitudes, there is a prominent and well-developed thermocline. True False

False

The heat capacity of water is lower than that of most other substances. True False

False

Which of the following occurs at the same temperature as the melting point? Polarization point Condensation point Freezing point Lagrangian point Boiling point

Freezing point

Sample D Moderate to low salinity content

From the Baltic Sea

Sample C High salinity content

From the Red Sea

The ion in sea water that serves as a buffer is:

HCO3-. Bicarbonate

Which of the following surface seawater salinity conditions would you predict for the following location: Latitude: 20°N Longitude: 180°W High surface seawater salinity due to evaporation High surface seawater salinity due to precipitation Low surface seawater salinity due to evaporation Low surface seawater salinity due to precipitation

High surface seawater salinity due to evaporation

What happened when a new (green) water mass was introduced into the system? It came to equilibrium in the middle of the tank. It came to equilibrium at the top of the tank. It came to equilibrium at the bottom of the tank. It mixed evenly through the entire tank.

It came to equilibrium in the middle of the tank.

A beaker contains a mixture of ice and pure liquid water at 0oC. What happens to the temperature of the liquid water as heat is added?

It remains constant until the ice melts, and then it begins to rise.

Sample A Atlantic Ocean: high salinity content

Just east of the Bahamas

The sun penetrates the surface waters enough at __ to create a thermocline

Low latitudes

On an annual basis which of the following fluxes between reservoirs of the hydrologic cycle is the largest? Continent to ocean Continent to atmosphere Atmosphere to ocean Ocean to atmosphere Atmosphere to continent

Ocean to atmosphere

Sample B Atlantic Ocean: Moderate to low salinity content

Off the west coast of Africa, near the equator

The low pH layer in the ocean is due to which of the following processes? Oxidation Respiration Dissolution Buffering Photosynthesis

Respiration

Which of the following best describes the Distillation Method for desalination? -A current is run through positive and negative electrodes in freshwater separated by semipermeable membranes from seawater. -Large icebergs are brought to coastal waters off countries that need freshwater where they are melted. -Saltwater is boiled and the water vapor is passed through a cooling condenser, where it condenses as freshwater. -Seawater is frozen and thawed multiple times, with the salts washed from the ice between each thawing. -Water on the salty side of a semipermeable membrane is pushed under high pressure through the membrane to the freshwater side. A current

Saltwater is boiled and the water vapor is passed through a cooling condenser, where it condenses as freshwater.

Which of the following is the most abundant positively charged component of seawater? Calcium Chloride Magnesium Sodium Sulfate

Sodium

change in state from solid to gas

Sublimation

Which of the following is the second most abundant negatively charged component of seawater? Calcium Chloride Magnesium Sodium Sulfate

Sulfate

Which of the following best defines heat?

The energy transfer from one body to another due to a difference in temperature.

In water vapor, there is no interconnectedness of individual water molecules (no hydrogen bonds). True False

True

Which of the following best describes the Reverse Osmosis Method for desalination? -A current is run through positive and negative electrodes in freshwater separated by semipermeable membranes from seawater. -Large icebergs are brought to coastal waters off countries that need freshwater where they are melted. -Saltwater is boiled and the water vapor is passed through a cooling condenser, where it condenses as freshwater. -Seawater is frozen and thawed multiple times, with the salts washed from the ice between each thawing. -Water on the salty side of a semipermeable membrane is pushed under high pressure through the membrane to the freshwater side.

Water on the salty side of a semipermeable membrane is pushed under high pressure through the membrane to the freshwater side.

The density curve for high latitudes shows ________ density at the surface and ________ density at depth. increased, increased decreased, increased increased, decreased decreased, decreased

decreased, increased

The Red Sea has ____________ water because of large amounts of ______________. brackish; runoff brackish; evaporation brackish; precipitation hypersaline; runoff hypersaline; evaporation

hypersaline; evaporation

Locations that experience seasonal seawater freezing have ___ in the surrounding seawater during that time.

increased salinity

The salinity curve for low latitudes shows ________ salinity at the surface and ________ salinity at depth. increased, increased decreased, increased increased, decreased decreased, decreased

increased, decreased

Atoms that have lost or gained one or more electrons are called ________. electrons molecules neutrons ions protons

ions

What common household item is used in this video to demonstrate how the ocean is layered based on density? a balloon tap water, with a small amount of food coloring Silly Putty a can of soda a kitchen utensil

tap water, with a small amount of food coloring

The states of matter in which water exists is primarily determined by: temperature. salinity. density. pH. chlorinity

temperature

What happened when the two slats were pulled out?

The blue water sank to the bottom and the red water rose to the top.

Most processes that affect the ocean's salinity occur ___________. at the ocean surface at depths of 100-300 meters at depths of 500-1000 meters at depths of 1-2 kilometers at the ocean floor

at the ocean surface

basic building blocks of all matter

atoms

The surface tension of water: increases as density decreases. is relatively low. is very similar in other liquids. is related to salinity. is relatively high.

is relatively high.

Sea surface salinity is greatest at which of the following latitudes? 45 degrees 85 degrees 5 degrees 25 degrees 65 degrees

25 degrees

The average salinity of typical seawater is: 0.35%. 3.5%. 10%. 25%. 2.0%.

3.5%.

In the open ocean, average seawater salinity is ___________. 0.0035‰ 0.035‰ 0.35‰ 3.5‰ 35‰

35‰

Which of the following properties of pure water is different depending on the amount of water present? Color pH Density Odor Taste

Color

change in state from gas to liquid

Condensation

There is a general trend of decreasing pH with increasing water depth in the ocean. What is the cause of this pattern?

Deeper, colder ocean water contains more dissolved carbon dioxide, which causes the pH to be lower.

area of rapid change in salinity with slight change in depth halocline. Pycnocline. barocline. isocline. thermocline.

Halocline

Which of the following methods cannot be used to desalinate water? Reverse osmosis Electrolysis Osmosis Distillation Freeze separation

Osmosis

Which of the following best describes the Freeze Separation Method for desalination? -A current is run through positive and negative electrodes in freshwater separated by semipermeable membranes from seawater. -Large icebergs are brought to coastal waters off countries that need freshwater where they are melted. -Saltwater is boiled and the water vapor is passed through a cooling condenser, where it condenses as freshwater. -Seawater is frozen and thawed multiple times, with the salts washed from the ice between each thawing. -Water on the salty side of a semipermeable membrane is pushed under high pressure through the membrane to the freshwater side.

Seawater is frozen and thawed multiple times, with the salts washed from the ice between each thawing.

As a whole, the pH of surface waters of the ocean is slightly __________. acidic alkaline neutral

alkaline

Both the thermocline and pyncocline present a __ to mixing between near surface waters and deep ocean depths.

barrier

Carbon dioxide (CO2) combines with water (H2O) to form __________. bicarbonate ions (HCO3 −) calcium carbonate (CaCO3) hydrogen ions (H−) carbonic acid (H2CO3) carbonate ions (CO3 −2)

carbonic acid (H2CO3)

Calcite-secreting organisms such as __________ and __________ live in the ocean's sunlit surface waters and form the basis of most marine food webs. diatoms; radiolarians coccolithophores; radiolarians diatoms; foraminifers coccolithophores; foraminifers

coccolithophores; foraminifers

Locations that experience seasonal melting have ___ in the surrounding seawater during that time

decreased salinity

As the salinity of seawater increases, its: residence time decreases. density increases. residence time changes. density decreases. residence time increases.

density increases.

There is no pycnocline in _______ latitude regions because _____________. -high-; the water column is uniformly cold and dense -low-; the water is too cold there -high-; there is an excess of carbon dioxide at the surface, thus creating conditions of pH disequilibrium -low-; it obeys the principle of constant proportions -high-; it has sunk below the surface -low-; the water is so clear there

high-; the water column is uniformly cold and dense

The pH scale is a measure of the __________ ion concentration of a solution. bicarbonate carbonic acid hydroxide carbonate hydrogen

hydrogen

charged atoms due to the gain or loss of one or more electrons

ions

We expect a water column to be __ for density at high latitudes

isopycnal

Water that is __ will be represented by a straight line on a graph showing variations of temperature with depth

isothermal

A layer in the ocean where a rapid change in ocean density occurs with a change in depth is called a: halocline. pycnocline. barocline. isocline. thermocline.

pycnocline.

Hydrogen bonds form between neighboring water molecules because of: electron sharing. the viscosity of water. surface tension. electron transfer. the polarity of water molecules

the polarity of water molecules.

The Principle of Constant Proportions states that: -the relative concentrations of the major ions in seawater does not change. -the percentage of sodium varies with ocean depth. -the percentage of chloride varies with geographical location. -ocean salinity varies with geographical location. -ocean salinity varies as a function of season.

the relative concentrations of the major ions in seawater does not change.

Of the following statements about the density of seawater, which is/are true? Choose all that apply. An increase in salinity increases seawater density. A decrease in salinity increases seawater density. An increase in temperature increases seawater density. A decrease in temperature increases seawater density. An increase in pressure with depth has a negligible effect on density.

- An increase in salinity increases seawater density. A decrease in temperature increases seawater density - An increase in pressure with depth has a negligible effect on density.

If you were an explorer stranded in the Arctic Ocean, what method(s) could you use for creating fresh drinking water? Choose all that apply. Boil seawater; catch and condense the water vapor. Melt recently frozen seawater. Heat sea ice that formed a long time ago. Catch and melt fresh falling snow.

- Catch and melt fresh falling snow. - Boil seawater; catch and condense the water vapor. - Heat sea ice that formed a long time ago.

Which of the following techniques can be used to measure the salinity of seawater? Choose all that apply. -Record the temperature of the water. -Measure the chlorinity of the water. -Observe the clarity of the water. -Evaporate the water sample and weigh the amount of solids that precipitate out. -Determine very exactly the amount of light that can pass through the water. -Pass electrical current through the water.

- Evaporate the water sample and weigh the amount of solids that precipitate out. - Measure the chlorinity of the water. - Pass electrical current through the water.

Of the following statements about water's latent heat and changes in state, which is/are true? Choose all that apply. -Latent heat allows water to transfer energy from one place to another. -When water evaporates, its latent heat of evaporation absorbs heat. -In all three states of matter, there are no strong (covalent) bonds. -When water vapor condenses and forms a liquid, it releases heat to the environment. -In the vapor state, there are no weak (hydrogen) bonds between water molecules. -In the solid state, all water molecules are connected by weak (hydrogen) bonds.

- In the vapor state, there are no weak (hydrogen) bonds between water molecules. - In the solid state, all water molecules are connected by weak (hydrogen) bonds. - When water evaporates, its latent heat of evaporation absorbs heat. - When water vapor condenses and forms a liquid, it releases heat to the environment. - Latent heat allows water to transfer energy from one place to another.

Part B - Water density case study. Select the three statements below that apply. -The samples must have been taken from a location in the ocean at high latitude. -The temperature of the water column is constant throughout its depth. -The sample analyses show there is no pycnocline present. -Isopycnal means the samples of the water column have constant temperature throughout its depth.

- The sample analyses show there is no pycnocline present. -The temperature of the water column is constant throughout its depth. - The samples must have been taken from a location in the ocean at high latitude.

Of the following statements about seawater salinity, which is/are true? Choose all that apply. -Seawater salinity averages 3.5%. -Seawater salinity averages 35 ppt. -An increase in salinity causes a corresponding decrease in electrical conductivity. -The two most common dissolved components in seawater are sodium and chloride. -Seawater salinity does not vary from place to place in the ocean.

- The two most common dissolved components in seawater are sodium and chloride. - Seawater salinity averages 35 ppt. - Seawater salinity averages 3.5%.

Of the following properties of water, which is/are caused by the unusual geometry of water molecules? Choose all that apply. -Water molecules form hydrogen bonds. -Water has cohesion and surface tension. -Water density is greatest when solid. -Water has the ability to dissolve just about anything. -Water molecules have polarity.

- Water has the ability to dissolve just about anything. - Water has cohesion and surface tension. - Water molecules form hydrogen bonds. - Water molecules have polarity.

What accounts for all of the unique properties of water? -Hydrogen and oxygen are atoms that are light in weight. -Water is a liquid at normal room temperature. -Water can be found to naturally exist in all three states of matter (solid, liquid, and gas). -The water molecule's unique geometry causes it to have a resulting electrical polarity. -All living things on Earth depend on it.

-The water molecule's unique geometry causes it to have a resulting electrical polarity.

Part A - Relationship between ocean temperature and density

-Top Left: Density -Middle Left: Water temperature constant, a few degrees above freezing -Bottom: Inversely related -Top right: Temperature -Middle right: Thermocline Bottom right: Water at maximum density

The density of seawater increases with ________ in temperature and ________ in salinity. -a decrease; an increase -a decrease; a decrease -an increase; a decrease -an increase; an increase -None of the choices is correct, because seawater density is independent of temperature and salinity.

-a decrease; an increase

Imagine you are swimming in the open ocean at a location near the equator. Based on the following data, can you determine how deep you would need to dive to reach a water temperature of 19°C? 550 meters 190 meters 5 meters 250 meters

550 meters

Which of the following best describes the Electrolysis Method for desalination? -A current is run through positive and negative electrodes in freshwater separated by semipermeable membranes from seawater. -Large icebergs are brought to coastal waters off countries that need freshwater where they are melted. -Saltwater is boiled and the water vapor is passed through a cooling condenser, where it condenses as freshwater. -Seawater is frozen and thawed multiple times, with the salts washed from the ice between each thawing. -Water on the salty side of a semipermeable membrane is pushed under high pressure through the membrane to the freshwater side.

A current is run through positive and negative electrodes in freshwater separated by semipermeable membranes from seawater.

in lower latitudes where a thermocline exists, as we drop down from the surface through water, water density will __ while water temperature will respond inversely.

Increase

Which of the following statements regarding water density is correct? -Increasing the pressure decreases the temperature of maximum density for freshwater because the formation of bulky ice crystals is inhibited. -Adding dissolved substances increases the temperature of maximum density for water because the formation of less dense ice crystals is suppressed. -Decreasing amounts of dissolved substances inhibits the formation of hydrogen bonds, which restricts the number of ice crystals that can form. -Decreasing pressure increases the number of water molecules in a given volume and inhibits the number of ice crystals that can be created.

Increasing the pressure decreases the temperature of maximum density for freshwater because the formation of bulky ice crystals is inhibited.

Which of the following is an application of the principle of constant proportions? -Calcium carbonate dissolves at an increasing rate with increasing depth until the calcite compensation depth is reached. -Increasing pressure increases the number of water molecules in a given volume and inhibits the number of ice crystals. -The concentration of a single major constituent can be measured to determine the total salinity of a water sample. -Siliceous ooze accumulates on the ocean floor as it is being dissolved because it accumulates siliceous tests faster than seawater can dissolve them.

The concentration of a single major constituent can be measured to determine the total salinity of a water sample.

The Baltic Sea has ____________ because of ______________. -brackish water; large amounts of runoff -brackish water; large amounts of evaporation -hypersaline water; large amounts of runoff -hypersaline water; large amounts of evaporation -the same salinity as seawater; equal amounts of runoff and evaporation

brackish water; large amounts of runoff

The depth at which calcite dissolves rapidly in the ocean is called the __________. halocline pycnocline calcite compensation depth or CCD lysocline thermocline

calcite compensation depth or CCD

We would expect the salinity of surface waters to be higher in regions where __________. -both precipitation and evaporation rates are low -both precipitation and evaporation rates are high -evaporation is much greater than precipitation -precipitation occurs only as snowfall -evaporation is much less than precipitation

evaporation is much greater than precipitation

Water __ when it is heated, making the density __.

expands, decrease

A layer of rapidly changing salinity with depth is called a ________. halocline lysocline pycnocline syncline thermocline

halocline

A group of two or more atoms held together by mutually shared electrons are called ________. protons neutrons molecules ions electrons

molecules

We might expect to encounter brackish ocean surface water __________. -off the coast of Washington and Oregon -in the mid latitudes of the North Atlantic Ocean -in the Persian Gulf -in the Mediterranean Sea -in the trade wind belt of the North Pacific Ocean

off the coast of Washington and Oregon

Which of the following statements regarding pH is true? -pH relates to relative acid-base ion balance in a solution. -Buffers accelerate large changes in the pH of a solution. -pH will change in deeper water when organisms with calcite shells sink. -A pH of 10 is acidic, and a pH of 3 is alkaline. -As a whole, the pH of the ocean is slightly acidic.

pH relates to relative acid-base ion balance in a solution.

What are the two controlling factors that affect water density? sunlight and darkness red and blue depth and pressure temperature and salinity top and bottom

temperature and salinity

Of the three different colored waters separated by slats, which one has the highest density?

the cold (blue) water, which has the lowest temperature

The primary difficulty that must be overcome in the use of desalination plants to provide fresh water is __________. -the high cost of energy involved -high maintenance costs for the plants -the destruction of marine life by the process -environmental damage from the brine effluent -poor quality of water produced by the plants

the high cost of energy involved