Oceanography Ch 1-3

What is a linear sea floor feature that is seismically inactive, occurs beyond offset mid-ocean ridge segments, and the relative movement between two points on either side of the feature is in the same direction? A) Fracture zone B) Nemataths C) Guyots D) Transform fault E) Seaknolls

A) Fracture zone

Submarine canyons were most likely formed by: A) erosion by turbidity currents. B) scouring by glaciers during the last ice age. C) erosion by major rivers in the past. D) earthquake activity. E) deposition of terrestrial sediment.

A) erosion by turbidity currents.

The island of Java is an example of a volcanic island associated with volcanic activity at a ________. A) island arc B) transform fault C) mid-ocean ridge D) hotspot E) rift valley

A) island arc

Relatively few abyssal plains are located in the Pacific Ocean due to: A) the presence of convergent active margins. B) its smaller size compared to other ocean basins. C) the presence of seamounts. D) the absence of convergent active margins. E) all of the above.

A) the presence of convergent active margins.

C. submarine canyon

A. abyssal hill B. abyssal plain C. submarine canyon D. seamount E. tablemount

B. deep focus earthquake

A. black smoker B. deep focus earthquake C. hydrothermal vent D. rift valley E. white smoker

E. rift valley

A. continental margin B. active margin C. convergent active margin D. transform active margin E. rift valley

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Please identify the word and/or phrase that does NOT fit the pattern. Enter only the letter of the answer (caps, no period, and not the full entry) in the field below. A. passive margin B. ocean trench C. volcanic arc D. island arc E. continental arc

A. passive margin

D. seaknoll

A. rift valley B. oceanic ridge C. oceanic rise D. seaknoll E. seafloor spreading

D. abyssal plains

A. turbidity currents B. graded bedding C. turbidite deposits D. abyssal plains E. deep-sea fans

The majority of ocean trenches are associated with ___________. narrow or no continental shelves very deep ocean water depths subduction zones and associated faults the mid-ocean ridge volcanic arcs and active continental margins the Pacific Ring of Fire

ALL BUT MID OCEAN RIDGE

Directly seaward of the continental shelf is a more steeply sloping region called the: A) mid-ocean ridge. B) continental rise. C) continental slope. D) abyssal plain. E) trench.

C) continental slope.

Older lithosphere is destroyed in association with: A) hydrothermal vents. B) mid-ocean ridges. C) deep-sea trenches. D) spreading centers. E) fracture zones.

C) deep-sea trenches.

Underwater avalanches of muddy water mixed with rocks and debris are: A) graded bedding. B) deep sea fans. C) turbidity currents. D) turbidite deposits. E)white smokers.

C) turbidity currents.

Which of the following is an example of an active continental margin? Choose all that apply. A) west coast of Africa B) east coast of the United States C) west coast of Chile D) east coast of Brazil E) west coast of the United States

C) west coast of Chile E) west coast of the United States

A. abyssal hill B. abyssal plain D. seamount E. tablemount

C. submarine canyon

rift valley

Deep faulted structure found along the axes of divergent plate boundary's; rift valleys can develop on the seafloor or on land

subduction zones

Deep ocean trenches are associated with______.

subduction

Deep, ocean trenches are found formed by which process? (folding, rifting, seafloor spreading, subduction)

Active continental margins are characterized by which of the following?

Deep-sea trenches

density stratification

Density stratification has caused the highest-density material to be found at Earth's core

Which of the following is an example of a passive continental margin? Southern Coast of Alaska West Coast of Chile East Coast of Japan East Coast of the United States West Coast of Mexico

East Coast of the United States

The first person we are aware of who determined the circumference of the Earth using trigonometry and the angle of sunlight at Alexandria, Egypt, was

Eratosthenes

The first person we are aware of who determined the circumference of the Earth using trigonometry and the angle of sunlight at Alexandria, Egypt, was:

Eratosthenes

true

Every continent is part of a tectonic plate. (true, false)

false

Every major tectonic plate contains a continent. (true, false)

Graded bedding is created by turbidity currents. As the current slows, the larger suspended pieces of sediment fall out first, and then progressively smaller pieces settle out.

Explain what graded bedding is and how it forms.

abyssal plains.

Extending from the base of the continental rises into the deep-ocean basins are flat depositional surfaces called:

Echo sounding is not a very reliable way to measure ocean depth because water is a poor transmitter of sound. True False

FALSE

Convergent plate boundaries occur when tectonic plates move in opposite directions.

False

Early Polynesians only traveled within sight of land.

False

Free oxygen was abundant in the Earth's primordial atmosphere.

False

In Europe, significant oceanographic knowledge was acquired during the Middle Ages.

False

Oceanic crust is less dense than continental crust because it is made of silica and manganese.

False

The three major provinces of the ocean floor are continental margins, deep-ocean basins, and submarine canyons. True False

False

Water depth decreases as you move away from the mid-ocean ridge.

False

Which of the following is the standard unit of ocean depth? Meter Mile League Foot Fathom

Fathom

false

For the most part, the edges of the continents are the tectonic plate boundaries. (true, false)

The distinctive type of sedimentary layering that has largest particles on the bottom and smallest particles on the top, with intermediate sized particles in the middle, is called which of the following? Graded Bedding Turbidity Currents Nonconformities Suspension Deposits Sandstone Layering

Graded Bedding

The book The History of Ocean Basins, which contained the idea of seafloor spreading, was written by geologist:

Harry Hess.

Turbidity currents erode material from canyons as currents move downslope.

How do turbidity currents affect canyons?

age increases

How does the age of deadline sediments change with increasing distance from the ocean ridge?

infrequently

How often do turbidity currents occur?

semi-solid rock

How would you describe the material found at #3? (lava, magma, molten metal, semi-solid rock)

magma

How would you describe the material found at #5? (lava, magma, molten metal, semi-solid rock)

What happens when two continental plates converge?

Neither subducts; instead, a mountain range forms.

Where is the Alpine Fault located? Alaska The Alps California New Zealand near Egypt

New Zealand

divergent boundaries

New ocean crust is formed at _______.

false

North Carolina is very close to a tectonic plate boundary. (true, false)

Of the following statements about ocean crust, which is/are true?

Ocean crust is destroyed at deep sea trenches.

Of the following statements about ocean crust, which is/are true? (2)

Ocean crust is destroyed at deep sea trenches. Ocean crust is created at the mid-ocean ridge.

False

Ocean trenches are deep linear scars in the ocean floor caused by the divergence of plates along divergent plate boundaries. True or False

Why is the average depth of the ocean much greater than the average height of land? A) Oceanic crust is more dense than continental crust. B) More erosion happens on land than in the ocean. C) Continental crust is less buoyant than oceanic crust. D) Oceanic crust is cooler than continental crust. E) Continental crust is thinner than oceanic crust.

Oceanic crust is more dense than continental crust.

divergent plate boundaries.

Oceanic ridges and rises result from seafloor spreading along:

true

Oceanic ridges are cut by a number of transform faults, which offset spreading zones.True or False

North American

On the map, #1 is the _____ plate. (African, Australian, Eurasian, North American, South American)

Australian

On the map, #11 is the _____ plate. (African, Australian, Eurasian, North American, South American)

Eurasian

On the map, #2 is the _____ plate. (African, Australian, Eurasian, North American, South American)

South American

On the map, #6 is the _____ plate. (African, Australian, Eurasian, North American, South American)

African

On the map, #7 is the _____ plate. (African, Australian, Eurasian, North American, South American)

Faster waves?

P waves

Deep-ocean trenches and volcanic arcs result from the collision of two plates at convergent plate boundaries and mostly occur along the margins of which of the following oceans? Arctic Ocean Indian Ocean Southern Ocean Pacific Ocean Atlantic Ocean

Pacific Ocean

Tamu Massif, the largest single volcano on Earth occurs in which of the following oceans? Pacific Ocean Indian Ocean Atlantic Ocean Southern Ocean Arctic Ocean

Pacific Ocean

The largest of the ocean basins, which currently covers more than half of the ocean surface, is the

Pacific Ocean

The largest of the ocean basins, which currently covers more than half of the ocean surface, is the:

Pacific Ocean

supercontinent 250 million years ago

Pangaea

deep-sea trenches.

Passive continental margins are characterized by all of the following except: thick sediment accumulation. broad continental shelves. deep-sea trenches. very little volcanic and earthquake activity. shallow coastal waters.

asthenosphere

Tectonic plates float on top of a semi-solid, taffy-like layer called the _____. (asthenosphere, crust, lithosphere, mantle, mesosphere

convection

Tectonic plates motion is caused by _____ in the asthenosphere. (conduction, convention, insulation, radiation)

Converging continental-continental

The Himalayas in South Asia are an example of what type of plate boundary?

North American

The United States is part of the _____ plate. (African, Australian, Eurasian, North American, South American)

Of the following statements about the asthenosphere, which is/are true?

The asthenosphere is very hot and contains areas of partially molten rock The asthenosphere is a plastic layer that extends from the base of the lithosphere to a depth of about 700 kilometers (430 miles).

False

The continental shelf is generally defined as a steeply sloping zone extending from the shoreline to the shelf break. True or False?

False

The deepest portions of the ocean are part of the relatively narrow features called submarine canyons. True or False?

in the same direction as the plates are spreading.

The direction of motion along a seafloor transform fault is:

4,000-5,000 m below sea level

The greatest proportion of Earth's surface lies in this elevation/depth interval.

transform

The type of plate boundary where tectonic plate *slide* past one another sideways is called a _____ plate boundary. (convergent, divergent, tectonic, transform, transitional)

divergent

The type of plate boundary where tectonic plates move away from one another (*divide*) is called a _____ plate boundary. (convergent, divergent, tectonic, transform, transitional)

convergent

The type of plate boundary where tectonic plates move towards one another (*collide*) is called a _____ plate boundary. (convergent, divergent, tectonic, transform, transitional)

How is the age distribution pattern of the Hawaiian Islands-Emperor Seamount chain explained by the position of the Hawaiian hot spot?

The volcanoes in the Hawaiian Island-Emperor Seamount chain get progressively older as one heads northwestward from Hawaii. These age relationships suggest that the Pacific Plate has been steadily moving northwestward, while the underlying mantle plume has remained relatively stationary.

Describe the origin of Earth's oceans

The water that fills our oceans was mostly derived from outgassing, with a minor component coming from ice comets

false

There are sometimes gaps between neighboring tectonic plates. (true, false)

What do all plate boundaries have in common? Select only one answer.

They are all associated with zones of earthquakes.

What do all plate boundaries have in common?

They are all zones of earthquakes

Of the following statements about sea floor magnetic anomalies, which is/are true?

They are oriented parallel to the mid-ocean ridge

Of the following statements about sea floor magnetic anomalies, which is/are true?

They are oriented parallel to the mid-ocean ridge.

outer core b/c it's liquid

Through which earth later are S waves NOT transmitted through and why?

What is a linear sea floor feature that is seismically active, occurs between offset mid-ocean ridge segments, and the relative movement between two points on either side of the feature is in the opposite direction? Fracture zone Guyots Nemataths Seaknolls Transform fault

Transform fault

movement occurs in the same direction.

Transform faults have all of the following characteristics except:

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. Rift valley Pillow basalts Metal sulfide deposits Seamounts Trenches

Trenches

subduction

Volcanoes (on the land and in the ocean) are mostly formed by which process? (folding, rifting, seafloor spreading, subduction)

In science, which one of the following would be considered an observation

Waves are seen to approach the beach at an angle

In science, which one of the following would be considered an observation?

Waves are seen to approach the beach at an angle.

What was the main reason scientists objected to Alfred Wegener's idea of continental drift?

Wegener's proposed mechanism for movement was thought to be against the laws of physics.

What was the main reason scientists objected to Alfred Wegener's idea of continental drift?

Wegener's proposed mechanism for movement was thought to violate the laws of physics.

Pangea

Wegner's continental drift hypothesis stated that all the continents once joined together to form ________

seafloor spreading

What *process* creates new, oceanic tectonic plate material at divergent boundaries? (folding, rifting, seafloor spreading, subduction)

subduction

What *process* destroys old, oceanic tectonic plate material at convergent boundaries? (folding, rifting, seafloor spreading, subduction)

dense mixtures of sand, mud, and other debris that move at high speeds down submarine canyons

What are turbidity currents?

mid-ocean ridge

What is found at #1? (huge earthquakes, mid-ocean ridge, ocean trench, volcano)

semi-solid rock flowing

What is happening at #4? (magma rising, lithosphere melting, semi-solid rock flowing)

ocean trench

What is physical feature is found on Earth's surface at #3? (ocean trench, sinkhole, volcanoes, whirlpool),

Hydrothermal vents are home to unusual deep-ocean ecosystems that include giant tubeworms, large clams, beds of mussels, and many other creatures. These organisms are able to survive in the absence of sunlight because the vents discharge hydrogen sulfide gas, which is metabolized by Archaea (bacteria adapted to harsh conditions) to provide a food source for other organisms.

What kinds of unusual life can be found associated with hydrothermal vents? How do these organisms survive?

mountain chain

What physical feature do we find on Earth's surface at #1? (mid-ocean ridge, mountain chain, volcanoes, volcanic island arc)

rifting

What process can tear continents apart at divergent boundaries? (folding, rifting, seafloor spreading, subduction)

folding

What process creates mountain chains at convergent boundaries with continental crust? (folding, rifting, seafloor spreading, subduction)

seafloor spreading

What process does this picture show? (folding, rifting, seafloor spreading, subduction)

subduction

What process does this picture show? (folding, rifting, seafloor spreading, subduction)

all of these

What type of "activity: might you encounter are the edges of a tectonic plate? (earthquakes, mountain formation, volcanoes, all of these)

continental

What type of crust / lithosphere is shown? (continental, oceanic)

oceanic

What type of crust / lithosphere is shown? (continental, oceanic)

convection

What type of heat transfer is shown at #4? (conduction, convection, insulation, radiation)

convergent

What type of plate boundary is shown in the picture? (convergent, collisional, divergent, tectonic, transform)

divergent

What type of plate boundary is shown in the picture? (convergent, collisional, divergent, tectonic, transform)

convergent

What type of plate boundary is shown in the picture? (convergent, collisional, divergent, tectonic, transform, transitional)

convergent

What type of plate boundary is shown in the picture? (convergent, divergent, tectonic, transform, transitional)

all of these

What types of activity are found at plate boundaries like the one shown in the picture? (powerful earthquakes, tsunamis, underwater volcanoes, volcanic islands, all of these)

none of these

What types of activity are found at plate boundaries like the one shown in the picture? (powerful earthquakes, tsunamis, underwater volcanoes, volcanic islands, none of these)

powerful earthquakes

What types of activity are found at plate boundaries like the one shown in the picture? (powerful earthquakes, tsunamis, underwater volcanoes, volcanic islands, none of these)

graded bedding that begins as coarse material and becomes finer upward

What types of deposits do turbidity currents leave in alluvial fans?

could not provide a mechanism for continental movement

What was the main reason Wegners continental drift hypothesis was rejected?

repeated sequences of graded bedding that begin as coarse material and become finer upward

What would you look for as evidence that a rock layer formed from materials deposited by ancient turbidity currents?

What is sea-floor spreading?

When lava erupts through the narrow cracks formed long the oceanic ridge, adding new rock floor to the ocean floor.

earthquake

When two plates become stuck together and cannot move a(n) _____ is likely. (earthquake, volcanoes, new mountain)

very slow

Which best describes the speed of tectonic plate motion. (very slow, somewhat slow, fast, very fast)

seafloor spreading

Which process can be thought of as the opposite or reverse of subduction? (folding, rifting, seafloor spreading, none of these)

Do most lithospheric plates contain both oceanic- and continental-type crust?

Yes, most lithospheric plates contain both oceanic- and continental-type crust.

Continental shelf

a generally flat zone extending from the shore to the shelf break

continental shelf

a generally flat zone extending from the shore to the shelf break

multi-beam sonar

a method of mapping the topography of the ocean floor along a strip up to 60 km

The important contribution to navigation made by Eratosthenes in the third century BC was

a reasonably accurate calculation of the circumference of our planet

The important contribution to navigation made by Eratosthenes in the third century BC was __________.

a reasonably accurate calculation of the circumference of our planet

Which of the following is associated with a subduction zone?

a volcanic arc

Volcanic features on the ocean floor that are less than 1,000 meters (0.6 miles) tall are called: oceanic trenches. oceanic ridges. seamounts. tablemounts. abyssal hills or seaknolls.

abyssal hills or seaknolls.

Volcanic features on the ocean floor that are less than 1,000 meters (0.6 miles) tall are called: oceanic trenches. oceanic ridges. abyssal hills or seaknolls. seamounts. tablemounts.

abyssal hills or seaknolls.

An oceanographic vessel is mapping a section of the ocean floor stretching for tens of miles in all directions. The seafloor is extremely flat, with a slope of less than one degree, and the water depth is about 4,500 meters. The area being mapped is most likely a(n) __________. abyssal plain continental borderland continental rise continental slope continental shelf

abyssal plain

Extending from the base of the continental rises into the deep-ocean basins are flat depositional surfaces called

abyssal plains

Sediments deposited by the process of suspension settling produce the main sediment found on

abyssal plains

Sediments deposited by the process of suspension settling produce the main sediment found on ___________. Select only one answer. shallow islands in tropical seas the continental shelf abyssal plains the continental slope and rise submarine fans

abyssal plains

According to the nebular hypothesis

all bodies in the solar system formed from an enormous cloud composed of mostly hydrogen and helium, with only a small percentage of heavier elements

All of the following were accomplishments of Captain James Cook except

all of the above are correct

Evidence for continental drift includes:

all of the above.

Tablemounts

also called a guyot; sub-oceanic volcano with a flattened top that once existed about sea level

Describe how an echo sounder works

an echo sounder sends a signal from a ship downward into the ocean, where it produces echoes when it bounces off any density difference. The time it takes for the echoes to return to the point of origination is then used to determine the depth and corresponding shape of the ocean floor

If all were accessible, which of the following items would be best for geologists to examine to better understand Earth's internal structure?

an iron meteorite

Which of the following is characteristic of oceanic-continental convergent plate boundaries?

andesitic volcanoes

In general, where can the youngest ocean floor be found?

at the mid-ocean ridge

In general, where would the youngest ocean floor be found?

at the mid-ocean ridge

lithosphere atmosphere core asthenosphere mesosphere

atmosphere

With respect to mid-ocean ridges, transform faults are: a) located in submarine canyons. b) perpendicular to the ridge axis. c) parallel to the rift valley. d) associated with hydrothermal vents.

b) perpendicular to the ridge axis.

The measurement of ocean depth and the charting of seafloor topography is called __________. bathymetry navigation tomography cartography hydrology

bathymetry

Seamounts

below sea level but rises more than 1 kilometer above the surrounding ocean floor, with a conical or pointy top like an upside-down ice cream cone that never reached the ocean surface

passive continental margins are characterized by

broad continental shelf, shallow coastal waters, thick sediment accumulation, very little volcanic and earthquake activity

The faster the rate of spreading at the mid-ocean ridge or rise, the ________ the underwater volcanic mountain range.

broader (wider)

continental rise are formed

by many deep sea fans

One of the reasons that free oxygen in our atmosphere is important to the development and maintenance of life on Earth is because oxygen

can form ozone and block some UV radiation

One of the reasons that free oxygen in our atmosphere is important to the development and maintenance of life on Earth is because oxygen:

can form ozone and block some UV radiation.

P waves

can go through liquid rock

S waves

cannot go through liquid rock

characteristics of active continental margins include

chains of islands, deep-sea trenches, volcanic activity, earthquake activity

core

composed mostly of iron and nickel with a liquefied metallic outer layer

mantle

contains minerals rich in iron and magnesium, between the crust and the core, and has the second largest volume according to the chemical classification

Along which of the following would you NOT expect to find active volcanic activity?

continental collision zone

Where would you NOT expect to find significant volcanic activity?

continental collision zone

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Please identify the word and/or phrase that does NOT fit the pattern. Enter only the letter of the answer (caps, no period, and not the full entry) in the field below. A. abyssal plain B. continental flood basalt C. continental rise D. continental shelf E. continental slope

continental flood basalt

All continents fit together with the least number of overlaps and gaps when the continents are matched along:

contours at around 2000 meters in depth

An ocean trench is associated with what type of plate boundary?

convergent

An ocean trench is associated with which type of plate boundary?

convergent

Trenches are typically associated with ________. convergent continental margins fracture zones passive continental margins transform continental margins abyssal hills

convergent continental margins

lithosphere

crust and the uppermost mantle consisting of a solid rock layer

The lithosphere consists of Earth's

crust and uppermost mantle

The lithosphere consists of Earth's __________.

crust and uppermost mantle

Ocean trench

deep linear scars on the deep-ocean floor caused by plate convergence

ocean trench

deep linear scars on the deep-ocean floor caused by plate convergence

old lithospheric is destroyed in association with

deep sea trenches

Passive continental margins are characterized by all of the following except:

deep-sea trenches

Passive continental margins are characterized by all the following except: broad continental shelves. shallow coastal waters. thick sediment accumulation. very little volcanic and earthquake activity. deep-sea trenches.

deep-sea trenches.

What are turbidity currents

dense mixtures of sand, mud, and other debris that move at high speeds down submarine canyons

The separation of the Earth into layers while it was molten was the result of the

differing densities of the elements that make up the Earth

The separation of the Earth into layers while it was molten was the result of the:

differing densities of the elements that make up the Earth

The East Pacific Rise is associated with which type of plate boundary?

divergent

Plate boundaries where new oceanic crust is being added are called _____________.

divergent boundaries

The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is an example of a:

divergent boundary

Oceanic ridges and rises result form seafloor spreading along:

divergent plate boundaries

Oceanic ridges and rises result from seafloor spreading along: transform plate boundaries. convergent plate boundaries. divergent plate boundaries. none of the above.

divergent plate boundaries.

The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is an example of a:

divergent plate boundary.

Indian

does not fit

Jurassic

does not fit

Ptolemy

does not fit

atmosphere

does not fit

oxygen

does not fit

The direction of motion along a seafloor transform fault is: A) associated with turbidity currents. b) in the same direction as the ridge offset. c) influenced by underwater boundary currents. d) perpendicular to the direction of plate movement. e) in the same direction as the plates are spreading.

e) in the same direction as the plates are spreading.

Your job is to locate the world's plate boundaries. To do this, you may use only one map. The best map to choose for this job is a map that shows the worldwide locations of ___________________.

earthquakes

transform boundaries form what geological events?

earthquakes

Submarine canyons were most likely formed by: deposition of terrestrial sediment. erosion by turbidity currents. erosion by major rivers in the past. scouring by glaciers during the last ice age. earthquake activity.

erosion by turbidity currents.

All the following were accomplishments of Captain James Cook except :

exploring the Southern Ocean near Antarctica. mapping of unknown islands, including Hawaii, in the Pacific. measuring environmental characteristics such as water temperature. determining the outline of the Pacific Ocean.

Due to the very harsh environmental conditions, very few types of organisms are found in association with hydrothermal vents

false

Due to the very harsh environmental conditions, very few types of organisms are found in association with hydrothermal vents. True False

false

Hydrothermal vents are seafloor cold seeps with high concentrations of sulfur and salts. True False

false

Mid-Ocean ridges are rises that occupy a small portion of the deep ocean basin, only around 10%

false

Mid-ocean ridges are rises that occupy a small portion (around 10%) of the deep ocean basins. True False

false

New crust is formed at trenches and older crust is subducted at oceanic ridges.

false

Ocean trenches are deep linear scars in the ocean floor caused by the divergence of plates along divergent plate boundaries

false

Ocean trenches are deep linear scars in the ocean floor caused by the divergence of plates along divergent plate boundaries. True False

false

Seamounts are from ancient tablemounts

false

The continental shelf is generally defined as a steeply sloping zone extending from the shoreline to the shelf break

false

The deepest portions of the ocean are part of the relatively narrow features called submarine canyons

false

The magnetic field of the Earth reverses itself each time that magma erupts at a mid-ocean ridge.

false

The magnetic north pole has remained very close to the geographic North Pole throughout all of geologic time.

false

The majority of the world's hotspots are associated with plate boundaries.

false

The three major provinces of the ocean floor are continental margins, deep-ocean basins, and submarine canyons

false

the deepest portions of the ocean are part of the relatively narrow features called submarine canyons

false

Consider a continental margin that has a very broad, flat continental shelf and a slope that descends 1 km to the deep ocean basin. Based on this information, this margin is ___________________. lacking a continental rise seismically active near an offshore fault far from an oceanic ridge a continental borderland

far from an oceanic ridge

Consider a continental margin that has a very broad, flat continental shelf and a slope that descends 1 km to the deep ocean basin. Based on this information, this margin is ___________________. far from an oceanic ridge near an offshore fault lacking a continental rise seismically active a continental borderland

far from an oceanic ridge

Eratosthenes

first determination of Earth's circumference

Abyssal plain

flat depositional surfaces that cover extensive portions of the deep-ocean basins

Match the term with the appropriate phrase. abyssal plain a generally flat zone extending from the shore to the shelf break narrow and deep valleys on continental slopes shallow-water areas close to continents flat depositional surfaces that cover extensive portions of the deep-ocean basins deep linear scars on the deep-ocean floor caused by plate convergence

flat depositional surfaces that cover extensive portions of the deep-ocean basins

abyssal plain

flat depositional surfaces that cover extensive portions of the deep-ocean basins

deposition by waves

formation of continental shelves

All of the following are considered part of the continental margin expect the:

fracture zone

All the following are considered part of the continental margin except the: submarine canyon. continental shelf. fracture zone. continental rise. continental slope.

fracture zone

Coral reef development includes the following stages:

fringing reef, barrier reef, atoll

What is the characteristic layering of an individual turbidity current deposit called? velocity profile graded bedding layered stratum grand layering rip current

graded bedding

Explain what graded bedding is and how it forms

graded bedding is created by turbibity currents. As the current slows, the larger suspended pieces of sediment fall out first, and then progressively smaller pieces settle out.

What types of deposits do turbidity currents leave in alluvial fans

graded bedding that begins as coarse material and becomes finer upward

Overall, the Atlantic Ocean basin is ________, and the Pacific Ocean basin is ________.

growing; shrinking

A tablemount is another name for a(n) ________. island guyot seaknoll abyssal hill nematath

guyot

sound waves (specifically seismic reflecting profiling).

he method that used most frequently to investigate sediment and rock layers of the sea floor is:

If a container ship that is floating on water has weight removed from the deck, it would float __________ in relation to its previous position.

higher

Since the end of the last Ice Age, the melting of glaciers has caused continental landmasses to ride __________ with respect to the mantle.

higher

The Big Island of Hawaii is an example of a volcanic island associated with volcanic activity at a ________. hotspot transform fault deep sea trench island arc mid-ocean ridge

hotspot

ideas about the development of life on Earth make scientific sense

-As life developed on Earth, it began to significantly change Earth's environment

related to the formation of a density-stratified Earth

-Earth is layered based on density, with the highest-density material located at the deepest depths beneath Earth's surface

asthenosphere

-The asthenosphere is a plastic layer that extends from the base of the lithosphere to a depth of about 700 kilometers (430 miles)

Which of the following feature(s) is/are associated with the mid-ocean ridge? hydrothermal vents a central rift valley basalt volcanism and pillow lavas a trench thick layers of sediment volcanoes

-hydrothermal vents -a central rift valley -basalt volcanism and pillow lavas -volcanoes

Describe differences between transform faults and fracture zones

A transform fault is a seismically active are that shows evidence of pst transform fault activity. Two lithospheric plates are moving in opposite directions in a transform fault. A fracture zone, on the other hand, is a seismically inactive area that offsets the axis of a mid-ocean ridge. There is no relative motion because the lithospheric plates are moving in the same direction.

How did our Solar System begin to form?

A large cloud of dust and gas began to contract under the force of gravity.

slab-pull

A mechanism that contributes to plate motion in which cool, dense oceanic crust sinks into the mantle and pulls the trailing lithosphere along

ridge-push

A mechanism that may contribute to the plate motion; involves the oceanic lithosphere sliding down the oceanic ridge under the pull of gravity

Multi-beam sonar

A method of mapping the topography of the ocean floor along a strip up to 60 Km

what is a continental margin?

A part of a continent thats covered in shallow water

divergent boundary

A region where the rigid plates are moving apart, typified by the oceanic ridges

How can plate tectonics be used to help explain the difference between a seamount and a tablemount?

A seamount is a volcano with a cone-shaped top, whereas a tablemount is a volcano with a flattened top. Though both of these features originate at the crest (and topographic high) of the mid-ocean ridge, a tablemount has been subject to wave erosion when it rises above sea level. When the crust containing the tablemount is pushed away from the crest (and therefore onto a topographically lower position), or is moved away from a hot spot, it is re-submerged with its flat top.

5,550 meters

A ship's fathometer (an echo sounder) transmits a sound pulse and records the return of an echo 7.4 seconds later. If the speed of sound in water is 1,500 m/second, what is the water depth in meters?

Deep ocean trench

A surface future in the seafloor produced by the descending plate during subduction

Characteristics of passive continental margins include which of the following? A) Broad continental shelves B) Chains of islands C) Volcanic and earthquake activity D) Deep-sea trenches E) Thin sediment accumulation

A) Broad continental shelves

Imagine you are a geological oceanographer. As an expert, you are asked by a student to recommend the technique that would produce the most detailed map of a deep-water seamount near Hawaii. Which instrument would you recommend? multibeam echo sounder side-scan sonar precision depth recorder satellite altimetry seismic reflection

side-scan sonar

The two relatively flat areas on the hypsographic curve represent

some interior continental areas/ coastal plains and abyssal plains on the ocean floor

Oceanic ridges are cut by a number of transform faults, which offset spreading zones

true

Sediments of the continental rise can exhibit characteristics similar to those formed by rivers on land

true

The Wilson Cycle uses plate tectonic processes to show the life cycles of ocean basins during their growth, formation, and destruction over geologic time.

true

a sediment-laden current that flows off the continental shelf is called turbidity current

true

oceans with passive margins have continental slopes with more gradual slopes than oceans with active margins

true

the broadest continental shelves occur in the Arctic Ocean

true

Underwater avalanches of muddy water mixed with rocks and debris are:

turbidity currents

underwater avalanches of muddy water mixed with rock and debris are

turbidity currents

Which of the following is characteristic of continental-continental convergent plate boundaries?

uplifted mountain ranges

Match the term with the appropriate phrase. precision-depth recorder (PDR) a method of mapping the topography of the ocean floor along a strip up to 60 km used to determine ocean structure beneath the sea floor measurement of ocean depth and seafloor topography uses high frequency sound waves to measure ocean depth cumulative plot of area versus depth or elevation

uses high frequency sound waves to measure ocean depth

Precision-depth recorder (PDR)

uses high frequency sound waves to measure ocean depth

precision-depth recorder (PDR)

uses high frequency sound waves to measure ocean depth

All true oceanic islands are ________ in origin. sedimentary metamorphic volcanic collisional erosional

volcanic

Abyssal hills

volcanic features on the ocean floor are less than 1km; some of hte most abundant features on the planet that cover a large percentage of the entire ocean basin floor

Nearly all oceanic islands are

volcanic in origin

Nearly all oceanic islands are __________. (Choose the best answer.) parts of volcanic island arcs volcanic in origin parts of continents separated from continents formed at high-standing areas of mid-ocean ridges formed at hot spots as lithospheric plates pass over mantle plumes

volcanic in origin

Current scientific knowledge indicates that the most likely origin of most of Earth's oceans was due to

water vapor released from volcanic outgassing

Current scientific knowledge indicates that the most likely origin of most of Earth's oceans was due to:

water vapor released from volcanic outgassing

Warm water (From 30°C to 350°C) hydrothermal vents form: black smokers. abyssal hills. turbidity currents. white smokers. cold seeps.

white smokers

hydrothermal vents with extensive formations of precipitated barium sulfide are called

white smokers

Warm water (From 30°C to 350°C) hydrothermal vents form: abyssal hills. black smokers. white smokers. turbidity currents. cold seeps.

white smokers.

Of the following techniques, which one(s) can be used to map the sea floor? Choose all that apply. 1. recording many depths using a long cable 2. direct visitation of the sea floor 3. sending sound through water (sonar) 4. using satellites to measure the sea surface 5. measuring seawater clarity

1. recording many depths using a long cable 2. direct visitation of the sea floor 3. sending sound through water (sonar) 4. using satellites to measure the sea surface

A container holds 100 atoms of an isotope. This isotope has a half-life of 1.5 months. How many total atoms will be in the container after 3 months?

100 atoms

How much wider is the Atlantic Ocean today than when Christopher Columbus sailed? Assume that the Atlantic Ocean is getting wider at a rate of 3 centimeters per year (about 1 inch). (Round off the dates to the nearest century to make the calculation simpler.)

15 meters (about 49 feet)

What are 3 types of convergent boundaries?

2 oceanic plates converge, 2 continental plate converge, 1 oceanic and 1 continental plate converge

What are 2 types of divergent boundaries?

2 oceanic plates diverge, 2 continental plates diverge

If ocean crust forms at a rate of 10 centimeters per year, how much ocean crust can be created in 20 million years?

2000 kilometers

If ocean crust forms at a rate of 10 centimeters per year, how much ocean crust can be created in 20 million years? Select only one answer.

2000 kilometers

A container holds 100 atoms of an isotope. This isotope has a half-life of 1.5 months. How many atoms of the radioactive isotope will be in the container after 3 months?

25 atoms

The average depth of the world's oceans is approximately

3,682 meters (12,080 feet)

The average depth of the world's oceans is approximately:

3,682 meters (12,080 feet).

The greatest proportion of Earth's surface lies in this elevation/ depth interval

4,000-5,000 m below sea level

Earth is about

4.6 billion years old

Earth is about:

4.6 billion years old.

When did our Solar System begin to form?

5 billion years ago

A ships fathometer( an echo sounder) transmits a sound pulse and records the return of an echo 7.4 seconds later. If the speed of sound in water is 1,500 m/second, what is the water depth in meters

5,500 meters

A ship's fathometer (an echo sounder) transmits a sound pulse and records the return of an echo 7.4 seconds later. If the speed of sound in water is 1,500 m/second, what is the water depth in meters? 3,000 meters 4,550 meters 5,550 meters 7,400 meters 11,100 meters

5,550 meters

A rock sample contains 75 atoms of a parent isotope and 25 atoms of a daughter isotope. The half-life of the parent isotope is 100 years. How old is this rock?

50 years

What percent of Earth's volcanic activity, each year, takes place on the seafloor? What percent of Earth's volcanic activity, each year, takes place on the seafloor? 80% 70% 75% 85% 65%

85%

A. oxygen B. water vapor C. carbon dioxide D. methane E. ammonia

A

convergent boundary

A boundary in which two plates move together

transform fault boundary

A boundary much to put slide past each other without creating or destroying lithosphere

Volcanic island arc

A chain of all Volcanic Islands generally located a few hundred Kilometers from a trench where subduction of one oceanic slab beneath another is occurring

mid-ocean ridge

A continuous elevated zone on the floor of all the major ocean basins

Continental drift

A hypothesis that originally proposed that the continents had once joined to form a single supercontinent

The cities of Los Angeles and San Francisco, CA, are about 380 miles apart. Plate motion along the San Andreas Fault is about five centimeters per year. If the Los Angeles Dodgers and the San Francisco Giants continue to play at their current locations, how long will it be before their games will constitute a cross-town rivalry?

About 12,230,000 years

10

About how many MAJOR tectonic plates are there? (10, 25, 50, 100, 1000)

fracture zone.

All of the following are considered part of the continental margin except the: continental shelf. fracture zone. continental rise. continental slope. submarine canyon.

Satellites are used to map the ocean floor because: they can cover areas where ships have not produced surveys. the shape of the ocean surface itself reflects large features on the seafloor below. they are unaffected by surface weather. they can "see" large areas of the seafloor at one time. All the above statements are correct.

All the above statements are correct.

oceanic trenches.

Along the margins of the Pacific are found most of Earth's:

Have the oceans always been salty

Although Earth's oceans have existed since early in the formation of the planet (at least 4 billion years ago), its chemical composition must have changed due to the high carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide content in the early atmosphere, as well as volcanic outgassing of gases such as chlorine

The Dead Sea Fault separates which two tectonic plates? Eurasian and North American African and Indian Nazca and South American The Dead Sea Fault is a fracture zone and therefore does not separate two plates. Arabian and African

Arabian and African

lithosphere is not destroyed or produced

At a transform fault boundary, ______

A. Vasco de Gama B. Ptolemy C. Christopher Columbus D. John Cabot E. Ferdinand Magellan

B

A. black smoker C. hydrothermal vent D. rift valley E. white smoker

B. Deep focus earthquake

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Please identify the word and/or phrase that does NOT fit the pattern. Enter only the letter of the answer (caps, no period, and not the full entry) in the field below. A. continental shelf B. abyssal hill C. shelf break D. continental rise E. continental slope

B. abyssal hill

The measurement of ocean depth and the charting of seafloor topography is called __________.

Bathymetry

measurement of ocean depth and seafloor topography

Bathymetry

True

Black smokers are hydrothermal vents that discharge superheated water with high concentrations of metal sulfides. True or False

Describe seafloor spreading and why it was an important piece of evidence in support of plate tectonics.

Captain Hess suggested that new ocean crust was created at the mid-oceanic ridges and disappeared back into deep Earth at the trenches near the edges of ocean basins. This was an important piece of evidence in support of plate tectonics because it provided a mechanism for continental and oceanic plate motion.

The first scientist to propose the origin of coral reefs based upon subsidence (sinking) of volcanic islands was:

Charles Darwin.

The European "Age of Discovery" began with

Christopher Columbus' discovery of the "New World."

The European "Age of Discovery" began with:

Christopher Columbus's discovery of the "New World."

Regarding glacial ages, why is it unlikely that the entire world was covered by ice 300 million years ago?

Coal deposits from the same geologic age are now present in North America and Europe, which formed from the remains of vast tropical swamp plants.

continental and oceanic crust

Continental crust is thicker and less dense than oceanic crust

Which of the following statements regarding continental and oceanic crust is TRUE?

Continental crust is thicker and less dense than oceanic crust.

Which of the following features is related to transform faults along mid-ocean ridges? Fracture zone Continental rise Submarine canyon Continental shelf Continental slope

Continental rise

Where does the deep-ocean basin begin along a passive continental margin? Shoreline Continental rise Continental slope Abyssal plain Continental shelf

Continental slope

Which of the following is the main reason that Earth has a magnetic field? Select only one answer.

Convection in the liquid iron-nickel outer core generates a magnetic field.

What boundary is formed when plates come together at boundaries or CRASH

Convergent

Name the 3 types of boundaries

Convergent, divergent and transform(strike-slip)

A. Adriatic B. Black C. Caspian D. Indian E. Mediterranean

D

Which of the following is a difference between passive and active continental margins? A) Passive margins have narrower continental shelves. B) Transform active margins will have a trench, whereas passive margins will not. C) Convergent active margins have continental borderlands associated with basins and islands along the coast, whereas passive margins have a flat continental shelf. D) Convergent active margins will have a steep continental slope, whereas passive margins will have a more gradual slope. E) Convergent active margins have a more extensive continental rise.

D) Convergent active margins will have a steep continental slope, whereas passive margins will have a more gradual slope.

Which part of Earth's cumulative hypsographic curve includes linear scars in the ocean floor, caused by the collision of two plates along convergent plate margins? A) The gentle slope above sea level B) The long and flat part below sea level C) The shallowest slope below sea level D) The steep deepest part below sea level E) The steep segment above sea level

D) The steep deepest part below sea level

A. Turbidity currents B. Graded bedding C. Turbidite deposits E. Deep-sea fans

D. Abyssal plains

A. rift valley B. oceanic ridge C. oceanic rise E. seafloor spreading

D. seaknoll

Of the following statements about density stratification, which is/are true?

Density stratification has caused the highest-density material to be found at Earth's core. Density stratification has caused Earth's internal structure to be layered. Outgassing is a direct result of density stratification. The origin of Earth's oceans and atmosphere are a result of density stratification.

The mid-ocean ridge is a topographically high feature, composed of basaltic lavas. Along the crest is a rift valley created by seafloor spreading. Cracks and faults are commonly observed in the central rift valley. Ocean ridges are segments of the mid-ocean ridge with a prominent rift valley and steep, rugged slopes resulting from slower plate divergence. Oceanic rises have slopes that are gentler and less rugged due to faster plate divergence.

Describe characteristics and features of the mid-ocean ridge, including the difference between oceanic ridges and oceanic rises.

A transform fault is a seismically active area that shows evidence of past transform fault activity. Two lithospheric plates are moving in opposite directions in a transform fault. A fracture zone, on the other hand, is a seismically inactive area that offsets the axis of a mid-ocean ridge. There is no relative motion because the lithospheric plates are moving in the same direction.

Describe differences between transform faults and fracture zones.

An echo sounder sends a sound signal from a ship downward into the ocean, where it produces echoes when it bounces off any density difference (e.g., the seafloor). The time it takes for the echoes to return to the point of origination is then used to determine the depth and corresponding shape of the ocean floor.

Describe how an echo sounder works.

South America and africa

Did geographic distribution of the swimming reptile mesosaurus provide evidence that was two continents were once joined?

Iceland is located on what type of plate boundary?

Divergent

What kind of boundaries are formed when plate moves or pulls apart?

Divergent

False

Due to the very harsh environmental conditions, very few types of organisms are found in association with hydrothermal vents. True or False

The relief in which of the following regions is similar to that found in mountain ranges on the continents? A) Abyssal plain B) Continental shelf C) Shoreline D) Continental rise E) Continental slope

E) Continental slope

A. Continental margin B. Active margin C. Convergent Active margin D. Transform active margin

E. Rift valley

Of the following techniques, which one(s) can be used to map the sea floor? sending sound through water (sonar) using satellites to measure the sea surface recording many depths using a long cable direct visitation of the sea floor measuring sea water clarity

EVERYTHING BUT MEASURING

Of the following statements about Earth's hypsographic curve (figure shown below), which is/are true? The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the exposed land is below 1 kilometer in elevation. The hypsographic curve shows that the average depth of the ocean is about four times the average height of the continents. The hypsographic curve shows the percentage of Earth's surface area that is covered by ocean waters. The hypsographic curve shows the amount of water in the oceans. The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the ocean floor is below 4 kilometers deep.

EVERYTHING BUT The hypsographic curve shows the amount of water in the oceans.

Which of the following ideas about the development of life on Earth make scientific sense?

Early organisms likely evolved into more complex organisms. As life developed on Earth, it began to significantly change Earth's environment. The "prebiotic soup" of the primitive oceans provided a likely environment for life to develop. Primitive life likely existed without the need for oxygen.

false

Earth's continents have always been about where they are now. (true, false)

false

Earth's lithosphere is a solid outer shell with no cracks. (true, false)

Describe Earth's magnetic field, including how it has changed through time.

Earth's magnetic field is composed of invisible lines of magnetic force that originate within Earth and travel out into space. The polarity of the field has reversed itself throughout geologic time.

faults

Earthquakes are usually associated with _______.

What kinds of unusual life can be found associated with hydrothermal vents? how do these organisms survive

Hydrothermal vents are home to unusual deep-ocean ecosystems that include giant tube worms, large clams, beds of mussels, and many other creatures. These organisms are able to survive in the absence of sunlight because the vents discharge hydrogen sulfide gas, which is metabolized by Archaea (bacteria adapted to harsh conditions to provide a source of food for other organisms

This is for the cumulative plot of the frequency of depth or elevation

Hypsographic curve

Of the following statements about nemataths and volcanic arcs, which is/are true?

In a volcanic arc, any of the volcanoes can be active at any time.

Of the following statements about nemataths and volcanic arcs, which is/are true? (All/5)

In a volcanic arc, any of the volcanoes can be active at any time. In a nematath, the age of the volcanoes progressively decreases as you move closer to the volcanic source. A nematath is created by a hotspot. Nemataths and volcanic arcs are both the result of volcanic activity. A volcanic arc is associated with a convergent plate boundary.

sediment is trapped within the trenches of the convergent plate boundaries ringing the Pacific

In comparison with other ocean basins, major sedimentary features such as continental rises and abyssal plains are relatively rare in the Pacific. The primary reason for their scarcity in the Pacific is that __________.

true

In the distance future, scientists predict that the continents will move and join together in a single, large landmass. (true, false)

created

In the picture, lithosphere is being _____. (created, destroyed, none of these)

none of these

In the picture, lithosphere is being _____. (created, destroyed, none of these)

destroyed

In the picture, lithosphere is being _____. (created, destroyed, none or these)

true

It is usually more calm and peaceful when you live farther from the edge of a tectonic plate. (true, false)

sea surface elevation, which varies depending on the shape of the underlying sea floor

Measurement of ocean floor bathymetry from satellites relies on ___________. Select only one answer.

seafloor spreading

Mid-ocean ridges are formed by which process? (folding, rifting, seafloor spreading, subduction)

plate tectonic processes

Most ocean floor features owe their origins to _________.

true

Most tectonic plate boundaries are found under the ocean. (true, false)

Continental volcanic arc

Mountains formed in part by volcanic activity caused by the subduction of oceanic lithosphere beneath a continent

a method of mapping the topography of the ocean floor along a strip up to 60 km wide

Multi-beam sonar

convergent

Name the type of plate boundary shown in the picture. (convergent, divergent, tectonic, transform, transitional)

divergent

Name the type of plate boundary shown in the picture. (convergent, divergent, tectonic, transform, transitional)

transform

Name the type of plate boundary shown in the picture. (convergent, divergent, tectonic, transform, transitional)

volcanic in origin

Nearly all oceanic islands are __________.

The first humans from Western Hemisphere known to have developed the art of navigation were the

Phoenicians

The first humans from Western Hemisphere known to have developed the art of navigation were the:

Phoenicians.

Subduction

Plates move together creating _______

folding, subduction

Powerful, mega-thrust earthquakes are produced by which two processes? (folding, rifting, seafloor spreading, subduction)

Which of the following is the predominant process that forms the metallic minerals in and around black smokers? Precipitation Suspension settling Undersea streams Melting icebergs Turbidity currents

Precipitation

uses high frequency sound waves to measure ocean depth

Precision-depth recorder (PDR)

Which of the following is the main reason that Earth has a magnetic field?

Rotation of the liquid iron-nickel outer core generates a magnetic field.

True

Satellites measurements of the ocean surface can be used to make maps of the seafloor. True or False?

False

Seamounts form from ancient tablemounts. True or False

What is the difference between an ocean and a sea

Seas are smaller and shallower bodies of saltwater, somewhat enclosed by land, but directly connected to the world oceans

abyssal plains

Sediments deposited by the process of suspension settling produce the main sediment found on ___________. Select only one answer.

True

Sediments of the continental rise can exhibit characteristics similar to those formed by rivers on land. True or False?

oceanic rises.

Segments of the oceanic ridge system that are gentler and less rugged in slope due to faster rates of seafloor spreading are called:

This is used to determine ocean structure beneath the sea floor

Seismic reflection profile

Imagine you are a geological oceanographer. As an expert, you are asked by a student to recommend the technique that would produce the most detailed map of a deep-water seamount near Hawaii. Which instrument would you recommend? Precision depth recorder Seismic reflection Multibeam echo sounder Side-scan sonar Satellite altimetry

Side-scan sonar

What boundary is formed by plates sliding past each other?

Slide-slip or transform

The first recorded attempt to measure the ocean's depth was conducted using which of the following techniques? Seismic Reflection Magnetometer Side-scan Sonar Multibeam Sonar Sounding

Sounding

What did Stanley Miller's experiment demonstrate

Stanley Miller's experiment demonstrated that vast amounts of organic molecules could have been produced in Earth's early oceans (a "pre-biotic soup")

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. Tablemount Abyssal plain Seamount Abyssal hill Submarine canyon

Submarine canyon

Which of the following is the predominant process that forms the thick blanket of sediment on abyssal plains the deep-ocean floor? Suspension settling Black smokers Precipitation Melting icebergs Undersea streams

Suspension settling

year

Tectonic plate motion is measured in centimeters per _____. (second, hour, day, month, year)

false

Tectonic plates are found deep inside of Earth and cannot be seen. (true, false)

lithosphere

Tectonic plates are massive pieces of Earth's _____. (asthenosphere, crust, lithosphere, mantle, mesosphere)

Describe how the half-life of radioactive materials can be used to determine the age of a rock through radiometric age dating

The half-life of a material is the time required for one-half of the atoms in a sample to decay to other atoms. The older Earth material is, the more radioactive material will have been converted to decay product(s). Scientists can measure the amount of radioactive material and the amount of resulting decay product in the rocks. By comparing these two quantities, the age of the material can be determined

Pacific

The largest tectonic plate without a continent is the _____ plate. Atlantic, Arctic, Indian, Pacific, Southern)

5 centimeters

The lithospheric plates move an average of ______ per year

Of the following statements about Earth's magnetic field, which is/are true?

The magnetic field is oriented vertical relative to Earth's surface at the south magnetic pole.

Of the following statements about Earth's magnetic field, which is/are true? (All, 5)

The magnetic field is oriented vertical relative to Earth's surface at the south magnetic pole. The magnetic field is oriented horizontal (parallel) to Earth's surface at the magnetic equator. Earth's magnetic field has varying dips around the world that range from vertical to horizontal, depending on latitude. the locations of Earth's magnetic poles have moved through time and have even reversed in polarity. The magnetic field is oriented vertical relative to Earth's surface at the north magnetic pole.

Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between Earth's geographic and magnetic poles?

The magnetic pole wobbles, but stays near the geographic pole

very deep ocean water depths

The majority of ocean trenches are associated with ___________.

Describe characteristics and features of the mid-ocean ridge, including the difference between ocean ridges and ocean rises

The mid-ocean ridge is a topographically high feature, composed of basaltic lavas. Along the crest is a rift valley created by seafloor spreading. Cracks and faults are commonly observed in the central rift valley. Ocean ridges are segments of the mid-ocean ridge with a prominent rift valley and steep, rugged slopes resulting from slower plate divergence. Oceanic rises have slopes that are gentler and less rugged due to faster plate divergence

Convection currents

The motion of matter resulting from changes in temperature do to earths unequal heating and causes tectonic plates to move

true

The motion of tectonic plates has shaped all living things on Earth. (true, false)

Why does the sea floor have a striped pattern of magnetic anomalies that is symmetric with respect to the mid-ocean ridge? (3)

The ocean floor is spreading apart, and new sea floor is forming. The igneous rock of the ocean floor preserves Earth's existing magnetic field as the rock cools. The polarity of Earth's magnetic field experiences reversals.

How is it that the floor of the ocean is so much younger than the ocean itself?

The ocean floor keeps regenerating itself.

How is it that the ocean floor is so much younger than the ocean itself?

The ocean floor keeps regenerating itself.

When an oceanic plate and a continental plate converge (collide) ,what happens?

The oceanic plate (which is denser) will slide beneath the continental plate and forms ocean trenches. it melts as it goes deeper, becoming magma, causing earthquakes and volcanoes

What happens when an oceanic and a continental plate converge?

The oceanic plate will be subducted.

Of the following statements about the age of the ocean crust, which one is true? Select only one answer.

The oldest ocean crust is about 200 million years old and is located near an ocean trench.

boundary

The place where two (or more) tectonic plates touch is called a plate _____. (boundary, edge, gap, zone)

subduction

The process by which oceanic crust sinks Beneath a trench. And back into the mantle at a colliding plate boundary

seafood spreading

The process by which plate tectonics produces new oceanic lithosphere at ocean ridges

Pangea

The proposed supercontinent that 200 million years ago began to break apart in form the present landmasses

Paleomagnetism

The study of changes in earths magnetic field, as shown by patterns of magnetism and rocks that have formed over time

False

The three major provinces of the ocean floor are continental margins, deep-ocean basins, and submarine canyons. True or False?

some interior continental areas/coastal plains and abyssal plains on the ocean floor.

The two relatively flat areas on the hypsographic curve represent:

What statement correctly distinguishes an ocean trench from a submarine canyon? Trenches are only located along active margins. Submarine canyons are only located along passive margins. Trenches are formed by erosive currents. Submarine canyons are drowned, ancient river valleys. Trenches descend deep beyond the abyssal plains. Submarine canyons are part of the shallower continental margins. Trenches occur only in the Pacific Ocean. Submarine canyons occur in all oceans.

Trenches descend deep beyond the abyssal plains. Submarine canyons are part of the shallower continental margins.

According to the Geologic Time Scale, which selection lists the correct order of coexistence, from earliest to latest

Trilobites and amphibians, insects and dinosaurs, dinosaurs and birds, flowering plants and fishes, humans and reptiles

According to the Geologic Time Scale, which selection lists the correct order of coexistence, from earliest to latest?

Trilobites and amphibians, insects and dinosaurs, dinosaurs and birds, flowering plants and fishes, humans and reptiles

A sediment-laden current that flows off the continental shelf is called a turbidity current. True False

True

Charles Darwin was the first person to propose a hypothesis on the origin of coral reefs.

True

Deep-sea trenches are found at convergent plate boundaries.

True

In general, the salinity content of ocean water has remained constant throughout the majority of Earth's history.

True

Most lithospheric plates contain both oceanic and continental crust.

True

Oceans with passive plate margins have continental slopes with more gradual slopes than oceans with active plate margins. True False

True

Radiometric dating is used to determine the ages of rocks.

True

Satellite measurements of the ocean surface can be used to make maps of the seafloor. True False

True

Satellites measurements of the ocean surface can be used to make maps of the seafloor

True

Sediments of the continental rise can exhibit characteristics similar to those formed by rivers on land. True False

True

The Earth's crust solidified around 4.5 billion years ago.

True

subduction

Tsunamis (giant, powerful waves) are produced by which process? (folding, rifting, seafloor spreading, subduction)

How do turbidity currents affect canyons

Turbidity currents erode material from canyons as currents move downslope

turbidity currents.

Underwater avalanches of muddy water mixed with rocks and debris are:

Which of the following is characteristic of oceanic-oceanic convergent plate boundaries?

Volcanic island arcs

converging oceanic-oceanic

Volcanic island arcs are associated with what type of plate boundary?

seamounts

Volcanic peaks on the deep-ocean floor with conical tops are called:

Word Analysis:

hydrothermal vents, Panamerica

A tentative, testable statement about the general nature of a phenomenon is called a/an

hypothesis

A tentative, testable statement about the general nature of a phenomenon is called a/an:

hypothesis

The direction of motion along a seafloor transform fault is:

in the same direction as the plates are spreading

the direction of motion along a seafloor transform fault is

in the same direction as the plates are spreading

Moving from oceanic ridge to oceanic trench, the thickness of the lithosphere:

increases in proportion to the distance

How often do turbidity currents occur

infrequently

The San Andreas Fault:

is a continental transform fault

Continental shelf

is a flat, gently sloping zone extending from the shore beneath the ocean surface to a point at which a marked increase in slope angle occurs

Submarine canyon

is a narrow, deep submarine valleys that are V-shaped in profile and have branches with steep to overhanging walls found on the continental shelf and slope

Continental rise

is a transition zone between the continental margin and the deep-ocean floor composed of a huge submerged pile of sediments

Deep sea fan

is deposits at the mouth of submarine canyons; create the continental rise when they merge along the base of the continental shelf

The term "scientific certainty"

is false because science never reaches an absolute truth, because we can never be certain that we have all of the observations

Differences in height between continental crust and oceanic crust are explained by:

isostasy

The vertical movement of Earth's crust due to the addition or removal of weight is called __________.

isostatic adjustment

What process is involved in the formation of continental shelves

large fluctuations in sea level

What is a nebula?

large, diffuse cloud of dust and gas in space

Climate distribution on Earth is primarily controlled by:

latitude

Continental slope

lies beyond the shelf break, with a steeper incline, extending out to the deep-ocean basin

Earthquakes can occur only in the __________.

lithosphere

Tectonic plates are pieces of the ________ that float on the more fluid ________ below.

lithosphere; asthenosphere

Continental drift was confirmed through the study of the:

location of magnetic poles through geologic time

During the height of the last Ice Age (~21,000 years ago), large glaciers made the continents ride __________ with respect to the mantle.

lower

As a tool, paleomagnetism is a piece of modern evidence that has helped support plate tectonics by showing that ________________.

magnetic sea floor "stripes" are symmetric with respect to the mid-ocean ridge

As a tool, the modern evidence from paleomagnetism has helped support plate tectonics by showing that ________________.

magnetic sea floor "stripes" are symmetric with respect to the mid-ocean ridge

Ptolemy

mapped world with Roman knowledge showing latitude and longitude

Match the term with the appropriate phrase. bathymetry used to determine ocean structure beneath the sea floor cumulative plot of area versus depth or elevation uses high frequency sound waves to measure ocean depth measurement of ocean depth and seafloor topography a method of mapping the topography of the ocean floor along a strip up to 60 km

measurement of ocean depth and seafloor topography

new lithosphere is produced at

mid-ocean ridges

The water in Earth's oceans came

mostly from volcanic outgassing and partly from comets

The water in Earth's oceans came __________.

mostly from volcanic outgassing and partly from comets

2 continental convergent plates form what geological events?

mountains

Transform faults have all of the following characteristics except:

movement occurs in the same direction

The Hawaiian Islands are located where the Pacific plate is:

moving over a hot spot

The Hawaiian Islands are located where the Pacific plate is:

moving over a hot spot or mantle plume.

Match the term with the appropriate phrase. submarine canyon flat depositional surfaces that cover extensive portions of the deep-ocean basins deep linear scars on the deep-ocean floor caused by plate convergence shallow-water areas close to continents a generally flat zone extending from the shore to the shelf break narrow and deep valleys on continental slopes

narrow and deep valleys on continental slopes

all of the following are features associated with active ocean margins

narrow continental shelves, young mountain chain, trench, volcanic arc

The majority of ocean trenches are associated with

narrow or no continental shelves

The Sun and the rest of the solar system formed about 5 billion years ago from a huge cloud of dust and gas called a

nebula

The Sun and the rest of the solar system formed about 5 billion years ago from a huge cloud of dust and gas called a:

nebula.

When two continental plates converge (collide), what happens?

neither plate sinks, instead, the two plates slowly fold and pile up on top of each other, forming mountains

The Hawaiian Islands are associated with which type of plate boundary?

none of the above (The Hawaiian Islands are not associated with a plate boundary.)

The Hawaiian Islands are associated with which type of plate boundary?

none of the above (The Hawaiian Islands are not associated with any plate boundary.)

basalt

oceanic crust

2 oceanic divergent plates form what geological events?

oceanic ridge, and sea-floor spreading

New lithosphere is produced in association with: fracture zones. deep-sea trenches. oceanic ridges. hydrothermal vents. transform faults.

oceanic ridges.

Segments of the oceanic ridge system that are gentler and less rugged in slope due to faster rates of seafloor spreading are called:

oceanic rises

Segments of the oceanic ridge system that are gentler and less rugged in slope due to faster rates of seafloor spreading are called: A)convergent plate boundaries. B)deep-sea trenches. C)transform faults. D)fracture zones. E)oceanic rises.

oceanic rises.

the most rapid change in slope in the ocean is found at the

oceanic trench

Along the margins of the Pacific are found most of Earth's:

oceanic trenches

Along the margins of the Pacific are found most of Earth's: oceanic trenches. tablemounts. oceanic ridges. abyssal hills or seaknolls. seamounts.

oceanic trenches

1 oceanic and 1 continental convergent plate form what geological events?

oceanic trenches, earthquakes,volcanic eruptions

When two oceanic plates converge(collide), what happens?

one plate (the denser one) is pushed beneath the other, melting as it goes deeper, becoming magma. This lava erupts and forms volcanic islands

A researcher interested in the vertical zonation of oceanic lithosphere would want to study __________.

ophiolites

The study of historical changes of continental shapes and positions is called:

paleogeography.

study of magnetism over geologic time

paleomagnetism

The seafloor magnetic pattern is best described as:

parallel to and symmetric about mid-ocean ridges.

The seafloor magnetic pattern is best described as:

parallel to and symmetric about ocean ridges

What happens during radioactive decay?

parent isotopes turn into daughter isotopes

Earth's current atmosphere supports animal life because

plant photosynthesis provides oxygen that is critical for aerobic respiration

Earth's current atmosphere supports animal life because __________.

plant photosynthesis provides oxygen that is critical for aerobic respiration

Fossils of ancient polar plants are currently found near the equator because the:

plants lived near the poles, but landmasses have drifted to current locations.

Most ocean floor features owe their origins to

plate tectonic processes

What would you look for as evidence that a rock layer formed from materials deposited by ancient turbidity currents

repeated sequences of graded bedding that begin as coarse material and become finer upward

Areas of intense volcanic activity that remain in more or less the same location over long periods of geologic time and are unrelated to plate boundaries are called hotspots.

true

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Please identify the word and/or phrase that does NOT fit the pattern. Enter only the letter of the answer (caps, no period, and not the full entry) in the field below. A. continental margin B. active margin C. convergent active margin D. transform active margin E. rift valley

rift valley

Identify the major feature of a slow-spreading mid-ocean ridge. submarine canyon volcanic arc oceanic rise rift valley trench

rift valley

Identify the major feature of a slow-spreading mid-ocean ridge. submarine canyon trench volcanic arc oceanic rise rift valley

rift valley

2 continental divergent plate form what geological events?

rift valley and eventually a new ocean

Measurement of ocean floor bathymetry from satellites relies on

sea surface elevation, which varies depending on the shape of the underlying sea floor

Measurement of ocean floor bathymetry from satellites relies on ___________. Select only one answer. sea surface elevation, which varies depending on the shape of the underlying sea floor calculations of how much water versus rock there is at any ocean location density differences of ocean waters water temperature, which is higher in areas of shallow ocean waters and can easily be detected by satellites water flows off the high areas and into the low areas, making the ocean surface topography the exact inverse of the shape of the sea floor

sea surface elevation, which varies depending on the shape of the underlying sea floor

All of the following provide evidence for continental drift except:

seafloor magnetic pattern

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Please identify the word and/or phrase that does NOT fit the pattern. Enter only the letter of the answer (caps, no period, and not the full entry) in the field below. A. rift valley B. oceanic ridge C. oceanic rise D. seaknoll E. seafloor spreading

seaknoll

Volcanic peaks on the deep-ocean floor with conical tops are called

seamounts

Volcanic peaks on the deep-ocean floor with conical tops are called: tablemounts. submarine canyons. oceanic ridges. oceanic trenches. seamounts.

seamounts.

abyssal hills are only visible in the pacific ocean because

sediment has covered those found in the other ocean basins

In comparison with other ocean basins, major sedimentary features such as continental rises and abyssal plains are relatively rare in the pacific. The primary reason for their scarcity in the Pacific is that

sediment is trapped within the trenches of the convergent plate boundaries ringing the Pacific

Match the term with the appropriate phrase. continental margin shallow-water areas close to continents narrow and deep valleys on continental slopes flat depositional surfaces that cover extensive portions of the deep-ocean basins deep linear scars on the deep-ocean floor caused by plate convergence a generally flat zone extending from the shore to the shelf break

shallow-water areas close to continents

The correct order of seafloor features from the coast to the mid-ocean ridge is:

shelf, slope, rise, abyssal plain

the correct order of marine provinces from the coast to the mid-ocean ridge is

shelf, slope, rise, abyssal plain

The correct order of seafloor features from the coast to the mid-ocean ridge is: abyssal plain, rise, slope, shelf. abyssal plain, shelf, slope, rise. slope, rise, shelf, abyssal plain. shelf, slope, rise, abyssal plain. rise, abyssal plain, slope, shelf.

shelf, slope, rise, abyssal plain.

Black smokers are hydrothermal vents that discharge superheated water with high concentrations of metal sulfides

true

The two relatively flat areas on the hypsographic curve represent: some interior continental areas/coastal plains and mid-ocean ridges. some interior continental areas/coastal plains and abyssal plains on the ocean floor. continental mountains and abyssal plains. continental slopes and deep-sea trenches. continental mountains and mid-ocean ridges.

some interior continental areas/coastal plains and abyssal plains on the ocean floor.

The method that is used most frequently to investigate sediment and rock layers of the sea floor is:

sound waves

The method that used more frequently to investigate sediment and rock layers of the sea floor

sound waves (specifically seismic reflecting profiling)

The method that is used most frequently to investigate sediment and rock layers of the sea floor is: sound waves (specifically seismic reflecting profiling). direct observation. drilling. light waves. satellite observation.

sound waves (specifically seismic reflecting profiling).

The first recorded attempt to measure the ocean's depth was conducted using which of the following techniques?

sounding

seafloor magnetic stripes

spreading center

What best describes the tectonic setting of the Cascade Mountains of the Pacific Northwest?

subduction zone

When one plate is moving towards another plate, the boundary between them is called

subduction zone

island arc

subduction zone

trench

subduction zone

Deep ocean trenches are associated with:

subduction zones

volcanoes on the seafloor that are flat-topped because of wave erosion are called:

tablemounts.

solar system

the Sun and the eight major planets revolving around it

What is the scientific definition of half-life?

the amount of time over which the number of parent isotopes decreases by half

Density stratification in relation to Earth's interior results in

the highest density materials concentrated toward Earth's core, whereas progressively lower density components form concentric spheres around the core toward the planet's surface

Vine and Matthews determined that new ocean floor was being produced at ocean ridges by examining:

the magnetic pattern on the seafloor

Loihi is __________.

the newest Hawaiian volcano

Two containers hold the same radioactive isotope. Container A contains 1000 atoms, and container B contains 500 atoms. Which of the following statements about containers A and B is true?

the rate of decay of atoms in container A is greater than the rate of decay of atoms in container B.

Satellites are used to map the ocean floor because ________.

the shape of the ocean surface reflects large features on the seafloor

Which of the following lines of evidence did Alfred Wegener use to support the concept of drifting continents? (4)

the way the shapes of the continents fit together like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle the distribution of species of fossils the pattern of similar mountain belts on different continents evidence of glaciers in areas that are now tropical

Oceans become deeper moving away from ridges due to:

thermal contraction of hot asthenosphere

Where did the energy of the Sun come from originally?

thermal energy that was converted from the gravitational energy of the original nebula collapse

satellites are used to map the ocean floor because

they are unaffected by surface weather, they can cover areas where ships have not produced surveys, they can "see" large areas of the seafloor at one time, the shape of the ocean surface itself reflects large features on the seafloor below

The San Andreas Fault is associated with what type of plate boundary?

transform

The San Andreas Fault is associated with which type of plate boundary?

transform

Where a mid-ocean ridge is offset, the linear feature connecting and between the crests of the ridge segments is called a __________. seismic fissure fracture zone hydrothermal vent transform fault central rift valley

transform fault

2 oceanic convergent plates form what geological events?

trenches and volcanic islands

Which of the following tropical islands would likely be the youngest?

tropical island without a fringing reef

Abyssal plains are more extensive on the seafloor of the Atlantic Ocean basin as compared to those on the seafloor of the Pacific Ocean basin. True False

true