OCE1001 FSU exam 1 (chapters 1,2,4)
The first person we are aware of who determined the circumference of the Earth using trigonometry and the angle of sunlight at Alexandria, Egypt, was: Pytheas. Herodotus. Seneca. Eratosthenes. Ptolemy.
Eratosthenes.
Who is credited with being the first person to accurately determine Earth's circumference? Claudius Ptolemy Pytheas Erik Thorvaldson Eratosthenes Christopher Columbus
Eratosthenes
On average, how long do periods of reverse and normal polarity last? about 50,000 years about 100,000 years about 500,000 years about 1 million years
about 500,000 years
Which type of plate boundary is most closely associated with uplifting continental regions and mountain building? convergent boundaries transform boundaries divergent boundaries hot spot boundaries
convergent boundaries
Earth's second atmosphere formed from ________. outgassing the Sun's solar wind comet vaporization leftover gases from the nebula
outgassing
What are the reaction products of photosynthesis? View Available Hint(s) nitrogen gas and sugar water and carbon dioxide gas oxygen gas and sugar sugar and sunlight oxygen gas and carbon dioxide gas
oxygen gas and sugar
Which plate boundary is NOT associated with volcanic eruptions? convergent converse divergent transform
transform
Which phenomenon can explain the presence of volcanoes in the middle of the Pacific Ocean? subduction divergence hot spots transform motion earthquakes
hot spots
A cometary model of the formation of Earth's ocean must include the chemical difference between the ________ in comet ice and that in Earth's water. oxygen nitrogen carbon hydrogen
hydrogen
Sediments produced because of chemical reactions in seawater are called: hydrogenous. lithogenous. biogenous. volcanogenic. cosmogenous.
hydrogenous.
A tentative, testable statement about the general nature of a phenomenon is called a/an: hypothesis. guess. law. observation. theory.
hypothesis.
Coral reefs ________. were first described by Christopher Columbus during his voyage to Hispaniola form when underwater volcanoes are thrust upward during a tectonic event can be found at latitudes above 60° are most common in deep and cold sub-tropical basins include atolls, barrier, and fringing reefs
include atolls, barrier, and fringing reefs
his map depicts the voyages of the Vikings. Match the correct letter with the statements below.
1. A: This was the first new land conquered by the Vikings. (Iceland) 2. D: It is believed that Eric the Red may have discovered this area. (Baffin Island) 3. B: This is the land discovered by Leif Eriksson. (Vinland) 4. C: When Eric the Red was banished from Iceland, he discovered this land, where he later started a colony. (Greenland)
On the world ocean pie diagram below, match the percentage to the correct type of sediment.
1. B: Calcareous ooze 2. A: Abyssal clay 3. C: Siliceous ooze
This map depicts the voyages of some European explorers during the Age of Discovery. Match the route with each explorer.
1. B: Columbus 2. A: Magellan
This composite photomicrograph image shows various types of calcareous marine microorganisms that are found in sediment. Match the correct letter to the name and correct description of each organism listed below.
1. B: Foraminifers 2. C: Coccoliths (individual plates) 3. D: Coccolithophore (single) 4. A: Coccolithophores (multiple) 5. E: Diatom (siliceous)
This composite photomicrograph image shows various types of siliceous marine microorganisms that are found in sediment. Match the correct letter to the name and correct description of each organism listed below.
1. B: Radiolarian, showing long appendages 2. A: Diatom, showing both halves of its test 3. D: Diatom, top view 4. C: Radiolarian, spherical shape
On the pie diagram below, match the name of the ocean with its correct relative size.
1. C: Atlantic Ocean (2nd) 2. B: Indian Ocean (3rd) 3. A: Pacific Ocean (1st larget) 4. D: Arctic Ocean (4th)
The cross-section below shows an area of the sea floor that is accumulating sediments. Match the type of sediment/feature with the correct letter.
1. D: Calcite compensation depth (CCD) 2. B: Calcareous ooze 3. A: Abyssal clay 4. E: Siliceous ooze 5. C: Mid-ocean ridge 6. F: Upwelling, cool water
This global map shows the distribution of different types of marine sediment (different colors). Match the correct letter to the sediment type listed below.
1. E: Siliceous ooze: radiolarian 2. B: Abyssal clay 3. C: Neritic continental lithogenous 4. A: Siliceous ooze: diatom 5. D: Calcareous ooze
A container holds 100 atoms of an isotope. This isotope has a half-life of 1.5 months. How many total atoms will be in the container after 3 months? 100 atoms 50 atoms 33 atoms 25 atoms
100 atoms
Which of the following sets of coordinates refer to a location in Hawaii? View Available Hint(s) 19.500° N, 155.500° W 10° 30' 30" N, 10° 30' 30" W 5Q, 800,000 m E, 2,200,000 m N 30° 30' 30" N, 155° 30' 30" W
19.500° N, 155.500° W
A container holds 100 atoms of an isotope. This isotope has a half-life of 1.5 months. How many atoms of the radioactive isotope will be in the container after 3 months? 25 atoms 33 atoms 50 atoms 100 atoms
25 atoms
If you had an equally sized hand sample of each rock shown in the figure above, which would feel the heaviest? View Available Hint(s) 1 2 3 4 5
3
Which rock in the figure above is likely high in iron and magnesium? View Available Hint(s) 1 2 3 4 5
3
What is the approximate depth of the calcite compensation depth (CCD) in the ocean? View Available Hint(s) 0.6 mile (1 kilometer) 1.6 mile (2.5 kilometers) 2 miles (3.2 kilometers) 3 miles (4.5 kilometers) 4.3 miles (7 kilometers)
3 miles (4.5 kilometers)
Earth is about: 4.6 million years old. 40 billion years old. 400,000 years old. 4.6 billion years old. 6,000 years old.
4.6 billion years old.
Archeological evidence suggests that boat technology was developed about ________ years ago. 4,000,000 40,000 400,000 5,000
40,000
When did the Appalachian Mountains of North America begin to form? 300 million years ago 600 million years ago 150 million years ago 450 million years ago 250 million years ago
450 million years ago
On average, at what ocean depth does calcite readily dissolve into seawater? View Available Hint(s) 3400 meters (11,155 feet) 4500 meters (14,764 feet) 2000 meters (6562 feet) 100 meters (328 feet) 1000 meters (3281 feet)
4500 meters (14,764 feet)
When did our Solar System begin to form? 5 billion years ago 5 million years ago 5000 years ago 5 trillion years ago
5 billion years ago
When did the great mountain ranges of southern Europe and Asia begin to form? 450 million years ago 50 million years ago 600 million years ago 300 million years ago
50 million years ago
How did our Solar System begin to form? A large cloud of dust and gas began to expand under the force of gravity. A large cloud of dust and gas began to expand under the force of magnetism. A large cloud of dust and gas began to contract under the force of gravity. A large cloud of dust and gas began to contract under the force of magnetism.
A large cloud of dust and gas began to contract under the force of gravity.
Which of the following statements is most accurate? A moving India collided with a stationary Asia about 30 million years ago. A moving Asia collided with a stationary India about 30 million years ago. A moving India collided with a stationary Asia about 71 million years ago. A moving Asia collided with a stationary India about 71 million years ago.
A moving India collided with a stationary Asia about 30 million years ago.
The average depth of the world's oceans is approximately ________. A) 3,682 meters (12,080 feet) B) 840 meters (2,756 feet) C) 11,022 meters (36,161 feet) D) 2,172 meters (7,126 feet) E) 5,280 meters (17,323 feet)
A) 3,682 meters (12,080 feet)
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A) Ptolemy B) Christopher Columbus C) John Cabot D) Vasco de Gama E) Ferdinand Magellan
A) Ptolemy
Which of the following is an example of an oceanic-oceanic convergent plate boundary? Aleutian Islands Mendocino Fault East Pacific Rise San Andreas Fault Red Sea
Aleutian Islands
Which ocean basin is currently covered by extensive sea ice for much of the year? View Available Hint(s) Atlantic Ocean Indian Ocean Southern Ocean Arctic Pacific
Arctic
Which of the following is an example of an oceanic-continental convergent plate boundary? Mendocino Fault Aleutian Islands Andes Mountains San Andreas Fault Himalaya Mountains
Andes Mountains
Which of the following mountain ranges are examples of continental arcs? Andes and Cascades Andes and Hawaii East African Rift and Hawaii East African Rift and Cascades
Andes and Cascades
Which of the following mountain ranges are examples of continental arcs? East African Rift and Cascades East African Rift and Hawaii Andes and Hawaii Andes and Cascades
Andes and Cascades
Which of the following ideas support our current scientific understanding of the development of life on Earth? Choose all that apply. View Available Hint(s) As life evolved it significantly changed Earth's environment. Primitive life likely existed without the need for oxygen. The most primitive life on Earth needed sunlight to metabolize food. Early organisms evolved into more-complex organisms over geologic time. The "prebiotic soup" of the primitive oceans provided favorable conditions for life to develop.
As life evolved it significantly changed Earth's environment. Primitive life likely existed without the need for oxygen. Early organisms evolved into more-complex organisms over geologic time. The "prebiotic soup" of the primitive oceans provided favorable conditions for life to develop
Waters from which ocean basins combine to form the Southern Ocean? Choose all that apply. View Available Hint(s) Caspian Sea Atlantic Indian Pacific Arctic
Atlantic Indian Pacific
The four principal ocean basins (plus an additional ocean) on Earth are the: A) Atlantic, Arctic, Mediterranean, Southern, and Pacific Oceans. B) Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Southern, and Arctic Oceans. C) Antarctic, Caspian, Southern, Indian, and Pacific Oceans. D) Antarctic, Arctic, Indian, Pacific, and Southern Oceans. E) Atlantic, Antarctic, Southern, Mediterranean, and Pacific Oceans
Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Southern, and Arctic Oceans.
Why is this drilling process called rotary drilling? View Available Hint(s) Because the ship spins around in a circle to power the drilling process. Because the drill bit turns around in a circle. Because a high-powered rotary engine drives the drilling process. Because the constant pounding on the drill string causes a rotary motion.
Because the drill bit turns around in a circle.
Why does calcareous material dissolve below the CCD? View Available Hint(s) Deep-ocean marine organisms exude chemicals that cause calcareous material to dissolve. Below the CCD, weak acid is formed, which dissolves calcareous material. The lack of light in the deep ocean causes chemical reactions to occur that dissolve calcareous material. The higher salinity at depth reacts with calcareous material and causes it to dissolve
Below the CCD, weak acid is formed, which dissolves calcareous material.
Calcareous ooze is an example of which of the following sediment types? Biogenous Sediment Cosmogenous Sediment Hydrogenous Sediment Lithogenous Sediment Terrigenous Sediment
Biogenous Sediment
Siliceous ooze is an example of which of the following sediment types? Biogenous Sediment Cosmogenous Sediment Hydrogenous Sediment Lithogenous Sediment Terrigenous Sediment
Biogenous Sediment
What is the chemical formula for sugar? View Available Hint(s) H2O C3H6O3 C6H12O6 CO2 CHO
C6H12O6
What would happen if the depth of the CCD were above the top of the mid-ocean ridge? The mid-ocean ridge would dissolve. Calcareous ooze would not be found below the CCD. Calcareous ooze would be found below the CCD. Non-calcareous sediment on the mid-ocean ridge would dissolve.
Calcareous ooze would not be found below the CCD.
Trilobites were dominant during which geologic period? Permian Jurassic Devonian Ordovician Cambrian
Cambrian
Which of the following are microscopic, single-celled floating algae that accumulate to form biogenous sediment? Choose all that apply. View Available Hint(s) Radiolarians Foraminifers Coccolithophores Tektites Diatoms
Coccolithophores Diatoms
Which statement(s) below correctly describe differences between oceanic and continental crust? Choose all that apply. Oceanic crust is less dense than continental crust. Continental crust is mainly composed of granite, whereas oceanic crust is mainly composed of basalt. Continental crust is thicker than oceanic crust. Continental crust floats higher on the mantle than oceanic crust. Continental crust is dark in color, whereas oceanic crust is light in color
Continental crust is mainly composed of granite, whereas oceanic crust is mainly composed of basalt. Continental crust is thicker than oceanic crust. Continental crust floats higher on the mantle than oceanic crust.
Micrometeorites are an example of which of the following sediment types? Biogenous Sediment Cosmogenous Sediment Hydrogenous Sediment Lithogenous Sediment Terrigenous Sediment
Cosmogenous Sediment
Earth has three compositionally distinct layers—the crust, mantle, and core. The core has separate inner and outer sections that are physically different. For the following physical and compositional properties, sort each item into the bins for the layer of Earth that they best characterize.
Crust -is Earth's stiff, rigid, rocky shell -part of this layer has a relatively homogeneous composition, while the other part is less uniform in composition Mantle -contains a weak layer below the lithosphere -contains rock rich in magnesium and iron. Core -contains a liquid outer layer and a solid inner layer -contains iron and nickel
What would happen to Earth if ocean floor were created at divergent boundaries at a faster rate than it is destroyed at convergent boundaries? Earth would increase in mass. Earth would decrease in mass. Earth would decrease in volume. Earth would increase in volume.
Earth would increase in volume.
How are Earth's geographic and magnetic axes oriented relative to each other? Earth's geographic and magnetic poles are oriented in opposite directions. Earth's geographic and magnetic axes are oriented identically. Earth's geographic and magnetic poles are nearly perpendicular. Earth's geographic and magnetic axes are oriented at a slight angle to each other.
Earth's geographic and magnetic axes are oriented at a slight angle to each other.
Which of the following statements is/are true regarding Earth's oceans? Choose all that apply. View Available Hint(s) Earth's ocean is one big interconnected body of water. The Indian Ocean is about 7% the size of the Pacific Ocean. The Southern Ocean is one of the least-studied areas on planet Earth. The Arctic is a continent surrounded by land, whereas the Antarctic is an ocean surrounded by continents. NASA satellites fly over Antarctica.
Earth's ocean is one big interconnected body of water. The Southern Ocean is one of the least-studied areas on planet Earth. NASA satellites fly over Antarctica.
Which of the following statements about earthquakes with magnitude greater than 4.0 is most accurate? Earthquakes with magnitude greater than 4.0 occur in a pattern than correlates closely with hot spots. Earthquakes with magnitude greater than 4.0 occur in a pattern than correlates loosely with hot spots. Earthquakes with magnitude greater than 4.0 occur in a pattern than correlates closely with plate boundaries. Earthquakes with magnitude greater than 4.0 occur in a pattern than correlates loosely with plate boundaries.
Earthquakes with magnitude greater than 4.0 occur in a pattern than correlates closely with plate boundaries
Which of the following is an example of an oceanic-oceanic divergent plate boundary? East Pacific Rise San Andreas Fault Mendocino Fault Red Sea Aleutian Islands
East Pacific Rise
Which of the following parts of Polynesia was populated last? Fiji, Tonga, and Samoa Easter Island New Zealand Hawaiian Islands Marquesas
Easter Island
Seafloor depth was first determined by what remote sensing technology? View Available Hint(s) Lidar Echo sounder Satellites Aerial photography Radar
Echo sounder
Who was killed in the Philippines during his last sea voyage after a skirmish with local people? Giovanni Caboto James Cook Ferdinand Magellan Prince Henry the Navigator Vasco da Gama
Ferdinand Magellan
Which of the following contains the most organic carbon on Earth? Gas hydrates Soil Peat Living organisms Fossil Fuels
Gas hydrates
Which of the following is a hollow steel tube with a heavy weight on top that is to collect sediment samples? Dredge Seiche disk Long line Gravity corer Rotary corer
Gravity corer
Why are ocean basins continually being destroyed and created, rather than simply being redistributed around Earth's surface like continents? High-density oceanic crust subducts beneath low-density continental crust where plates converge. Low-density continental crust is created where plates rift and diverge. High-density continental crust subducts beneath low-density oceanic crust where plates converge. Low-density oceanic crust subducts beneath high-density continental crust where plates converge. Low-density continental crust subducts beneath high-density oceanic crust where plates converge
High-density oceanic crust subducts beneath low-density continental crust where plates converge.
Which of the following is an example of a continental-continental convergent plate boundary? San Andreas Fault Mendocino Fault Himalaya Mountains Aleutian Islands Andes Mountains
Himalaya Mountains
Oolites are an example of which of the following sediment types? Biogenous Sediment Cosmogenous Sediment Hydrogenous Sediment Lithogenous Sediment Terrigenous Sediment
Hydrogenous Sediment
Rock salt (halite) is an example of which of the following sediment types? Biogenous Sediment Cosmogenous Sediment Hydrogenous Sediment Lithogenous Sediment Terrigenous Sediment
Hydrogenous Sediment
What happened to the nebular gas that remained from the formation of the planets and their satellites? It condensed to form Earth's ocean. It escaped into the vacuum of space. It was blown away by the solar wind. It is about 10% of the modern earth atmosphere.
It was blown away by the solar wind.
The explorer who advanced oceanography by introducing systematic soundings, or depth measurements, was __________. View Available Hint(s) James Cameron Christopher Columbus Jacques Piccard Leif Erikson James Cook
James Cook
Who left Spain in September 1519 and became the first person to complete a circumnavigation of the globe when he returned to Spain three years later? Vasco da Gama Giovanni Caboto Juan Sebastian del Caño Ferdinand Magellan Vasco Nunez de Balboa
Juan Sebastian del Caño
Consider the geologic fate of the following seamounts and islands in the Hawaiian Island-Emperor Seamount chain. Assuming conditions remain favorable for coral growth, which would most likely be the next to form an atoll? View Available Hint(s) Maui Kauai Oahu Loihi Hawaii
Kauai
Abyssal clay is an example of which of the following sediment types? Biogenous Sediment Cosmogenous Sediment Hydrogenous Sediment Lithogenous Sediment
Lithogenous Sediment
Glacial deposits are an example of which of the following sediment types? Biogenous Sediment Cosmogenous Sediment Hydrogenous Sediment Lithogenous Sediment
Lithogenous Sediment
Sandstone is an example of which of the following sediment types? Biogenous Sediment Cosmogenous Sediment Hydrogenous Sediment Lithogenous Sediment
Lithogenous Sediment
Shale is an example of which of the following sediment types? Biogenous Sediment Cosmogenous Sediment Hydrogenous Sediment Lithogenous Sediment
Lithogenous Sediment
Terrigenous sediment is another name for which of the following? Biogenous Sediment Cosmogenous Sediment Hydrogenous Sediment Lithogenous Sediment
Lithogenous Sediment
Turbidite deposits are an example of which of the following sediment types? Biogenous Sediment Cosmogenous Sediment Hydrogenous Sediment Lithogenous Sediment
Lithogenous Sediment
Which of the following is Earth's rigid layer that includes the crust plus the topmost portion of the mantle? Asthenosphere Inner core Lithosphere Mesosphere Outer core
Lithosphere
Which geographic examples below result(s) from ocean-ocean convergence? Choose all that apply. View Available Hint(s) Marianas Trench Japan Andes Mountains The Himalayas Aleutian Islands
Marianas Trench Japan Aleutian Islands
Which of the following is an example of an oceanic transform plate boundary? Aleutian Islands Red Sea East Pacific Rise San Andreas Fault Mendocino Fault
Mendocino Fault
Which of the following natural gasses is most common in gas hydrates from under the ocean floor? Hydrogen sulfide Carbon dioxide Ethane Propane Methane
Methane
The ancient remains of which of the following, buried before they could decompose, are the source of today's petroleum deposits? Microscopic organisms Fish and amphibians Peat and coal Dinosaurs Land based plants
Microscopic organisms
What percentage of the rocks exposed on the continents originated as sedimentary rocks deposited in ancient ocean environments? Thirty to forty percent Forty to fifty percent Twenty to thirty percent More than fifty percent Less than twenty percent
More than fifty percent
What common household item is used in this video to demonstrate the properties of the asthenosphere? Silly Putty oil and vinegar salad dressing a balloon a can of soda
Silly Putty
Which of the following is Earth's liquid iron-nickel layer? Asthenosphere Inner core Lithosphere Mesosphere Outer core
Outer core
Of the following statements about density stratification, which is/are true? Choose all that apply. Outgassing is a direct result of density stratification. Density stratification has caused Earth's internal structure to be layered. Density stratification has caused the highest-density material to be found at Earth's core. The time periods of the geological time scale are based on events caused by density stratification. The origin of Earth's oceans and atmosphere are a result of density stratification. Density stratification caused the oxygen crisis on Earth.
Outgassing is a direct result of density stratification. Density stratification has caused Earth's internal structure to be layered. Density stratification has caused the highest-density material to be found at Earth's core. The origin of Earth's oceans and atmosphere are a result of density stratification.
Which of the following has the deepest waters? View Available Hint(s) Lake Baikal Atlantic Ocean Pacific Ocean Arctic Ocean Mediterranean Sea
Pacific Ocean
Which of the following is the largest natural geographic feature on Earth? View Available Hint(s) Great Barrier Reef Grand Canyon Antarctica Amazon Rainforest Pacific Ocean
Pacific Ocean
Which of the following tectonic plates are oceanic? Choose all that apply. View Available Hint(s) Nazca Plate Pacific Plate North American Plate Eurasian Plate African Plate
Pacific Plate North American Plate
What happens during radioactive decay? Energy turns into daughter isotopes. Daughter isotopes turn into energy. Daughter isotopes turn into parent isotopes. Parent isotopes turn into daughter isotopes. Parent isotopes turn into energy.
Parent isotopes turn into daughter isotopes.
Of the following, which energy resource(s) can be extracted from marine sediments? Choose all that apply. View Available Hint(s) Phosphorites Halite Petroleum Gas hydrates Manganese nodules
Petroleum Gas hydrates
The first recorded circumnavigation of Africa was made by the ________. Chinese Greeks Polynesians Phoenicians
Phoenicians
Which of the following statements is most accurate? Prior to 30 million years ago, Tibet was a much thicker landmass than it is today. Prior to 30 million years ago, Tibet was a much less dense landmass than it is today. Prior to 30 million years ago, Tibet was a much denser landmass than it is today. Prior to 30 million years ago, Tibet was a much thinner landmass than it is today.
Prior to 30 million years ago, Tibet was a much thinner landmass than it is today
The method of determining latitude in the Northern Hemisphere by measuring the angle between an observer's line of site to the North Star and line of site to the northern horizon was developed by: Eratosthenes. Pytheas. Ptolemy. Seneca. Herodotus.
Pytheas.
Of the following types of lithogenous sediment, which one(s) would you expect to find very far from the location of origin? Choose all that apply. View Available Hint(s) Quartz silt Boulders Volcanic ash Pebbles Quartz granules
Quartz silt Volcanic ash
Which of the following is an example of a continental-continental divergent plate boundary? Himalaya Mountains Mendocino Fault Andes Mountains San Andreas Fault Red Sea
Red Sea
Which of the following is the most advanced technology used to collect sediment samples from the deep ocean? Long line Rotary corer Dredge Seiche disk Gravity corer
Rotary corer
Which of the following is an example of a continental transform plate boundary? San Andreas Fault Mendocino Fault Aleutian Islands Andes Mountains Himalaya Mountains
San Andreas Fault
Ocean sediments consist of particles that have slowly settled out of the water by which of the following the processes? Paleooceanography Grain lithification Sediment compaction Suspension settling Porosity reduction
Suspension settling
Which of the following statements is true regarding tectonic plates? View Available Hint(s) Tectonic plate are composed of the crust and aesthenosphere. Tectonic plates may include both oceanic and continental crust. All tectonic plates are about the same size and shape. All plate boundaries trace the edges of the continents. All of these statements are correct
Tectonic plates may include both oceanic and continental crust
Based on definition, it is more appropriate to consider which ocean as a sea? The Pacific Ocean The Atlantic Ocean The Indian Ocean The Arctic Ocean The Antarctic Ocean
The Arctic Ocean
Which ocean is the shallowest ocean in the world? The Pacific Ocean The Atlantic Ocean The Indian Ocean The Arctic Ocean The Antarctic Ocean
The Arctic Ocean
What would happen to Earth if ocean floor were created at divergent boundaries at a faster rate than it is destroyed at convergent boundaries? The Earth would decrease in mass. The Earth would decrease in volume. The Earth would increase in mass. The Earth would increase in volume
The Earth would increase in volume
How did the Moon form? The Moon was captured by the gravitational pull of the Earth. The Moon erupted from the Earth leaving a scar at the Pacific Ocean. The Moon formed due to the impact of a Mars-sized body with the Earth. The Moon formed at the same time as the Earth due to simultaneous accretion.
The Moon formed due to the impact of a Mars-sized body with the Earth.
Which ocean covers more than half of the ocean surface area on Earth? The Pacific Ocean The Atlantic Ocean The Indian Ocean The Southern Ocean The Antarctic Ocean
The Pacific Ocean
Which ocean is the deepest ocean in the world? The Pacific Ocean The Atlantic Ocean The Indian Ocean The Southern Ocean The Antarctic Ocean
The Pacific Ocean
Of the following statements about the asthenosphere, which is/are true? Choose all that apply. The asthenosphere consists partially of crust and partially of mantle. The asthenosphere is composed of solid rocks associated with the rigid mantle. The asthenosphere is very hot and contains areas of partially molten rock. The asthenosphere will fracture under extreme pressure. The asthenosphere is a highly viscous layer located beneath the lithosphere. The asthenosphere is composed of liquid molten rock.
The asthenosphere is very hot and contains areas of partially molten rock. The asthenosphere is a highly viscous layer located beneath the lithosphere.
Which of the following statements is/are true regarding Earth's core? Choose all that apply. The core is composed of mainly iron and nickel, with some sulfur. Earth's core is composed of two layers that differ in physical properties. The outer core is liquid because it is so hot. Earth's core is composed of two layers that differ in chemical composition. The inner core is liquid because it is so hot.
The core is composed of mainly iron and nickel, with some sulfur. Earth's core is composed of two layers that differ in physical properties. The outer core is liquid because it is so hot.
What is the relationship between the crust and lithosphere? The lithosphere is a special type of crust. The crust is part of the lithosphere. The crust is a special type of lithosphere. The lithosphere is part of the crust.
The crust is part of the lithosphere.
What is the relationship between the crust and the lithosphere? The lithosphere is a special type of crust. The lithosphere is part of the crust. The crust is a special type of lithosphere. The crust is part of the lithosphere.
The crust is part of the lithosphere.
Collecting adequate samples from which of the following is the most difficult? Continental shelf The deep-ocean floor Estuaries and lagoons Marine sediments on land
The deep-ocean floor
Why does the sea floor have a striped pattern of magnetic anomalies that is symmetric with respect to the mid-ocean ridge? Choose all that apply. View Available Hint(s) The igneous rock of the ocean floor preserves Earth's existing magnetic field as the rock cools. Polar reversals cause existing ocean crust to remagnetize. The ocean floor is spreading apart and new sea floor is forming. The polarity of Earth's magnetic field experiences reversals. Marine organisms that live on the sea floor have caused this pattern.
The igneous rock of the ocean floor preserves Earth's existing magnetic field as the rock cools. The ocean floor is spreading apart and new sea floor is forming. The polarity of Earth's magnetic field experiences reversals.
What prompted the first widespread mapping of the ocean floor? View Available Hint(s) The sinking of the Titanic The importance of submarine warfare during World War II Conflicts over maritime (ocean) territorial claims during the 1970s The creation of NASA The laying of undersea telegraph lines between the United States and Europe
The importance of submarine warfare during World War II
Which of the following statements is true of the lithosphere? The lithosphere is composed of igneous rock. The lithosphere is composed of the crust and the uppermost portion of the mantle. The lithosphere is composed of metamorphic rock. The lithosphere is composed of outer mantle material. The lithosphere is composed of the inner portion of the mantle and the outer core.
The lithosphere is composed of the crust and the uppermost portion of the mantle.
Of the following statements about Earth's magnetic field, which is/are true? Choose all that apply. View Available Hint(s) The magnetic north pole may reverse so that it is located near the geographic south pole. The lines of the magnetic force are perpendicular relative to Earth's surface at the magnetic south pole. The lines of the magnetic force are parallel with Earth's surface at the equator. The lines of the magnetic force are perpendicular relative to Earth's surface at the magnetic north pole. Magnetic north is at the same point on Earth as the geographic north pole
The magnetic north pole may reverse so that it is located near the geographic south pole. The lines of the magnetic force are perpendicular relative to Earth's surface at the magnetic south pole. The lines of the magnetic force are parallel with Earth's surface at the equator. The lines of the magnetic force are perpendicular relative to Earth's surface at the magnetic north pole.
What happened when Mr. Trujillo hit the Silly Putty with his hammer? View Available Hint(s) The material remained unaltered and did not fracture or splash. The material flattened like a pancake without fracturing or splashing. The material splashed like a liquid. The material fractured like a solid.
The material fractured like a solid.
What happens when an oceanic plate converges with a continental plate? View Available Hint(s) The two plates slide past each other. A divergent plate boundary is formed. The two plates are forced upward, and a large mountain range is formed. The oceanic plate is subducted. The continental plate is subducted.
The oceanic plate is subducted.
As Heezen and Tharp interpreted the ocean depth data, they identified what unusual feature that hinted at continental drift? View Available Hint(s) The oceanic ridges have a broad, flat top very much resembling a table top. The oceanic ridges have a cleft, or rift, in the middle rather than a peak. They discovered a chain of very tall volcanoes in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean that do not rise higher than the sea surface. Ocean ridges are unique to the Pacific Ocean. Ocean ridges abruptly stop after a few hundred kilometers and then start again after a few hundred more.
The oceanic ridges have a cleft, or rift, in the middle rather than a peak.
What happens when an oceanic plate meets another oceanic plate? View Available Hint(s) The younger plate will be subducted. Both plates are subducted. The two plates are forced upward, and a large mountain range is formed. The older, colder oceanic plate is subducted. The two plates slide past each other.
The older, colder oceanic plate is subducted.
Of the following statements about the age of the ocean crust, which one is true? Select only one answer. View Available Hint(s) The oldest ocean crust is about 200 million years old and is located near an ocean trench. The oldest ocean crust is about 200 million years old and is located near the mid-ocean ridge. The oldest ocean crust is about 2 million years old and is located near an ocean trench. The oldest ocean crust is about 2 million years old and is located near the mid-ocean ridge. The oldest ocean crust is about 4.5 billion years old and is located near the edge of a continent.
The oldest ocean crust is about 200 million years old and is located near an ocean trench.
Two containers hold the same radioactive isotope. Container A contains 1000 atoms, and container B contains 500 atoms. Which of the following statements about containers A and B is true? The rate of decay of atoms in container A is greater than the rate of decay of atoms in container B. The rate of decay of atoms in container B is greater than the rate of decay of atoms in container A. The rate of decay of atoms in container B is the same as the rate of decay of atoms in container A.
The rate of decay of atoms in container A is greater than the rate of decay of atoms in container B.
Which of the following statements is/are true regarding the scientific method? Choose all that apply. The scientific method is an ongoing cycle. Scientists make predictions based on established theories. The scientific method ends with a theory that is regarded as an absolute truth. Most people will probably not use portions of the scientific method during their lifetime. The scientific method involves repeated testing and adjustment of hypotheses to explain observations.
The scientific method is an ongoing cycle. Scientists make predictions based on established theories. The scientific method involves repeated testing and adjustment of hypotheses to explain observations.
Why didn't India subduct under Asia? The two continents have different mass. The two continents have similar densities. The two continents have similar mass. The two continents have different densities.
The two continents have similar densities.
What happens when a continental plate meets another continental plate? View Available Hint(s) The denser continental plate will subduct. The two plates are forced upward, and a large mountain range is formed. The two plates slide past each other. A divergent plate boundary is formed. Both plates are subducted.
The two plates are forced upward, and a large mountain range is formed.
What did the maps of the ocean floor produced by Bruce Heezen and Marie Tharp reveal about seafloor topography? View Available Hint(s) There are ridges near the edges of the oceans, a few hundred miles from the edges of each of the continents. Ocean basins are very flat features. The seafloor data revealed that the middle of oceans is where continents appear to be drifting toward each other. There are ridges in the middle of the ocean basin floors. Ocean floors and continental areas are morphologically very similar to each other.
There are ridges in the middle of the ocean basin floors.
Why did Heezen and Tharp have to do "inspired guessing" when creating their maps of the ocean floor? View Available Hint(s) Data could not be collected for parts of the ocean that were greater than 10,000 feet deep. There were gaps in the data that were used to make the map because the tracks of the ships collecting the data were widely spaced. They were given only a small portion of the depth data by the Navy. The rest was classified. The data they used came from tracks of ships that overlapped each other. They were limited by the mapping technology of the time
There were gaps in the data that were used to make the map because the tracks of the ships collecting the data were widely spaced.
What do all plate boundaries have in common? Select only one answer. View Available Hint(s) They are all associated with zones of earthquakes. They are all located along the edges of continents. They occur entirely within the middle of continents. They are all associated with an abundance of volcanic activity. They occur only on the ocean floor.
They are all associated with zones of earthquakes.
Of the following statements about sea floor magnetic anomalies, which is true? Select only one answer. View Available Hint(s) They are oriented parallel to all mountain ranges. They are oriented perpendicular to deep sea trenches. They are oriented perpendicular to all mountain ranges. They are oriented perpendicular to the mid-ocean ridge. They are oriented parallel to the mid-ocean ridge.
They are oriented parallel to the mid-ocean ridge.
How do plants and animals gain the energy needed to carry out cellular functions? They utilize the energy from the sun to make sugar They utilize photosynthesis. They utilize the energy in carbon dioxide. They utilize the energy in sugar.
They utilize the energy in sugar.
What did the continents that formed during the break-up of the supercontinent 600 million years ago look like? The shapes of the Atlantic Ocean continents were almost exactly like the shapes we see today. They were nothing like the continent shapes we see on Earth today. The shapes of the Pacific Ocean continents were almost exactly like the shapes we see today. They were almost exactly like the continent shapes we see on Earth today.
They were nothing like the continent shapes we see on Earth today.
According to the Geologic Time Scale, which selection lists the correct order of coexistence, from earliest to latest? Trilobites and amphibians, insects and dinosaurs, flowering plants and fishes, dinosaurs and birds, humans and reptiles Insects and dinosaurs, trilobites and amphibians, dinosaurs and birds, flowering plants and fishes, humans and reptiles Trilobites and amphibians, insects and dinosaurs, dinosaurs and birds, humans and reptiles, flowering plants and fishes Trilobites and amphibians, insects and dinosaurs, dinosaurs and birds, flowering plants and fishes, humans and reptiles Trilobites and amphibians, dinosaurs and birds, insects and dinosaurs, flowering plants and fishes, humans and reptiles
Trilobites and amphibians, insects and dinosaurs, dinosaurs and birds, flowering plants and fishes, humans and reptiles
Who is credited with being the first European to see the Pacific Ocean? Ferdinand Magellan Vasco da Gama James Cook Vasco Nunez de Balboa Juan Sebastian del Caño
Vasco Nunez de Balboa
Why do some organisms thrive in warm surface waters? View Available Hint(s) Warm water is generally saturated in carbonate. Warm water is more dense than cold water. Warm water is higher in nutrients than cold water. Warm water holds more dissolved oxygen than cold water. Warm water is less salty than cold water.
Warm water is generally saturated in carbonate.
Did any subduction occur during the collision of India and Asia? Yes; a continent between these two continents subducted under India. Yes; ocean basin between these two continents subducted under India. Yes; ocean basin between these two continents subducted under Asia. Yes; another continent between these two continents subducted under Asia.
Yes; ocean basin between these two continents subducted under Asia.
Which type of plate boundary exists between India and Asia today? a convergent boundary a divergent zone a subduction zone a transform boundary
a convergent boundary
What is calcareous ooze? a fine-grained, deep ocean sediment containing the skeletal remains of calcite-secreting microbes a coarse-grained, deep-ocean sediment containing the skeletal remains of calcite-secreting microbes a fine-grained, shallow-ocean sediment containing the skeletal remains of calcite-secreting microbes a fine-grained, deep-ocean sediment containing the skeletal remains of ooze-secreting microbes a coarse-grained, deep-ocean sediment containing the skeletal remains of ooze-secreting microbes
a fine-grained, deep ocean sediment containing the skeletal remains of calcite-secreting microbes
Sediments that are poorly sorted were most likely deposited by: a river delta. organisms a glacier. the wind. a volcanic eruption.
a glacier.
What is a nebula? a large, diffuse cloud of dust and gas in space a large, diffuse cloud of dust and liquid in space a large, concentrated cloud of dust and liquid in space a large, concentrated cloud of dust and gas in space
a large, diffuse cloud of dust and gas in space
The important contribution to navigation made by Eratosthenes in the third century BC was __________. View Available Hint(s) the introduction of latitude and longitude lines on maps of the world devising a means of fixing longitude while at sea exploration outside the Mediterranean and into the North Atlantic Ocean discovery of a trade route from Europe around the African continent to India a reasonably accurate calculation of the circumference of our planet
a reasonably accurate calculation of the circumference of our planet
What is a volcanic arc? a row of volcanoes that forms on the downgoing plate near a subduction zone a row of volcanoes that forms on the ocean floor above a mid-ocean ridge a row of volcanoes that forms on the ocean floor above a hot spot a row of volcanoes that forms on the overriding plate near a subduction zone
a row of volcanoes that forms on the overriding plate near a subduction zone
What is a volcanic arc? a row of volcanoes that forms on the subducting plate near a subduction zone a row of volcanoes that forms on the overriding plate near a subduction zone a row of volcanoes that forms on the ocean floor above a hot spot a row of volcanoes that forms on the ocean floor above a mid-ocean ridge
a row of volcanoes that forms on the overriding plate near a subduction zone
What was Pangea? a supercontinent that formed 450 million years ago a supercontinent that formed 600 million years ago a supercontinent that formed 300 million years ago a supercontinent that formed 100 million years ago
a supercontinent that formed 300 million years ago
Evidence shows that periodic reversals of Earth's magnetic field have resulted in __________. View Available Hint(s) apparent polar wandering mass extinction of life-forms a symmetrical pattern of normal and reverse magnetization in ocean crustal rocks interruption of Earth's gravitational field seafloor spreading
a symmetrical pattern of normal and reverse magnetization in ocean crustal rocks
What is a scientific theory? a hypothesis that has been tested an explanation that is supported by political leaders and popular media an idea that is supported by a majority of the population an educated guess a well-substantiated explanation that is supported by facts, tested hypotheses, and logical inferences
a well-substantiated explanation that is supported by facts, tested hypotheses, and logical inferences
Which of the following are examples of pelagic sediments? Choose all that apply. View Available Hint(s) abyssal clay evaporites pebbles volcanic dust biogenic ooze
abyssal clay volcanic dust biogenic ooze
The most likely place to find abundant manganese nodules is on the: abyssal plain far from a continent. continental rise. crest of a mid-ocean ridge. continental shelf. All of the above locations contain manganese nodules.
abyssal plain far from a continent.
Radioactive materials can sometimes be used to determine the: ages of rocks. metamorphism. chemical composition of rocks. origin of rocks. formation method.
ages of rocks.
The nebular hypothesis suggests that: all bodies in the solar system formed from an enormous gas cloud. the Earth was formed by a cosmic explosion, a "big bang." Earth's moon is an asteroid captured by the Earth's gravity. the moon is derived from a protoplanet. galaxies such as the Milky Way form independent of one another.
all bodies in the solar system formed from an enormous gas cloud.
Where is the youngest ocean floor found? along chains of hot-spot volcanoes along the edges of continents along the axis of ocean trenches along the crest of mid-ocean ridges
along the crest of mid-ocean ridges
Where is the youngest ocean floor found? along the edges of continents along chains of hot spot volcanoes along the crest of mid-ocean ridges along the axis of ocean trenches
along the crest of mid-ocean ridges
What element(s) are found in high concentrations in continental crust? Choose all that apply. View Available Hint(s) magnesium quartz aluminum iron silica
aluminum silica
What common household item is used in this video to demonstrate rotary drilling? an apple corer a can of soda a candle Silly Putty oil and vinegar salad dressing
an apple corer
Which of the following is characteristic of oceanic-continental convergent plate boundaries? mid-ocean ridges fracture zones volcanic island arcs hot spots andesitic volcanoes
andesitic volcanoes
What factor primarily determines the distribution of radiolarian ooze? View Available Hint(s) windy areas areas of high salinity areas of upwelling areas of warm surface water areas of low atmospheric pressure
areas of upwelling
Isostatic adjustments are the result of the buoyancy of Earth's lithosphere as it floats on the ________ below which is denser and plastic like. mesosphere inner core asthenosphere outer core
asthenosphere
Where are tectonic plates located? below Earth's surface, near the core below Earth's surface, in the upper mantle at Earth's surface just under Earth's surface
at Earth's surface
Where do most earthquakes occur? View Available Hint(s) they are evenly distributed all over the world at plate boundaries on the continents in the middle of the plates at the bottom of the ocean
at plate boundaries
Where do magnetic field lines exit the Earth today? at the North Pole at the South Pole at the equator
at the South Pole
What type of organisms utilize photosynthesis? Choose all that apply. View Available Hint(s) fish autotrophs heterotrophs primary producers phytoplankton
autotrophs primary producers phytoplankton
Oceanic crust is primarily: basalt. carbonate sedimentary rocks. clay minerals. siltstone. granite.
basalt.
Which of the following are examples of neritic sediments? Choose all that apply. View Available Hint(s) beach sand abyssal clay manganese nodules siliceous ooze evaporite deposits
beach sand evaporite deposits
According to the fossil record on Earth, the earliest-known life-forms lived in sea floor rocks about 3.5 ________ years ago. trillion thousand million billion
billion
Earth's atmosphere became oxygen rich about 2.45 ________ years ago. million trillion thousand billion
billion
Evidence suggests that the Sun and the rest of the solar system formed about five ________ years ago. billion thousand trillion million
billion
Sediments produced by plants and animals in the sea are called: volcanogenic. biogenous. cosmogenous. hydrogenous. terrigenous
biogenous.
Which of the following sediments would you expect to find in a lagoon? Choose all that apply. View Available Hint(s) broken bits of coral siliceous ooze manganese nodules salt turbidites
broken bits of coral salt
Where might one find calcareous oozes on the seafloor? Choose all that apply. View Available Hint(s) buried beneath abyssal clay on the floor of deep-sea trenches buried beneath siliceous oozes along the crests of mid-ocean ridges, above the CCD on the abyssal plain, below the CCD
buried beneath abyssal clay buried beneath siliceous oozes along the crests of mid-ocean ridges, above the CCD
Which sediment below cannot accumulate below the CCD? View Available Hint(s) diatom tests abyssal clay turbidites calcareous tests manganese nodules
calcareous tests
Marine sediments that originate in the warm tropical surface ocean would create deposits in the deep sea composed primarily of ___________. View Available Hint(s) calcium carbonate metal sulfides quartz sand volcanic ash silica
calcium carbonate
One of the reasons that free oxygen in our atmosphere is important to the development and maintenance of life on Earth is because oxygen: reduces atmospheric temperature. was very abundant in Earth's early atmosphere. can form ozone and block some UV radiation. combines with iron in volcanic rocks. is necessary for photosynthesis to occur.
can form ozone and block some UV radiation.
Earth's early atmosphere most likely included: hydrogen, helium, and oxygen. carbon dioxide, water vapor, ammonia, and methane. ammonia, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water vapor. nitrogen, ozone, and sulfur dioxide. all the above.
carbon dioxide, water vapor, ammonia, and methane.
Although Earth's oceans have existed since early in the formation of the planet, its ________ must have changed. physical state textural makeup color distribution chemical composition
chemical composition
The sea floor provides the largest reservoir of usable energy in the ocean, and likely the world, in the form of ______________. View Available Hint(s) clathrates crude oil halites phosphorites coal
clathrates
From smallest to largest, which list of sediment particle sizes is in the correct order? View Available Hint(s) clay, silt, sand, pebbles silt, clay, sand, pebbles sand, silt, clay, pebbles pebbles, sand, silt, clay clay, sand, silt, pebbles
clay, silt, sand, pebbles
What have oceanographers determined from analyzing sea floor cores? View Available Hint(s) how fast sediment is accumulating in the deep ocean Highly-specialized marine life can exist at all depths in the ocean. how deep the ocean really is There is an abundance of human-produced trash on the deep ocean floor. climate change and past extinctions
climate change and past extinctions
Which sediment type dominates in the neritic environment? View Available Hint(s) hydrogenous sediments, such as manganese nodules fine lithogenous sediment, such as clay coarse lithogenous sediment, such as sand and small rocks biogenous sediment, such as diatom tests cosmogenous sediments, such as space dust
coarse lithogenous sediment, such as sand and small rocks
Which of the following features are found at an oceanic-continental convergent plate boundary? Choose all that apply. View Available Hint(s) mid-ocean ridge continental arc mountains island arc trench
continental arc island arc trench
In the figure above, which illustrates Earth's major layers. Which layer is represented by the letter B? View Available Hint(s) oceanic crust lithosphere mantle continental crust asthenosphere
continental crust
What sediment type(s) is/are included in the pink category labeled "Other" on the map? Choose all that apply. View Available Hint(s) diatom ooze cosmogenous sediments sand hydrogenous sediments rock fragments
cosmogenous sediments hydrogenous sediments
Sediments with an extraterrestrial origin are called: hydrogenous. biogenous. cosmogenous. volcanogenic. lithogenous.
cosmogenous.
What three steps are required for calcareous ooze to exist below the CCD? deposition of calcite shells below the CCD, cover of these shells by a non-calcareous material, and movement of the sea floor over millions of years deposition of calcite shells below the CCD, cover of these shells by a calcareous material, and movement of the sea floor over millions of years deposition of calcite shells above the CCD, cover of these shells by a non-calcareous material, and stability of the sea floor over millions of years deposition of calcite shells above the CCD, cover of these shells by a non-calcareous material, and movement of the sea floor over millions of years deposition of calcite shells above the CCD, cover of these shells by a calcareous material, and stability of the sea floor over millions of years
deposition of calcite shells above the CCD, cover of these shells by a non-calcareous material, and movement of the sea floor over millions of years
The separation of the Earth into layers while it was molten was the result of the: presence of water at Earth's surface. differing densities of the elements that make up the Earth. initial collection of materials and their position in Earth. gravitational force created by the rotating Earth. decrease in temperature downward toward the core.
differing densities of the elements that make up the Earth.
The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is an example of a: convergent plate boundary (oceanic-oceanic). transform fault boundary. convergent plate boundary (continent-continent). convergent plate boundary (continent-oceanic). divergent plate boundary.
divergent plate boundary.
What are the three types of plate boundaries? divergent, converse, and transverse divergent, convergent, and transverse divergent, convergent, and transform divergent, converse, and transform digressive, convergent, and transform
divergent, convergent, and transform
Plates move apart at __________ boundaries, move together at __________ boundaries, and move side by side at __________ boundaries. convergent/divergent/transform divergent/convergent/transform convergent/transform/divergent transform/convergent/divergent transform/divergent/convergent
divergent/convergent/transform
Plates move apart at __________ boundaries, move together at __________ boundaries, and move side-by-side at __________ boundaries. convergent/divergent/transform transform/divergent/convergent transform/convergent/divergent divergent/convergent/transform convergent/transform/divergent
divergent/convergent/transform
Forams, which are composed of calcium carbonate, __________ above the CCD and __________ below the CCD. View Available Hint(s) do not dissolve; do not dissolve do not dissolve; dissolve dissolve; dissolve dissolve; do not dissolve
do not dissolve; dissolve
Diatomaceous earth, which is composed of silica, __________ above the CCD and __________ below the CCD. View Available Hint(s) does not dissolve; dissolves does not dissolve; does not dissolve dissolves; dissolves dissolves; does not dissolve
does not dissolve; does not dissolve
A very important way to increase the settling rate of fine particles in the open ocean is via: wind. precipitation. deposit feeders. carbonate dissolution. fecal pellets
fecal pellets
In general, what are the Himalayan mountains composed of? extrusive volcanic rock folded and bent rock folded and faulted rock faulted and broken rock
folded and faulted rock
The main energy resources associated with marine sediments are petroleum and ________. wind power rare-earth elements coal gas hydrates ethanol
gas hydrates
The study of the structure of the sea floor and how the sea floor has changed through time is an example of ________ oceanography. biological chemical archaeological physical geological
geological
High-energy environments are most likely to deposit which one of the following? clay-sized particles manganese nodules large particles such as gravel cosmogenous sediments silt-sized particles
large particles such as gravel
Climate distribution on Earth is primarily controlled by: longitude. presence or absence of glacial debris. Earth's geologic history. plants and animals that live in an area. latitude.
latitude.
Sediments derived from pre-existing rocks on land are called: biogenous. cosmogenous. lithogenous. hydrogenous. volcanogenic.
lithogenous.
In the figure above, which illustrates Earth's major layers. Which layer is represented by the letter C? mesosphere asthenosphere mantle lithosphere crust
lithosphere
Rocks in which layer(s) of Earth are rigid? Choose all that apply. View Available Hint(s) outer core lithosphere inner core asthenosphere mesosphere
lithosphere inner core mesosphere
Tectonic plates are pieces of the ________ that float on the more fluid ________ below. mantle; crust crust; lithosphere asthenosphere; lithosphere lithosphere; mesosphere lithosphere; asthenosphere
lithosphere; asthenosphere
What element(s) are found in high concentrations in oceanic crust? Choose all that apply. magnesium iron silica quartz aluminum
magnesium iron
Of the following sediments, which one(s) is/are considered hydrogenous? Choose all that apply. View Available Hint(s) manganese nodules radiolarian ooze tests of foraminifers black volcanic beach sand abyssal clay coatings of metal sulfides near black smokers
manganese nodules coatings of metal sulfides near black smokers
What is the basis for relative positions of Earth's physical layers? material density, with the most-dense material on the surface and the least-dense material in the center material temperature, with the hottest material on the surface and the coolest material in the center material weight material temperature, with the coolest material on the surface and the hottest material in the center material density, with the least-dense material on the surface and the most-dense material in the center
material density, with the least-dense material on the surface and the most-dense material in the center
Which geologic features are associated with divergent boundaries? mid-ocean hot spots and continental rift valleys mid-ocean ridges and ocean trenches mid-ocean ridges and continental rift valleys mid-ocean hot spots and ocean trenches
mid-ocean ridges and continental rift valleys
Which geologic features are associated with divergent boundaries? mid-ocean ridges and continental rift valleys mid-ocean hot spots and continental rift valleys mid-ocean hot spots and ocean trenches mid-ocean ridges and ocean trenches
mid-ocean ridges and continental rift valleys
The Hawaiian Islands are located where the Pacific plate is: being subducted beneath Japan. being subducted beneath the North American plate. being thrust over the North American plate. diving under Japan. moving over a hot spot or mantle plume.
moving over a hot spot or mantle plume.
Complete this statement: Divergence is to moving away as convergence is to _______. moving side by side moving over moving toward moving under
moving toward
Complete this statement: Divergence is to moving away as convergence is to _______. moving under moving side-by-side moving toward moving over
moving toward
The type of marine sediment that forms the thickest deposits worldwide is: pelagic biogenous calcareous deposits. neritic, lithogenous sediment deposits. neritic siliceous sediment deposits. abyssal clay deposits. manganese nodule deposits.
neritic, lithogenous sediment deposits.
Which of the following is the first step of the scientific method? View Available Hint(s) testing hypothesis formulation observation prediction theory formation
observation
Imagine that you are enjoying a day at the beach in California, exploring tide pools. You find a California sea hare in the shallow water and gently scoop it into your hand. As you touch it, the sea hare releases purple ink into your hand. You think maybe the sea hare released the ink to scare you (a potential predator) away, but you are not sure. What steps of the scientific method have you performed in your inquiry? Choose all that apply. observation theory formation hypothesis formulation prediction testing
observation hypothesis formulation
Which geologic features are associated with convergent boundaries? mid-ocean ridges and volcanoes ocean trenches and volcanoes ocean trenches and continental rift valleys mid-ocean ridges and continental rift valleys
ocean trenches and volcanoes
Which geologic features are associated with convergent boundaries? ocean trenches and continental rift valleys ocean trenches and volcanoes mid-ocean ridges and volcanoes mid-ocean ridges and continental rift valleys
ocean trenches and volcanoes
Where on the ocean floor do abyssal clays develop? View Available Hint(s) on the deep-ocean floor, far from land within a delta, where rivers supply clay-sized particles at the bottom of the continental slope, in submarine fans on the seafloor beneath areas of high productivity in the surface ocean along the continental shelf
on the deep-ocean floor, far from land
What did the surface of Earth look like 600 million years ago? many small islands surrounded by magma many small islands surrounded by ocean one large continent surrounded by ocean one large continent surrounded by magma
one large continent surrounded by ocean
The study of historical changes of continental shapes and positions is called: paleoclimatology. paleogeography. paleomagnetism. sedimentology.
paleogeography.
In general, how do magnetic objects align relative to Earth's magnetic field? at an angle perpendicular parallel antiparallel
parallel
The seafloor magnetic pattern is best described as: not related to the location of mid-ocean ridges. perpendicular to and symmetric about mid-ocean ridges. parallel to, but not symmetric about mid-ocean ridges. perpendicular to, but not symmetric about mid-ocean ridges. parallel to and symmetric about mid-ocean ridges.
parallel to and symmetric about mid-ocean ridges.
Marine sediments provide valuable clues about which of the following Earth history events? Choose all that apply. View Available Hint(s) past catastrophes, such as major extinction events the climate on Earth millions of years ago movement of the ocean floor previous ocean circulation patterns the ancient geographical locations of ocean basins
past catastrophes, such as major extinction events the climate on Earth millions of years ago movement of the ocean floor previous ocean circulation patterns the ancient geographical locations of ocean basins
The study of the transmission of light and sound in the oceans is an example of ________ oceanography. physical geological chemical biological archaeological
physical
Earth's current atmosphere supports animal life because __________. View Available Hint(s) plant photosynthesis has provided carbon dioxide plant photosynthesis provides oxygen that is critical for aerobic respiration volcanic outgassing produced essential nitrogen and argon the oceans have provided water vapor bacterial action has produced essential methane
plant photosynthesis provides oxygen that is critical for aerobic respiration
Fossils of ancient tropical plants are currently found near the poles because the: poles were at the equator at times in the geologic past. plants were distributed to current locations by ancient glacial ice sheets. entire earth had warm, humid conditions at the time the plants were living. plants probably were tolerant of both tropical and polar conditions. plants lived in the tropics, but landmasses have drifted to current locations.
plants lived in the tropics, but landmasses have drifted to current locations.
Which process causes the surface geography of Earth to change over time? plate tectonics meteor impacts rock erosion volcanic eruptions
plate tectonics
When was the Precambrian eon? prior to 100 million years ago prior to 300 million years ago prior to 600 million years ago prior to 400 million years ago
prior to 600 million years ago
The number of organisms present in the surface water above the ocean floor is called ________. productivity dilution destruction ecology erosion
productivity
Neritic sediments are most likely to be composed of __________. View Available Hint(s) basalt fragments and metallic sulfides halite, gypsum, and anhydrite sand, silt, and gravel red clay biogenic ooze
sand, silt, and gravel
Which of the following factors affect the distribution of biogenic oozes on the seafloor? Choose all that apply. View Available Hint(s) seafloor spreading transform faulting biological productivity dissolution water depth
seafloor spreading biological productivity dissolution water depth
Our world ocean can be divided into four principal oceans plus an additional ocean, based on the ________ of the ocean basins and the ________ of the continents. position; latitude size; shape shape; position depth; elevation
shape; position
Which of the following organisms thrive in cold surface waters? Choose all that apply. View Available Hint(s) carbonate organisms siliceous organisms radiolarians diatoms foraminifers
siliceous organisms radiolarians diatoms
As shown in this video, Silly Putty will flow when stress is applied __________ and Silly Putty will fracture when stress is applied __________. View Available Hint(s) rapidly, slowly slowly, slowly slowly, rapidly rapidly, rapidly
slowly, rapidly
Deep ocean trenches are associated with: rift valleys. the mid-ocean ridge. transform faults. subduction zones. submarine canyons.
subduction zones.
Imagine that you are enjoying a day at the beach in California, exploring tide pools. You find a California sea hare in the shallow water and gently scoop it into your hand. As you touch it, the sea hare releases purple ink into your hand. You think maybe the sea hare released the ink to scare you (a potential predator) away, but you are not sure. What is the next step you would need to take to advance your understanding to the next level of scientific inquiry? testing observation theory hypothesis formulation prediction
testing
Compared to the rest of the planet, an unusually high concentration of hot spots and rifting is located on the continent of Africa. A likely explanation for this is that __________. View Available Hint(s) mantle plumes do not occur at divergent plate boundaries, and Africa has no divergent plate boundaries a large portion of Africa is located near the equator the African Plate is essentially stationary with respect to Earth's interior and the thick continental crust acts as a "heat blanket" the thick continental crust acts as a "heat blanket" and a large portion of Africa is located near the equator Africa is just very large
the African Plate is essentially stationary with respect to Earth's interior and the thick continental crust acts as a "heat blanket"
Which mountain belt lies to the north of India? the Alps the Rockies the Cascades the Himalayas the Andes
the Himalayas
Based on paleogeographic records, _____________. View Available Hint(s) India separated from Antarctica before North America was located at the equator the North Atlantic opened before North America was located at the equator India separated from Antarctica before the continents came together as Pangaea the continents came together as Pangaea before North America was located at the equator the North Atlantic opened before India separated from Antarctica
the North Atlantic opened before India separated from Antarctica
The largest geographic feature on the surface of Planet Earth is __________. View Available Hint(s) the Atlantic Ocean Eurasia the Antarctic ice cap Africa the Pacific Ocean
the Pacific Ocean
What is the scientific definition of half-life? the amount of time over which the number of daughter isotopes increases by half the amount of time over which the number of parent isotopes decreases by half the number of parent isotopes that will be lost during a single radioactive decay event the number of daughter isotopes that will be gained during a single radioactive decay event
the amount of time over which the number of parent isotopes decreases by half
In the demonstration, what does the apple represent? View Available Hint(s) the flying object on the end of a string a weight suspended in water a circular fish that isn't very streamlined the deep sea floor a grain of sand on a beach
the deep sea floor
What is meant by the term plate boundary? View Available Hint(s) the bottom of the plate, where the plate meets the core the edge of a plate, where two plates meet each other the bottom of a plate, where the plate meets the asthenosphere the entire tectonic plate the top of a plate, where the crust interacts with the atmosphere
the edge of a plate, where two plates meet each other
Sea floor spreading along the axis of an oceanic ridge results in symmetrical patterns of all of the following EXCEPT ______________. View Available Hint(s) the flow of heat through the crust the depth of the sea floor the age of the sea floor the paleomagnetic record the location of subduction zones
the location of subduction zones
Earth's magnetic field is similar to which of the following? the magnetic field of a horseshoe magnet the gravitational field of Earth the magnetic field of a bar magnet the magnetic field of Mars
the magnetic field of a bar magnet
What is the calcite compensation depth, or CCD? the ocean depth above which calcite is unstable and will dissolve quickly the ocean depth below which calcite is stable and will deposit quickly the ocean depth below which calcite is unstable and will dissolve quickly the ocean depth above which calcite is unstable and will deposit quickly
the ocean depth below which calcite is unstable and will dissolve quickly
Which of the following lines of evidence did Alfred Wegener use to support the concept of drifting continents? Choose all that apply. View Available Hint(s) the pattern of similar mountain belts on different continents the way the shapes of the continents fit together like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle evidence of glaciers in areas that are now tropical the distribution of species of fossils the composition of meteors from outer space
the pattern of similar mountain belts on different continents the way the shapes of the continents fit together like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle evidence of glaciers in areas that are now tropical the distribution of species of fossils
Plate tectonics and evolution, which are held with a high degree of confidence because of rigorous testing and verification, are examples of: theories. observations. guesses. hypotheses. laws
theories.
Where did the energy of the Sun come from originally? thermal energy that was converted from the magnetic energy of the original nebula collapse ultraviolet energy that was converted from the gravitational energy of the original nebula collapse ultraviolet energy that was converted from the magnetic energy of the original nebula collapse thermal energy that was converted from the gravitational energy of the original nebula collapse
thermal energy that was converted from the gravitational energy of the original nebula collapse
Compared to continental crust, oceanic crust is generally __________. thicker, denser, darker in color, and at lower elevations thinner, denser, darker in color, and at lower elevations thicker, less dense, darker in color, and lower in elevation thicker, less dense, lighter in color, and higher in elevation thinner, less dense, lighter in color, and higher in elevation
thinner, denser, darker in color, and at lower elevations
Where would the north end of a magnet point during a time of reverse polarity? toward the magnetic north pole toward the magnetic south pole toward the geographic South Pole toward the geographic North Pole
toward the magnetic south pole
Which of the following is characteristic of continental-continental convergent plate boundaries? volcanic island arcs mid-ocean ridges uplifted mountain ranges hot spots
uplifted mountain ranges
Which of the following is characteristic of oceanic-oceanic convergent plate boundaries? fracture zones hot spots mid-ocean ridges volcanic island arcs
volcanic island arcs
What are the reaction products of respiration? View Available Hint(s) nitrogen gas and oxygen gas sugar and energy oxygen gas and sugar oxygen gas and carbon dioxide gas water and carbon dioxide gas
water and carbon dioxide gas
What factor primarily controls the distribution of calcareous ooze? View Available Hint(s) water temperature proximity to land water salinity water depth nutrient availability
water depth
Current scientific knowledge indicates that the most likely origin of most of Earth's oceans was due to ________. water-bearing minerals found in meteorites water vapor released from volcanic outgassing release of liquid water from the core comets from outer space
water vapor released from volcanic outgassing
What does the term "asthenosphere" literally mean? hot sphere weak sphere viscosity sphere deep sphere flexible sphere
weak sphere
To find the largest area of the ocean with the oldest ocean crust, you should go to the ________. northern Atlantic western Pacific eastern Pacific southern Ocean near Australia
western Pacific
What mechanism(s) is/are responsible for transporting clay to deep ocean basins? Choose all that apply. View Available Hint(s) rivers underwater landslides ice rafting wind slow-moving ocean currents
wind slow-moving ocean currents
Tectonic plates move about as fast as ________. a snail crawls a child crawls your fingernails grow grass grows in the summer a river flows
your fingernails grow
