OCE1001 Pearsons Chapter 2

What surface feature would you expect to form if both a hot spot and a tectonic plate are stationary?

A single volcano

Seafloor depth was first determined by what remote sensing technology?

Echo sounder

The book The History of Ocean Basins, which contained the idea of seafloor spreading, was written by geologist:

Harry Hess

Which are Subduction zones: Island Arc Mid-Ocean ridge Seafloor magnetic strips Seafloor spreading Trench

Island Arc Trench

Ocean basins with continental margins are representative of the ________ stage of the Wilson Cycle declining mature suturing terminal juvenile

Mature

Which of the following was not used as evidence for continental drift?

Paleomagnetic reversals

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern: Pangaea Panthalassia Panamerica Tethys Sea Gondwanaland

Panamerica

Wegener used which of the following to provide evidence for continental drift?

Shape of continental margins

What is the relationship between the mantle and the lithosphere?

Some of the mantle is contained within a smaller layer called the lithosphere.

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern: Alfred Wegener Stanley Miller Drummond Matthews Frederick Vine Harry Hess

Stanley Miller

Which of the following statements is true regarding tectonic plates?

Tectonic plates may include both oceanic and continental crust.

Compared to the rest of the planet, an unusually high concentration of hot spots and rifting is located on the continent of Africa. A likely explanation for this is that __________.

The African Plate is essentially stationary with respect to Earth's interior and the thick continental crust acts as a "heat blanket"

What is the relationship between the crust and the lithosphere?

The crust is part of the lithosphere

What is meant by the term plate boundary?

The edge of the plate, where two plates meet each other

Which phenomenon can explain the presence of volcanoes in the middle of the Pacific Ocean?

hot spots

Coral reefs ________. -were first described by Christopher Columbus during his voyage to Hispaniola -can be found at latitudes above 60° -are most common in deep and cold sub-tropical basins -include atolls, barrier, and fringing reefs -form when underwater volcanoes are thrust upward during a tectonic event

include atolls, barrier, and fringing reefs

Moving from an oceanic ridge to an oceanic trench, the thickness of the lithosphere:

increases in proportion to the distance.

Climate distribution on Earth is primarily controlled by:

latitude

Tectonic plates are pieces of the ________ that float on the more fluid ________ below.

lithosphere; asthenosphere

The Hawaiian Islands are located where the Pacific plate is: -moving over a hot spot or mantle plume. -being thrust over the North American plate. -diving under Japan. -being subducted beneath Japan. -being subducted beneath the North American plate.

moving over a hot spot or mantle plume.

Complete this statement: Divergence is to moving away as convergence is to _______.

moving toward

Where in a lava lamp would the density of both materials be equal?

near the middle of the lamp

Chains of extinct volcanoes that are progressively older as one travels away from a hotspot are called ________. -volcanic arcs -nemataths -oceanic rises -ultra-slow spreading centers -oceanic ridges

nemataths

Which geologic features are associated with convergent boundaries?

ocean trenches and volcanos

The steeply-sloping and slower-spreading parts of the mid-ocean ridge are called ________.

oceanic ridges

Fossils of ancient tropical plants are currently found near the poles because the:

plants lived in the tropics, but landmasses have drifted to current locations.

The Himalaya Mountains are an example of the ________ stage of the Wilson Cycle.

suturing

What surface feature provides evidence for the location of hot spots?

volcanoes within tectonic plates

Which of the following lines of evidence did Alfred Wegener use to support the concept of drifting continents? Choose all that apply.

-the way the shapes of the continents fit together like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle -the distribution of species of fossils -the pattern of similar mountain belts on different continents -evidence of glaciers in areas that are now tropical

When did the Appalachian Mountains of North America begin to form? 300 million years ago 600 million years ago 450 million years ago 150 million years ago 250 million years ago

450 million years ago

When did the great mountain ranges of southern Europe and Asia begin to form? 450 million years ago 300 million years ago 600 million years ago 50 million years ago

50 million years ago

How are normal polarity and reverse polarity of Earth's magnetic field different?

A compass points toward the North Pole during normal polarity and to the South Pole during reverse polarity.

In general, what is our best evidence that the orientation of Earth's magnetic field has changed over time?

A record of Earth's magnetic field is recorded in oceanic rocks, which show a clear pattern of changes in Earth's magnetic polarity.

If the rate and direction of plate movement remain the same for the next 50 million years, an accurate prediction would then be: -Suturing of the Atlantic Ocean -Formation of a land bridge between Australia and Antarctica -Subsidence of the Himalayan Mountains -Rifting of the Eurasian plate to form a juvenile ocean -Accretion of the California Terrane onto Alaska

Accretion of the California Terrane onto Alaska

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern: Iceland Canary Islands Azores Aleutian Islands Galapagos Islands

Aleutian Islands

The first person to advance the idea of mobile continents or continental drift was:

Alfred Wegener.

What is the relationship between the mantle and the asthenosphere?

All of the asthenosphere is contained within a larger layer called the mantle.

What is the relationship between the crust and the lithosphere?

All of the crust is contained within a larger layer called the lithosphere.

Why does the orange liquid rise when the lava lamp animation is plugged in?

Although both liquids expand when heated, the orange liquid expands more.

Which of the following is an example of an oceanic-continental convergent plate boundary?

Andes Mountains

Where are tectonic plates located?

At Earths surface

Which of the following rocks is the most reliable one used to collect information about Earth's magnetic field where and when the rock originated?

Basalt

The first scientist to propose the origin of coral reefs based upon subsidence (sinking) of volcanic islands was: John Tuzo Wilson. Drummond Matthews. Alfred Wegener. Charles Darwin. Harry Hess.

Charles Darwin

Which of the following is the main reason that Earth has a magnetic field? Select only one answer.

Convection in the liquid iron-nickel outer core generates a magnetic field.

Plate convergence begins during which stage of the Wilson Cycle?

Declining

Iceland is located on what type of plate boundary?

Divergent

Which type of plate boundary is most closely associated with the formation of new ocean floor?

Divergent

Which of the following statements about Earth's magnetic field is most accurate?

Earth's magnetic field switches polarity at irregular time intervals.

Which of the following statements about earthquakes with magnitude greater than 4.0 is most accurate? -Earthquakes with magnitude greater than 4.0 occur in a pattern than correlates closely with plate boundaries. -Earthquakes with magnitude greater than 4.0 occur in a pattern than correlates loosely with hot spots. -Earthquakes with magnitude greater than 4.0 occur in a pattern than correlates loosely with plate boundaries. -Earthquakes with magnitude greater than 4.0 occur in a pattern than correlates closely with hot spots.

Earthquakes with magnitude greater than 4.0 occur in a pattern than correlates closely with plate boundaries.

Which of the following is an example of the embryonic stage of the Wilson Cycle? Red Sea Atlantic Ocean Mediterranean Sea Pacific Ocean East Africa

East Africa

Which of the following is an example of a nematath? Hawaiian Islands-Emperor Seamount Chain Iceland Great Barrier Reef Aleutian Islands Mariana Islands

Hawaiian Islands-Emperor Seamount Chain

Why are ocean basins continually being destroyed and created, rather than simply being redistributed around Earth's surface like continents? -Why are ocean basins continually being destroyed and created, rather than simply being redistributed around Earth's surface like continents? -High-density oceanic crust subducts beneath low-density continental crust where plates converge. -Low-density oceanic crust subducts beneath high-density continental crust where plates converge. -High-density continental crust subducts beneath low-density oceanic crust where plates converge. -Low-density continental crust is created where plates rift and diverge. -Low-density continental crust subducts beneath high-density oceanic crust where plates converge.

High-density oceanic crust subducts beneath low-density continental crust where plates converge.

Consider the geologic fate of the following seamounts and islands in the Hawaiian Island-Emperor Seamount chain. Assuming conditions remain favorable for coral growth, which would most likely be the next to form an atoll? Oahu Kauai Maui Loihi Hawaii

Kauai

Which of the following fossils was used as data to help reconstruct Pangea because it was a reptile found in South America and Africa?

Mesosauras

Which are spreading centers: Island Arc Mid-Ocean ridge Seafloor magnetic strips Seafloor spreading Trench

Mid-ocean ridge Seafloor magnetic stripes Seafloor spreading

Which of the following tectonic plates are oceanic?

Nazca Plate Pacific Plate

Of the following statements about ocean crust, which is/are true? Choose all that apply.

Ocean crust is destroyed at deep sea trenches. Ocean crust is created at the mid-ocean ridge.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: "Andesitic volcanic eruptions are usually less explosive and destructive than basaltic eruptions BECAUSE andesite magma is more viscous than basalt magma and contains a higher gas content." -The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. -The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. -The assertion is correct but the reason is incorrect. -The assertion is incorrect but the reason is correct. -Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

The assertion is incorrect but the reason is correct.

What would happen in the lava lamp if the orange liquid were denser at warmer temperatures than the blue/clear liquid shown in the animation?

The blue/clear liquid would rise toward the top when the lamp was turned on, whereas the orange liquid would sink.

What prompted the first widespread mapping of the ocean floor?

The importance of submarine warfare during World War II

Which properties of a lava lamp are important to remember when modeling convection?

The lava lamp contains two liquids with different densities that do not mix and that expand at different rates when heated.

Of the following statements about Earth's magnetic field, which is/are true? Choose all that apply.

The lines of the magnetic force are perpendicular relative to Earth's surface at the magnetic north pole. The lines of the magnetic force are perpendicular relative to Earth's surface at the magnetic south pole. The magnetic north pole may reverse so that it is located near the geographic south pole. The lines of the magnetic force are parallel with Earth's surface at the equator.

Which of the following statements is true of the lithosphere?

The lithosphere is composed of the crust and the uppermost portion of the mantle.

Alfred Wegener's continental drift hypothesis received much hostile criticism and ridicule from the scientific community because of which of the following?

The mechanism he proposed for the movement of the continents.

Why does the sea floor have a striped pattern of magnetic anomalies that is symmetric with respect to the mid-ocean ridge? Choose all that apply.

The ocean floor is spreading apart and new sea floor is forming. The igneous rock of the ocean floor preserves Earth's existing magnetic field as the rock cools. The polarity of Earth's magnetic field experiences reversals.

As Heezen and Tharp interpreted the ocean depth data, they identified what unusual feature that hinted at continental drift?

The oceanic ridges have a cleft, or rift, in the middle rather than a peak

Of the following statements about the age of the ocean crust, which one is true? Select only one answer.

The oldest ocean crust is about 200 million years old and is located near an ocean trench.

What would happen to the orange liquid in the lava lamp if heat did NOT conduct out of the top of the lava lamp?

The orange liquid would stay near the top of the lava lamp.

What did the maps of the ocean floor produced by Bruce Heezen and Marie Tharp reveal about seafloor topography?

There are ridges in the middle of the ocean basin floor

Why did Heezen and Tharp have to do "inspired guessing" when creating their maps of the ocean floor?

There were gaps in the data that were used to make the map because the tacks of the ships collecting the data were widely spaced

What do all plate boundaries have in common? Select only one answer.

They are all associated with zones of earthquakes

What did the continents that formed during the break-up of the supercontinent 600 million years ago look like? -They were almost exactly like the continent shapes we see on Earth today. -The shapes of the Atlantic Ocean continents were almost exactly like the shapes we see today. -They were nothing like the continent shapes we see on Earth today. -The shapes of the Pacific Ocean continents were almost exactly like the shapes we see today.

They were nothing like the continent shapes we see on Earth today.

Of the following statements about nemataths and volcanic arcs, which is/are true? Choose all that apply.

Volcanic arcs are associated with convergent plate boundaries. - Nemataths and volcanic arcs are both the result of volcanic activity. - In a volcanic arc, any of the volcanoes can be active at any time.

The Alps are an example of ________ plate boundary.

a continental-continental convergent

What was Pangea? a supercontinent that formed 450 million years ago a supercontinent that formed 300 million years ago a supercontinent that formed 100 million years ago a supercontinent that formed 600 million years ago

a supercontinent that formed 300 million years ago

The Mariana Trench is an example of ________ plate boundary.

an oceanic-continental convergent

The East Pacific Rise is an example of ________ plate boundary.

an oceanic-oceanic divergent

Which of the following is characteristic of oceanic-continental convergent plate boundaries?

andesitic volcanoes

Where do most earthquakes occur?

at plate boundaries

What is the appropriate term for the movement of the orange liquid in the lava lamp animation?

convection

Which type of plate boundary is most closely associated with uplifting continental regions and mountain building?

convergent boundaries

The Pacific Ocean is an example of the ________ stage of the Wilson Cycle. suturing declining terminal mature juvenile

declining

The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is an example of a:

divergent plate boundary

What are the three types of plate boundaries?

divergent, convergent, and transform

Plates move apart at __________ boundaries, move together at __________ boundaries, and move side by side at __________ boundaries.

divergent/convergent/transform

All continents fit together with the least number of overlaps and gaps when the continents are matched along ________.

edges at around 2,000 meters depth

How often does the Earth's magnetic field switch polarity?

every 100,000 to several million years

Coral reefs that initially develop along the margin of an island or continent where environmental conditions are suitable are called: -fringing reefs. -atolls. -barrier reefs. -patch reefs.

fringing reefs

Underwater volcanic peaks that resemble volcanoes on land except that they are flat on top are called ________.

guyots

Which geologic features are associated with divergent boundaries?

mid-ocean ridges and continental rift valleys

Where would you expect to see alternating bands of rock with different magnetic polarities?

on both sides of the mid-ocean ridge

What did the surface of Earth look like 600 million years ago? -one large continent surrounded by magma -many small islands surrounded by ocean -many small islands surrounded by magma -one large continent surrounded by ocean

one large continent surrounded by ocean

The study of historical changes of continental shapes and positions is called:

paleogeography.

Which process causes the surface geography of Earth to change over time?volcanic eruptions rock erosion meteor impacts plate tectonics

plate tectonics

When was the Precambrian eon? prior to 100 million years ago prior to 600 million years ago prior to 300 million years ago prior to 400 million years ago

prior to 600 million years ago

Large volcanoes on the seafloor that are cone-shaped on top because they never reached sea level are called: -seamounts. -hotspots. -tablemounts. -guyots. -mantle plumes.

seamount

Frederick Vine and Drummond Matthews determined that new ocean floor was being produced at ocean ridges by examining:

the magnetic pattern of rocks on the seafloor.

The flat top of a guyot or tablemount in deep water is evidence that __________. -the seamount was once at the surface of the ocean, but is now submerged due to plate movement and erosion when it was near sea level -the seamount has been submerged by rising sea level that resulted from global climate change -the seamount is an erosional remnant of a flat abyssal plain -burrowing organisms have destroyed the peak of the seamount -the seamount is an extinct volcano with the crater filled by a solidified lava lake

the seamount was once at the surface of the ocean, but is now submerged due to plate movement and erosion when it was near sea level

Which plate boundary is NOT associated with volcanic eruptions?

transform

When will a hot spot volcano become extinct?

when the volcano is carried away from the hot spot by the tectonic plate