Oceanography Ch 1-3 II

Imagine that you are enjoying a day at the beach in California, exploring tide pools. You find a California sea hare in the shallow water and gently scoop it into your hand. As you touch it, the sea hare releases purple ink into your hand. You think maybe the sea hare released the ink to scare you (a potential predator) away, but you are not sure. What steps of the scientific method have you performed in your inquiry?

- hypothesis formation - observation

66) The San Andreas Fault is an example of ________ plate boundary. 66) _____ A) a continental transform B) a continental-continental convergent C) an oceanic transform D) an oceanic-continental convergent E) an oceanic-oceanic convergent

A) a continental transform

Characteristics of active continental margins include all of the following except: A) broad continental shelves. B) chains of islands. C) deep-sea trenches. D) thin sediment accumulation. E) volcanic and earthquake activity.

A) broad continental shelves.

What is the relationship between the crust and the lithosphere?

All of the crust is contained within a larger layer called the lithosphere.

Many of the unique properties of water are attributed to the fact that water: A) contains ionic bonds. B) exists in three states of matter on Earth's surface. C) is a polar molecule. D) is a universal solvent. E) requires heat to condense.

C) is a polar molecule.

The surface tension of water: A) increases as density decreases. B) is related to salinity. C) is relatively high. D) is relatively low. E) is very similar in other liquids.

C) is relatively high.

High-energy environments are most likely to deposit which one of the following? A) clay-sized particles B) cosmogenous sediments C) large particles such as gravel D) manganese nodules E) silt-sized particles

C) large particles such as gravel

Tectonic plates are pieces of the ________ that float on the more fluid ________ below. A) crust; lithosphere B) asthenosphere; lithosphere C) lithosphere; asthenosphere D) mantle; crust E) lithosphere; mesosphere

C) lithosphere; asthenosphere

A ships fathometer( an echo sounder) transmits a sound pulse and records the return of an echo 7.4 seconds later. If the speed of sound in water is 1,500 m/second, what is the water depth in meters

5,500 meters

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. Words: (Glaciers, Rivers, Siliceous ooze, Volcanic ash, and Turbidity currents)

Siliceous ooze

What common household item is used in this video to demonstrate the properties of the asthenosphere?

Silly Putty

The two relatively flat areas on the hypsographic curve represent:

Some interior continental areas/coastal plains and abyssal plains on the ocean floor.

What is the relationship between the mantle and the lithosphere?

Some of the mantle is contained within a smaller layer called the lithosphere.

Which of the following is not an important control on oceanic sediment accumulation? A) degree of preservation B) dilution C) input from other sediment types D) rate of deposition E) All of the above factors are important.

E) All of the above factors are important.

The four main classifications of marine sediment include: A) lithogenous (terrigenous) sediment. B) biogenous sediment. C) hydrogenous sediment. D) cosmogenous sediment. E) All of the above.

E) All of the above.

59) Who was killed in the Philippines during his last sea voyage after a skirmish with local people? 59) _____ A) James Cook B) Giovanni Caboto C) Ferdinand Magellan D) Prince Henry the Navigator E) Vasco da Gama

Ferdinand Magellan

Who was killed in the Philippines during his last sea voyage after a skirmish with local people?

Ferdinand Magellan

Who left Spain in September 1519 and became the first person to complete a circumnavigation of the globe when he returned to Spain three years later?

Ferdinand Magellan & his sailors

10) The European "Age of Discovery" ended with ________. 10) _____ A) Polynesian colonization of Pacific Islands B) Viking voyages to North America C) Ferdinand Magellan's circumnavigation of the globe D) Christopher Columbus' discovery of the "New World" E) Phoenician exploration of the Mediterranean

Ferdinand Magellan's circumnavigation of the globe

Of the following events, which occurred during the Age of Discovery in Europe?

Ferdinand Magellan's crew completed the first circumnavigation of the globe & Christopher Columbus made several trips across the Atlantic and discovered a "new world."

51) Which of the following parts of Polynesia was populated first? 51) _____ A) Easter Island B) Fiji, Tonga, and Samoa C) New Zealand D) Marquesas E) Hawaiian Islands

Fiji, tonga, and Samoa

Which of the following features is related to transform faults along mid-ocean ridges?

Fracture zones

Coral reefs that initially develop along the margin of an island or continent where environmental conditions are suitable are called __________.

Fringing reefs

Coral reefs that initially develop along the margin of an island or continent where environmental conditions are suitable are called:

Fringing reefs

The study of the structure of the sea floor and how the sea floor has changed through time is an example of ________ oceanography.

Geological

What do you call the study of the ocean floor?

Geological Oceanography

What happened to the nebular gas that remained from the formation of the planets and their satellites?

It was blown away by the solar wind.

58) Who was killed in Hawaii during his last sea voyage after a skirmish with local people? 58) _____ A) James Cook B) Vasco da Gama C) Prince Henry the Navigator D) Ferdinand Magellan E) Giovanni Caboto

James Cook

The explorer who advanced oceanography by introducing systematic soundings, or depth measurements, was __________.

James Cook

The explorer who advanced oceanography by introducing systematic soundings, or depth measurements, was?

James Cook

Who was killed in Hawaii during his last sea voyage after a skirmish with local people?

James Cook

Why does a map of worldwide earthquakes closely match the locations of worldwide plate boundaries?

Most earthquakes occur along the edge of the oceanic and continental plates & Earthquakes usually occur where 2 plates are running into each other or sliding past each other.

The mechanism by which populations evolve and new species develop is called

Natural Selection

13) The Sun and the rest of the solar system formed about 5 billion years ago from a huge cloud of dust and gas called a ________. 13) _____ A) protoplanet B) solar system C) supernova D) nebula E) quasar

Nebula

Plate tectonics and evolution, which are held with a high degree of confidence because of rigorous testing and verification, are examples of:

Scientific Theories

a well-substantiated explanation that is supported by facts, tested hypotheses, and logical inferences

Scientific Theory

61) Prior to 1768, which of the following claimed the most human lives at sea? 61) _____ A) Contagious disease B) Scurvy C) Gunfire D) Shipwreck

Scurvy

Prior to 1768, which of the following claimed the most human lives at sea?

Scurvy

Wegener used which of the following to provide evidence for continental drift? 6) _____ A) Seafloor magnetic patterns B) Locations of active volcanoes C) Magnetic pole reversals D) Earthquake distribution E) Shape of continental margins

Seafloor magnetic patterns

Volcanic features on the ocean floor that are less than 1000 meters tall are called?

Seaknolls

Large volcanoes on the seafloor that are cone-shaped on top because they never reached sea level are called:

Seamounts

Why do coral reefs at the ocean surface grow away from seamounts over time?

Seamounts subside as tectonic plates move. Coral reefs grow away from the seamount in order to stay near the sunlight.

Oceanographers who want to know about ocean structure beneath the sea floor use which of the following techniques?

Seismic Reflection

6) Wegener used which of the following to provide evidence for continental drift? 6) _____ A) Seafloor magnetic patterns B) Locations of active volcanoes C) Magnetic pole reversals D) Earthquake distribution E) Shape of continental margins

Shape of continental margins

Wegener used which of the following to provide evidence for continental drift?

Shape of continental margins

Volcanoes on the seafloor that are flat-topped because of wave erosion are called?

Tablemounts

The particles found in some sediment that suggests that an extraterrestrial impact event are:

Tektites

44) Which ocean is the shallowest ocean in the world? 44) _____ A) The Pacific Ocean B) The Atlantic Ocean C) The Indian Ocean D) The Arctic Ocean E) The Antarctic Ocean

The Arctic Ocean

45) Based on definition, it is more appropriate to consider which ocean as a sea? 45) _____ A) The Pacific Ocean B) The Atlantic Ocean C) The Indian Ocean D) The Arctic Ocean E) The Antarctic Ocean

The Arctic Ocean

42) Which ocean is similar in size and average depth to the Indian Ocean? 42) _____ A) The Arctic Ocean B) The Southern Ocean C) The Atlantic Ocean D) The Pacific Ocean E) The Indian Ocean

The Atlantic Ocean

Underwater avalanches of muddy water mixed with rocks and debris are:

Turbidity currents

How do turbidity currents affect canyons

Turbidity currents erode material from canyons as currents move downslope

Earth's mantle is exposed on the ocean floor in great slabs of rock between widely-spaced volcanoes in ________.

Ultra-slow spreading centres

Which of the following best describes turbidity currents?

Underwater avalanches of muddy water mixed with rocks and other debris.

What is a characteristic of continental-continental convergent plate boundaries?

Uplifted mountain ranges

Which of the following is characteristic of continental-continental convergent plate boundaries?

Uplifted mountain ranges

57) Who is credited with being the first European to see the Pacific Ocean? 57) _____ A) Vasco da Gama B) Ferdinand Magellan C) Juan Sebastian del Caño D) Vasco Nunez de Balboa E) James Cook

Vasco Nunez de Balboa

Who is credited with being the first European to see the Pacific Ocean?

Vasco Nunez de Balboa

56) Who sailed from Europe around the tip of Africa to India and established a new trade route? 56) _____ A) Juan Sebastian del Caño B) Vasco da Gama C) Ferdinand Magellan D) Giovanni Caboto E) Vasco Nunez de Balboa

Vasco da Gama

Who sailed from Europe around the tip of Africa to India and established a new trade route?

Vasco de Gama

8) Most of the explorations by northern and western Europeans during the Middle (Dark) Ages were undertaken by ________. 8) _____ A) Vikings of Scandinavia B) Portugal C) France D) Italy E) Spain

Vikings of Scandinavia

Most explorations by Northern and Western Europeans in the middle/ dark ages were done by the

Vikings of Scandinavia

16) Which of the following is characteristic of oceanic-oceanic convergent plate boundaries? 16) _____ A) Shallow earthquakes B) Volcanic island arcs C) Hot spots D) Fracture zones E) Mid-ocean ridges

Volcanic island arcs

Which of the following is characteristic of oceanic-oceanic convergent plate boundaries?

Volcanic island arcs

Current scientific knowledge indicates that the most likely origin of most of Earth's oceans was due to?

Water vapor being released from volcanic outgassing.

28) Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. 28) _____ A) Theory B) Testing C) Observation D) Hypothesis E) Belief

belief

Seamounts

below sea level but rises more than 1 kilometer above the surrounding ocean floor, with a conical or pointy top like an upside-down ice cream cone that never reached the ocean surface

78) According to the fossil record on Earth, the earliest-known life-forms lived in sea floor rocks about 3.5 ________ years ago. 78) _____ A) million B) thousand C) billion D) trillion

billion

83) Earth's atmosphere became oxygen rich about 2.45 ________ years ago. 83) _____ A) trillion B) million C) billion D) thousand

billion

According to the fossil record on Earth, the earliest-known life-forms lived in sea floor rocks about 3.5 ________ years ago.

billion

Earth's atmosphere became oxygen rich about 2.45 ________ years ago.

billion

Evidence suggests that the Sun and the rest of the solar system formed about five ________ years ago.

billion

trench=divide or come together?

come together

72) Which of the following is the predominant process that forms the metallic minerals in and around black smokers? 72) _____ A) Precipitation B) Turbidity currents C) Undersea streams D) Melting icebergs E) Suspension settling

precipitation

1) The instrument that emits a high-frequency sound beam to measure the depth of the ocean developed in the 1950s is the ________. 1) _____ A) Seabeam B) SeaMARC C) GLORIA D) precision-depth recorder (PDR) E) SeaWif

precision-depth recorded

When was the Precambrian eon?

prior to 600 million years ago

2) The method that is used most frequently to investigate sediment and rock layers of the sea floor is ________. 2) _____ A) direct observation B) satellite observation C) sound waves (specifically seismic reflecting profiling) D) light waves E) drilling

sound waves

The method that used more frequently to investigate sediment and rock layers of the sea floor

sound waves (specifically seismic reflecting profiling)

The separation of the Earth into layers while it was molten was the result of the:

differing densities of the elements that make up the Earth.

The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is an example of a:

divergent boundary

Oceanic ridges and rises result form seafloor spreading along:

divergent plate boundaries

13) The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is an example of a ________. 13) _____ A) convergent plate boundary (continent-oceanic) B) convergent plate boundary (oceanic-oceanic) C) transform fault boundary D) convergent plate boundary (continent-continent) E) divergent plate boundary

divergent plate boundary

The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is an example of a:

divergent plate boundary.

ridge=divide or come together?

divide

59) Which of the following is an example of a passive continental margin? 59) _____ A) East Coast of the United States B) East Coast of Japan C) Southern Coast of Alaska D) West Coast of Mexico E) West Coast of Chile

east coast of the united states

68) Based on physical properties, Earth consists of ________ layers 68) _____ A) five B) four C) three D) two

five

Abyssal plain

flat depositional surfaces that cover extensive portions of the deep-ocean basins

36) What is a linear sea floor feature that is seismically inactive, occurs beyond offset mid-ocean ridge segments, and the relative movement between two points on either side of the feature is in the same direction? 36) _____ A) Fracture zone B) Nemataths C) Guyots D) Transform fault E) Seaknolls

fracture zone

8) Which of the following features is related to transform faults along mid-ocean ridges? 8) _____ A) Continental slope B) Fracture zone C) Submarine canyon D) Continental rise E) Continental shelf

fracture zone

All of the following are considered part of the continental margin expect the:

fracture zone

All the following are considered part of the continental margin except the: submarine canyon. continental shelf. fracture zone. continental rise. continental slope.

fracture zone

Coral reef development includes the following stages:

fringing reef, barrier reef, atoll

24) Coral reefs that initially develop along the margin of an island or continent where environmental conditions are suitable are called ________. 24) _____ A) patch reefs B) fringing reefs C) barrier reefs D) basaltic reefs E) atolls

fringing reefs

Coral reefs that initially develop along the margin of an island or continent where environmental conditions are suitable are called:

fringing reefs.

Which is the correct order of coral reef development near seamounts?

fringing, barrier, atoll

The main energy resources associated with marine sediments are petroleum and ______________?

gas hydrates.

34) The study of the structure of the sea floor and how the sea floor has changed through time is an example of ________ oceanography. 34) _____ A) chemical B) geological C) physical D) archaeological E) biological

geological

4) The two relatively flat areas on the hypsographic curve represent ________. 4) _____ A) continental mountains and mid-ocean ridges B) interior continental areas and mid-ocean ridges C) continental slopes and deep-sea trenches D) interior continental areas and abyssal plains on the ocean floor E) continental mountains and abyssal plains

interior continental areas and abyssal plains on the ocean floor

40) Which of the following rocks is the most reliable one used to collect information about Earth's magnetic field where and when the rock originated? 40) _____ A) Basalt B) Limestone C) Sandstone D) Granite E) Schist

limestone

Earthquakes can occur only in the

lithosphere

In the figure above, which illustrates Earth's major layers. Which layer is represented by the letter C?

lithosphere

Rocks in which layer(s) of Earth are rigid?

lithosphere inner core mesosphere

The crust and the mantle are divided into the following layers in order of increasing depth:

lithosphere, asthenosphere, mesosphere

11) Tectonic plates are pieces of the ________ that float on the more fluid ________ below. 11) _____ A) asthenosphere; lithosphere B) crust; lithosphere C) lithosphere; mesosphere D) mantle; crust E) lithosphere; asthenosphere

lithosphere; asthenosphere

Tectonic plates are pieces of the ________ that float on the more fluid ________ below

lithosphere; asthenosphere

Tectonic plates are pieces of the ________ that float on the more fluid ________ below.

lithosphere; asthenosphere

Continental drift was confirmed through the study of the:

location of magnetic poles through geologic time

26) Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. 26) _____ A) Eratosthenes B) Magellan C) Herodotus D) Pytheas E) Ptolemy

magellan

33) Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. 33) _____ A) Transform fault B) Oceanic transform fault C) San Andreas Fault D) Mariana Trench E) North Anatolian Fault

mariana trench

Which of the following are reasonable units of measurement for density?

mass/unit volume = g/cm3

What is the basis for relative positions of Earth's physical layers?

material density, with the least-dense material on the surface and the most-dense material in the center

78) Ocean basins with continental margins are representative of the ________ stage of the Wilson Cycle. 78) _____ A) declining B) juvenile C) mature D) terminal E) suturing

mature

Ocean basins with continental margins are representative of the ________ stage of the Wilson Cycle.

mature

What stage is marked by the creation of a well-formed ocean basin with a mid-ocean ridge in the middle?

mature

25) Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. 25) _____ A) Rift valley B) Continental margin C) Active margin D) Transform active margin E) Convergent active margin

rift valley

In comparison with other ocean basins, major sedimentary features such as continental rises and abyssal plains are relatively rare in the pacific. The primary reason for their scarcity in the Pacific is that

sediment is trapped within the trenches of the convergent plate boundaries ringing the Pacific

58) Oceanographers who want to know about ocean structure beneath the sea floor use which of the following techniques? 58) _____ A) Seismic Reflection B) Side-scan Sonar C) Sounding D) Magnetometer E) Multibeam Sonar

seismic reflection

A researcher interested in the vertical zonation of oceanic lithosphere would want to study

ophiolites

73) Most of Earth's water was derived from ________. 73) _____ A) outgassing B) the Sun's solar wind C) comet vaporization D) leftover gases from the nebula

outgassing

74) Earth's second atmosphere formed from ________. 74) _____ A) outgassing B) leftover gases from the nebula C) the Sun's solar wind D) comet vaporization

outgassing

Earth's second atmosphere formed from ________.

outgassing

67) Deep-ocean trenches and volcanic arcs result from the collision of two plates at convergent plate boundaries and mostly occur along the margins of which of the following oceans? 67) _____ A) Atlantic Ocean B) Indian Ocean C) Pacific Ocean D) Arctic Ocean E) Southern Ocean

pacific ocean

70) Tamu Massif, the largest single volcano on Earth occurs in which of the following oceans? 70) _____ A) Southern Ocean B) Arctic Ocean C) Indian Ocean D) Atlantic Ocean E) Pacific Ocean

pacific ocean

27) Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. 27) _____ A) Pangaea B) Tethys Sea C) Panamerica D) Panthalassia E) Gondwanaland

panamerica

supercontinent 250 million years ago

pangea

68) Which of the following is the predominant process that forms the thick blanket of sediment on abyssal plains the deep-ocean floor? 68) _____ A) Black smokers B) Suspension settling C) Melting icebergs D) Undersea streams E) Precipitation

suspension settling

74) The Himalaya Mountains are an example of the ________ stage of the Wilson Cycle. 74) _____ A) mature B) terminal C) declining D) suturing E) juvenile

suturing

The Himalaya Mountains are an example of the ________ stage of the Wilson Cycle.

suturing

Volcanoes on the seafloor that are flat-topped because of wave erosion are called ________.

table mounts

21) Volcanoes on the seafloor that are flat-topped because of wave erosion are called ________. 21) _____ A) hotspots B) mantle plumes C) tablemounts D) seamounts E) abyssal hills

tablemounts

volcanoes on the seafloor that are flat-topped because of wave erosion are called

tablemounts

Frederick Vine and Drummond Matthews determined what?

that new ocean floor was being produced at ocean ridges by examining magnetic pattern of rocks on the seafloor

Compared to the rest of the planet, an unusually high concentration of hot spots and rifting is located on the continent of Africa. A likely explanation for this is that __________.

the African Plate is essentially stationary with respect to Earth's interior and the thick continental crust acts as a "heat blanket"

42) The sea floor of which of the following oceans has the simplest and most symmetric pattern of age distribution? 42) _____ A) The Indian Ocean B) The Arctic Ocean C) The Pacific Ocean D) The Southern Ocean E) The Atlantic Ocean

the Atlantic Ocean

32) Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. 32) _____ A) Metal sulfide deposits B) Seamounts C) Pillow basalts D) Rift valley E) Trenches

trenches

Abyssal plains are more extensive on the seafloor of the Atlantic Ocean basin as compared to those on the seafloor of the Pacific Ocean basin. True False

true

Black smokers are hydrothermal vents that discharge superheated water with high concentrations of metal sulfides

true

Oceanic ridges are cut by a number of transform faults, which offset spreading zones

true

Sediments of the continental rise can exhibit characteristics similar to those formed by rivers on land

true

t/f The lithosphere is composed of the crust and the uppermost portion of the mantle.

true

10) Underwater avalanches of muddy water mixed with rocks and debris are ________. 10) _____ A) coral deposits B) turbidity currents C) graded bedding D) white smokers E) deep sea fans

turbidity currents

When will a hot spot volcano become extinct?

when the volcano is carried away from the hot spot by the tectonic plate

Waters from which ocean basins combine to form the Southern Ocean?

- Pacific -Atlantic -Indian

The average depth of the ocean is

3682 meter (12, 080 feet)

23) Earth is about ________. 23) _____ A) 6,000 years old B) 40 billion years old C) 4.6 billion years old D) 400,000 years old E) 4.6 million years old

4.6 billion years old

Earth is about:

4.6 billion years old

Earth is roughly how old?

4.6 billion years old

How long ago was the sun and the rest of our solar system created?

5 billion years

Sediments produced because of chemical reactions in seawater are called: A) cosmogenous. B) biogenous. C) hydrogenous. D) lithogenous. E) volcanogenic.

C) hydrogenous.

Sediments found on continental margins are called: A) continental. B) estuarine. C) neritic. D) oceanic. E) pelagic.

C) neritic.

All of the following are methods used to desalinate water except: A) electrolysis. B) freeze separation. C) osmosis. D) reverse osmosis. E) distillation.

C) osmosis.

Hydrogen bonds form between neighboring water molecules because of: A) electron sharing. B) electron transfer. C) the polarity of water molecules. D) surface tension. E) the viscosity of water.

C) the polarity of water molecules.

One of the reasons that free oxygen in our atmosphere is important to the development and maintenance of life on earth is because oxygen:

Can form ozone and block some UV

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A) Christopher Columbus B) John Cabot C) Vasco de Gama D)Ptolemy E) Ferdinand Magellan

D) Ptolemy

49) Archeological evidence suggests that boat technology was developed about ________ years ago. 49) _____ A) 4,000,000 B) 50,000 C) 500,000 D) 5,000

50,000

Archeological evidence suggests that boat technology was developed about ________ years ago.

50,000

45) What percent of Earth's volcanic activity, each year, takes place on the seafloor? 45) _____ A) 65% B) 75% C) 70% D) 85% E) 80%

85%

How did our solar system begin to form?

A large cloud of dust and gas began to contract under the force of gravity

What does the nebular hypothesis suggest? (Emphasis on nebular..)

All bodies in the solar system were formed from a giant gas cloud

What is the relationship between the mantle and the asthenosphere?

All of the asthenosphere is contained within a larger layer called the mantle.

Geosphere

All of the layers of Earth's interior and crust.

Which of the following contains calcium carbonate (CaCO3)? A) diatoms B) foraminiferans C) glauconite D) phosphorites E) radiolarians

B) foraminiferans

Which of the following contains silica (SiO2)? A) coccolithophores B) corals C) foraminiferans D) phosphorites E) radiolarians

E) radiolarians

All of the following are hydrogenous sediments except: A) evaporites. B) halites. C) manganese nodule. D) phosphates. E) stromatolites.

E) stromatolites.

76) Which of the following is an example of the embryonic stage of the Wilson Cycle? 76) _____ A) Pacific Ocean B) Red Sea C) Atlantic Ocean D) East Africa E) Mediterranean Sea

East africa

The ion in seawater that serves as a buffer is: A) Ca+2. B) Cl-. C) CO2. D) Na+. E) HCO3-.

E) HCO3-.

27) Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. 27) _____ A) Pangaea B) Tethys Sea C) Panamerica D) Panthalassia E) Gondwanaland

Panamerica

How did the Moon form?

The Moon formed due to the impact of a Mars-sized body with the Earth.

71) To find the largest area of the ocean with the oldest ocean crust, you should go to the ________. 71) _____ A) northern Atlantic B) southern Ocean near Australia C) western Pacific D) eastern Pacific

Western Pacific

To find the largest area of the ocean with the oldest ocean crust, you should go to the?

Western Pacific

Echo sounding is not a very reliable way to measure ocean depth because water is a poor transmitter of sound. True False

FALSE

A tablemount is another name for a(n)

Guyot

Who wrote "The History of Ocean Basins"?

Harry Hess

60) Who left Spain in September 1519 and became the first person to complete a circumnavigation of the globe when he returned to Spain three years later? 60) _____ A) Vasco da Gama B) Giovanni Caboto C) Ferdinand Magellan D) Vasco Nunez de Balboa E) Juan Sebastian del Caño

Juan Sebastian del Cano

Who left Spain in September 1519 and became the first person to complete a circumnavigation of the globe when he returned to Spain three years later?

Juan Sebastian del Caño

Climate distribution is controlled primarily by what?

Latitude

Outer core

Layer immediately outside the inner core; composed of liquid iron and sulfur.

Pelagic clays contain lots of material that settles to the seafloor through the water column and are:

Less than 30% biogenous material.

Sandstone is an example of which of the following sediment types?

Lithogenous Sediment

The seafloor magnetic pattern is best described as: parallel to and symmetric about ___________________.

Mid-ocean ridges.

Where do most earthquakes come from?

Mid-oceanic ridges

Mantle

Middle layer of the of the earth; composed of an upper and lower mantle.

How many holes have been drilled into the sea floor using a drill ship to collect cores for scientific study?

More than 2000

What percentage of the rocks exposed on the continents originated as sedimentary rocks deposited in ancient ocean environments?

More than fifty percent

Which of the following is the first step of the scientific method?

Observations

The Alps are an example of ________ plate boundary.

a continental-continental convergent

Approximately how long does it take for a complete Wilson cycle to occur?

a few hundred million years

Continental shelf

a generally flat zone extending from the shore to the shelf break

62) The average slope of the continental shelf is similar to the slope of which of the following? 62) _____ A) A soap box derby course B) A beginners ski hill C) An Olympic toboggan track D) The continental slop

a large parking lot

What is a nebula?

a large, diffuse cloud of dust and gas in space

The important contribution to navigation made by Eratosthenes in the third century BC was __________.

a reasonably accurate calculation of the circumference of our planet

Evidence shows that periodic reversals of Earth's magnetic field have resulted in __________.

a symmetrical pattern of normal and reverse magnetization in ocean crustal rocks

61) The average slope of the continental shelf is approximately ________. 61) _____ A) a tenth of a degree B) two to five degrees C) one to two degrees D) one-half to one degree E) greater than five degrees

a tenth of a degree

Earth's primordial atmosphere most likely consisted of what elements?

carbon dioxide, water vapor, sulfur dioxide, and methane

34) Satellites use microwave beams to measure sea level to an accuracy of four ________. 34) _____ A) millimeters B) decimeters C) centimeters D) meters E) kilometers

centimeters

76) Although Earth's oceans have existed since early in the formation of the planet, its ________ must have changed. 76) _____ A) chemical composition B) physical state C) textural makeup D) color distribution

chemical composition

Although Earth's oceans have existed since early in the formation of the planet, its ________ must have changed.

chemical composition

What did the surface of Earth look like 600 million years ago?

one large continent surrounded by ocean

depression along a ridge axis

rift valley

75) Plate convergence begins during which stage of the Wilson Cycle? 75) _____ A) Suturing B) Mature C) Juvenile D) Terminal E) Declining

declining

77) The Pacific Ocean is an example of the ________ stage of the Wilson Cycle. 77) _____ A) mature B) juvenile C) declining D) terminal E) suturing

declining

The Pacific Ocean is an example of the ________ stage of the Wilson Cycle.

declining

Ocean trench

deep linear scars on the deep-ocean floor caused by plate convergence

Due to the very harsh environmental conditions, very few types of organisms are found in association with hydrothermal vents

false

Due to the very harsh environmental conditions, very few types of organisms are found in association with hydrothermal vents. True False

false

18) The San Andreas Fault ________. 18) _____ A) is associated with deep focus earthquakes B) is a continental transform fault C) is associated with volcanic activity D) is an oceanic transform fault E) is located in the Juan de Fuca Plate

is a continental transform fault

The San Andreas Fault ________

is associated with deep-focus earthquakes

5) Climate distribution on Earth is primarily controlled by ________. 5) _____ A) latitude B) presence or absence of glacial debris C) plants and animals that live in an area D) Earth's geologic history E) longitude

latitude

Climate distribution on Earth is primarily controlled by

latitude

Climate distribution on Earth is primarily controlled by:

latitude.

46) Which ocean is actually a part of three other oceans? 46) _____ A) The Atlantic Ocean B) The Pacific Ocean C) The Southern Ocean D) The Arctic Ocean E) The Indian Ocean

The Southern Ocean

What was Henry Hess's theory about the sea floor and volcanic mid-ocean ridges?

The volcanic mid-ocean ridges were formed due to sea floor spreading.

Current scientific investigation indicates that the world's oceans were most likely made by what?

The water vapour from volcanic emmisions

Which of the following was used as evidence for continental drift?

The distribution of organisms, Past glacial activity, The fit of the continents, Matching sequences of rocks

A sediment-laden current that flows off the continental shelf is called a turbidity current. True False

True

Oceans with passive plate margins have continental slopes with more gradual slopes than oceans with active plate margins. True False

True

Submarine canyons were most likely formed by: erosion by?

Turbidity currents

22) Radioactive materials can sometimes be used to determine the ________. 22) _____ A) ages of rocks B) formation method C) metamorphism D) origin of rocks E) chemical composition of rocks

age of rocks

Radioactive materials can sometimes be used to determine the

ages of rocks

78) Where are the deepest portions of the world's oceans found? 78) _____ A) At the intraplate abyssal plains B) At submarine canyons C) At convergent plate boundaries D) At divergent plate boundaries E) At transform plate boundaries

at covergent plate boundaries

29) Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. 29) _____ A) Atmosphere B) Mesosphere C) Core D) Asthenosphere E) Lithosphere

atmosphere

Coral reefs include ________.

atolls, barrier, and fringing reefs

Coral reefs include what other types of reef?

atolls, barrier, and fringing reefs

What type of organisms utilize photosynthesis?

autotrophs phytoplankton primary producers

Coral reefs at the ocean surface grow _________ from seamounts over time.

away

35) Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. 35) _____ A) Canary Islands B) Galapagos Islands C) Aleutian Islands D) Azores E) Iceland

azores

77) According to the fossil record on Earth, the earliest-known life-forms were primitive ________. 77) _____ A) plants B) bacteria C) shells D) reptiles

bacteria

16) Oceanic crust is primarily ________. 16) _____ A) granite B) clay minerals C) siltstone D) basalt E) carbonate sedimentary rocks

basalt

40) Which of the following rocks is the most reliable one used to collect information about Earth's magnetic field where and when the rock originated? 40) _____ A) Basalt B) Limestone C) Sandstone D) Granite E) Schist

basalt

69) Oceanic crust is predominantly composed of the igneous rock called ________. 69) _____ A) basalt B) anorthosite C) peridotite D) granite E) tonalite

basalt

Oceanic crust is made up of what igneous rock?

basalt

Which of the following rocks is the most reliable one used to collect information about Earth's magnetic field where and when the rock originated?

basalt

If you had an equally sized hand sample of each rock shown in the figure, which would feel the heaviest?

basalt or dark colored rock

What is the expected calcium carbonate content in modern surface sediments at a latitude of 0 degrees and a longitude 60 degrees east?

50%-80% by weight

What percent of Earth's volcanic activity, each year, takes place on the seafloor?

85%

69) How many volcanic peaks are known to exist on the Pacific sea floor?69) _____ A) < 5,000 B) 5,000 to 10,000 C) 10,000 to 15,000 D) 15,000 to 20,000 E) > 20,000

>20,000

How many volcanic peaks are known to exist on the Pacific sea floor?

>20,000

Where did our sun and solar system come from?

A nebula

Older lithosphere is destroyed in association with:

Deep-sea trenches

All the following are examples of lithogenous sediment except :

Diatom ooze

Iceland is located on what type of plate boundary

Divergent

46) Which of the following is an example of an oceanic-oceanic divergent plate boundary? 46) _____ A) East Pacific Rise B) San Andreas Fault C) Aleutian Islands D) Red Sea E) Mendocino Fault

East Pacific Rise

Which of the following is an example of an oceanic-oceanic divergent plate boundary?

East- Pacific Rise

50) Which of the following parts of Polynesia was populated last? 50) _____ A) Hawaiian Islands B) Easter Island C) Marquesas D) New Zealand E) Fiji, Tonga, and Samoa

Easter Island

Seafloor depth was first determined by what remote sensing technology?

Echo sounder

All continents fit together with the least number of overlaps and gaps when the continents are matched along?

Edges at around 2,000 meters depth

53) Who is credited with being the first person to accurately determine Earth's circumference? 53) _____ A) Christopher Columbus B) Claudius Ptolemy C) Pytheas D) Eratosthenes E) Erik Thorvaldson

Eratosthenes

7) The first person we are aware of who determined the circumference of the Earth using trigonometry and the angle of sunlight at Alexandria, Egypt, was ________. A) Seneca B) Pytheas C) Herodotus D) Eratosthenes E) Ptolemy

Eratosthenes

The first person we are aware of who determined the circumference of the Earth using trigonometry and the angle of sunlight at Alexandria, Egypt, was:

Eratosthenes

Who first determined the circumference of the Earth using trig?

Eratosthenes

Who is credited with being the first person to accurately determine Earth's circumference?

Eratosthenes

Who is credited with being the first person to accurately determine the world's circumference?

Eratosthenes

Who discovered Greenland?

Eric Thorvaldsen, aka Eric the Red

Free oxygen was a common constituent of the Earth's early atmosphere.

False

The residence time of water in the atmosphere is equal to the residence time of water in the oceans.

False

Which of the following is the standard unit of ocean depth?

Fathom

A very important way to increase the settling rate of fine particles in the open ocean is via:

Fecal pellets

11) A tentative, testable statement about the general nature of a phenomenon is called a/an ________. 11) _____ A) hypothesis B) observation C) guess D) law E) theory

Hypothesis

A tentative, testable statement about the general nature of a phenomenon is called a/an:

Hypothesis

28) Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. 28) _____ A) Age of the ocean floor B) Distribution of earthquakes C) Ice age D) Seafloor spreading E) Paleomagnetism

Ice age

Which of the following is the main reason that Earth has a magnetic field?

Rotation of the liquid iron-nickel outer core generates a magnetic field.

52) Which of the following is an example of a continental transform plate boundary? 52) _____ A) San Andreas Fault B) Aleutian Islands C) Himalaya Mountains D) Mendocino Fault E) Andes Mountains

San Andreas Fault

Which of the following techniques is used to determine the ocean data shown on the map?

Satellite-derived gravity

How did the Moon form

The Moon formed due to the impact of a Mars-sized body with the Earth.

40) Which ocean is the deepest ocean in the world? 40) _____ A) The Pacific Ocean B) The Atlantic Ocean C) The Indian Ocean D) The Southern Ocean E) The Antarctic Ocean

The Pacific Ocean

41) Which ocean's name comes from a word meaning peace? 41) _____ A) The Arctic Ocean B) The Pacific Ocean C) The Indian Ocean D) The Antarctic Ocean E) The Atlantic Ocean

The Pacific Ocean

33) Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. 33) _____ A) Rift valley B) Black smoker C) Deep focus earthquake D) Hydrothermal vent E) White smoker

deep focus earthquake

17) Older lithosphere is destroyed in association with ________. 17) _____ A) mid-ocean ridges B) hydrothermal vents C) deep-sea trenches D) spreading centers E) fracture zones

deep-sea trenches

6) Active continental margins are characterized by which of the following? 6) _____ A) No sediment accumulation B) Shallow coastal waters C) Deep-sea trenches D) Sparse earthquake activity E) Broad continental shelves

deep-sea trenches

Passive continental margins are characterized by all of the following except:

deep-sea trenches

What are turbidity currents

dense mixtures of sand, mud, and other debris that move at high speeds down submarine canyons

the ocean crust is _______ at deep sea trenches and ________ at the mid ocean ridge

destroyed;created

18) Oceanic ridges and rises result from seafloor spreading along ________. 18) _____ A) divergent plate boundaries B) convergent and transform plate boundaries C) convergent plate boundaries D) convergent and divergent plate boundaries E) transform plate boundaries

divergent plate boundaries

Oceanic ridges and rises result from seafloor spreading along: transform plate boundaries. convergent plate boundaries. divergent plate boundaries. none of the above.

divergent plate boundaries.

The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is an example of a

divergent plate boundary

Aleutian Islands

does not fit

Mariana Trench

does not fit

Panamerica

does not fit

hot spot

does not fit

hydrothermal vents

does not fit

47) The Big Island of Hawaii is an example of a volcanic island associated with volcanic activity at a ________. 47) _____ A) mid-ocean ridge B) island arc C) transform fault D) deep sea trench E) hotspot

hotspot

75) A cometary model of the formation of Earth's ocean must include the chemical difference between the ________ in comet ice and that in Earth's water. 75) _____ A) nitrogen B) hydrogen C) oxygen D) carbon

hydrogen

31) Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. 31) _____ A) Island arc B) Volcanoes C) Mountains D) Hydrothermal vents E) Oceanic trench

hydrothermal vents

31) Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. 31) _____ A) Carbon dioxide B) Oxygen C) Ammonia D) Water vapor E) Methane

oxygen

What are the reaction products of photosynthesis?

oxygen gas and sugar

25) The study of historical changes of continental shapes and positions is called ________. 25) _____ A) paleomagnetism B) paleogeography C) paleoclimatology D) sedimentology

paleoclimatology

The study of historical changes of continental shapes and positions is called

paleogeography

The study of historical changes of continental shapes and positions is called:

paleogeography

25) The study of historical changes of continental shapes and positions is called ________. 25) _____ A) paleomagnetism B) paleogeography C) paleoclimatology D) sedimentology

paleogeopraphy

study of magnetism over geologic time

paleomagnetism

ancient precursor of the pacific ocean

panthalassia

What would you look for as evidence that a rock layer formed from materials deposited by ancient turbidity currents

repeated sequences of graded bedding that begin as coarse material and become finer upward

81) The very earliest forms of life probably ________. 81) _____ A) required an external food supply B) were similar to present-day anaerobic bacteria C) manufactured their own food supply by chemosynthesis D) manufactured their own food supply by photosynthesis

required an external food supply

30) Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. 30) _____ A) Oceanic trench B) Seafloor spreading C) Rift valley D) Divergent plate boundary E) Rifting

rifting

Continent-continent convergence occurs in what stage of the Wilson cycle?

suturing

70) Earth's mantle is exposed on the ocean floor in great slabs of rock between widely-spaced volcanoes in ________. 70) _____ A) oceanic ridges B) deep-ocean trenches C) ultra-slow spreading centers D) oceanic rises E) volcanic arcs

ultra-slow spreading centers

39) Tectonic plates move about as fast as ________. 39) _____ A) your fingernails grow B) a child crawls C) a snail crawls D) a river flows E) grass grows in the summer

your fingernails grow

Plasticity

Ability of a solid to flow.

What is a seamount?

An active volcano that occurs along the crest of the mid-ocean ridge.

The great oxidation event resulted in the massive die-off of which of the following?

Anaerobic bacteria

Satellites are used to map the ocean floor because: A) they are unaffected by surface weather. B) they can cover areas where ships have not produced surveys. C) they can "see" large areas of the seafloor at one time. D) the shape of the ocean surface itself reflects large features on the seafloor below. E) All of the above statements are correct.

B) they can cover areas where ships have not produced surveys.

26) Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. 26) _____ A) Shelf break B) Continental rise C) Continental slope D) Abyssal hill E) Continental shelf

abyssal hill

Why does the sea floor have a striped pattern of magnetic anomalies that is symmetric with respect to the mid-ocean ridge? Choose all that apply. a. Polar reversals cause existing ocean crust to remagnetize. b. The igneous rock of the ocean floor preserves Earth's existing magnetic field as the rock cools. c. The ocean floor is spreading apart and new sea floor is forming. d. The polarity of Earth's magnetic field experiences reversals. e. Marine organisms that live on the sea floor have caused this pattern.

b,c,d

According to the fossil record on Earth, the earliest-known life-forms were primitive ____________.

bacteria

15) The separation of the Earth into layers while it was molten was the result of the ________. 15) _____ A) initial collection of materials and their position in Earth B) differing densities of the elements that make up the Earth C) gravitational force created by the rotating Earth D) presence of water at Earth's surface E) decrease in temperature downward toward the core

differing densities of the elements that make up the Earth

Match the term with the appropriate phrase. abyssal plain a generally flat zone extending from the shore to the shelf break narrow and deep valleys on continental slopes shallow-water areas close to continents flat depositional surfaces that cover extensive portions of the deep-ocean basins deep linear scars on the deep-ocean floor caused by plate convergence

flat depositional surfaces that cover extensive portions of the deep-ocean basins

Continental crust is made of what igneous rock?

granite

The Hawaiian Islands are located where the Pacific plate is

moving over a hot spot or mantle plume

The seafloor magnetic pattern is best described as ________. 9) _____ A) parallel to and symmetric about mid-ocean ridges B) not related to the location of mid-ocean ridges C) parallel to, but not symmetric about mid-ocean ridges D) perpendicular to and symmetric about mid-ocean ridges E) perpendicular to, but not symmetric about mid-ocean ridges

parallel to and symmetric about mid-ocean ridges

The seafloor magnetic pattern is best described as:

parallel to and symmetric about ocean ridges

Vine and Matthews determined that new ocean floor was being produced at ocean ridges by examining:

the magnetic pattern on the seafloor

75) Which part of Earth's cumulative hypsographic curve includes linear scars in the ocean floor, caused by the collision of two plates along convergent plate margins? 75) _____ A) The gentle slope above sea level B) The long and flat part below sea level C) The shallowest slope below sea level D) The steep deepest part below sea level E) The steep segment above sea level

the steep deepest part below sea level

Oceans become deeper moving away from ridges due to:

thermal contraction of hot asthenosphere

Match the term with the appropriate phrase. precision-depth recorder (PDR) a method of mapping the topography of the ocean floor along a strip up to 60 km used to determine ocean structure beneath the sea floor measurement of ocean depth and seafloor topography uses high frequency sound waves to measure ocean depth cumulative plot of area versus depth or elevation

uses high frequency sound waves to measure ocean depth

Precision-depth recorder (PDR)

uses high frequency sound waves to measure ocean depth

39) Seamounts and abyssal hills are ________ in origin. 39) _____ A) volcanic B) sedimentary C) erosional D) metamorphic E) seismic

volcanic

40) Worldwide, scientists estimate that there are about 125,000 known seamounts, many of which originated at ________ centers. 40) _____ A) seismic B) metamorphic C) sedimentary D) erosional E) volcanic

volcanic

Abyssal hills

volcanic features on the ocean floor are less than 1km; some of hte most abundant features on the planet that cover a large percentage of the entire ocean basin floor

Nearly all oceanic islands are

volcanic in origin

What is a characteristic of oceanic-oceanic convergent plate boundaries?

volcanic island arcs

Underwater avalanches of muddy water mixed with rocks and debris are:

turbidity currents

Definitions for these words: Mantle? Crust? Nebula? Core? Solar system?

- Contains minerals rich in iron and magnesium, between the crust and the core, and has the second largest volume according to the chemical classification. - Outermost portion of the Earth composed largely of the igneous rocks basalt and granite. - Gaseous and dusty space cloud (precursor to a solar system). - Composed mostly of iron and nickel with a liquefied metallic outer layer. - the Sun and the eight major planets revolving around it

What elements are found in high concentrations in oceanic crust?

-Magnesium -Iron

You are trying to figure out the age of a rock. You know that Uranium 235 decays to Lead 207, with a half life of 700 million years. You have measured the amount of Uranium 235 and Lead 207 in the rock and know that the ratio of Uranium to Lead atoms in the rock is 1:3 (25% Uranium, 75% lead). How old is this rock?

1.4 billion years old

A container holds 100 atoms of an isotope. This isotope has a half-life of 1.5 months. How many total atoms will be in the container after 3 months?

100 atoms (Atoms of radioactive isotopes turn into atoms of other isotopes)

All of the following statements regarding pH are true except: A) A pH of 3.0 is acidic and a pH of 10.0 is alkaline. B) As a whole, the pH of the ocean is slightly acidic. C) Buffers prevent large changes in the pH of a solution. D) pH will be buffered in deeper water where organisms with calcite shells sink. E) pH relates to relative acid-base ion balance in a solution.

B) As a whole, the pH of the ocean is slightly acidic.

Sediments produced by plants and animals in the sea are called: A) cosmogenous. B) biogenous. C) hydrogenous. D) terrigenous. E) volcanogenic.

B) biogenous.

A. abyssal hill B. abyssal plain D. seamount E. tablemount

C. submarine canyon

Oceanic crust is predominantly composed of the igneous rock called?

Basalt

Oceanic crust is primarily made of what?

Basalt

Oceanic crust is primarily:

Basalt

The White Cliffs of Dover are an example of which of the following sediment types?

Biogenous Sediment

What is the chemical formula for sugar?

C6H12O6

Trilobites were dominant during which geologic period?

Cambrian

Which of the following is the main reason that Earth has a magnetic field?

Convection in the liquid iron-nickel outer core generates a magnetic field.

The tectonic forces called slab pull and slab suction may act in unison at which type of plate boundary?

Conversion

Age of Discovery ended with

Ferdinand Magellan's circumnavigation of the globe

Which of the following is Earth's liquid iron-nickel layer?

Outer Core

Most of Earth's water was derived from?

Outgassing

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Future offshore petroleum exploration will continue in the deeper waters of the continental margins BECAUSE offshore petroleum exploration has inevitable oil spills caused by inadvertent leaks or blowouts during the drilling process.

The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

Seamounts are from ancient tablemounts

false

Climate distribution on Earth is primarily controlled by:

latitude

The earliest forms of life were ___________.

primitive chemosynthetic organisms

Stanley Miller's 1952 experiment created ________ from the chemical ingredients thought to exist in Earth's early ocean.

simple organic compounds

38) Harry Hess suggested which of the following? 38) _____ A) The volcanic mid-ocean ridges were formed due to sea floor spreading. B) The continents plowed through oceanic lithosphere on their own power. C) Guyots formed at deep depths and migrated to shallow water. D) The oceans are much older than the continents.

the volcanic mid-ocean ridges were formed due to sea floor spreading

Where did the energy of the sun come from originally?

thermal energy that was converted from the gravitational energy of the original nebula collapse

What does the term "asthenosphere" literally mean?

weak sphere

When did the solar system begin to form?

5 billion years ago

5 km is equal to:

5,000 m

The number of organisms present in the surface water above the ocean floor is called

Productivity

Of the following statements about density stratification, which is/are true? Choose all that apply.

-Density stratification has caused the highest-density material to be found at Earth's core. - Outgassing is a direct result of density stratification -The origin of Earth's oceans and atmosphere are a result of density stratification. - Density stratification has caused Earth's internal structure to be layered

Which of the following statements is/are true regarding Earth's core?

-Earth's core is composed of two layers that differ in physical properties. -The core is composed of mainly iron and nickel, with some sulfur. -The outer core is liquid because it is so hot.

Which of the following statements is/are true regarding Earth's oceans?

-Earths oceans are one big interconnected body of water -The southern ocean is one of the least-studied areas on planet earth -NASA satellites fly over Antartica

Archaeological evidence suggests that boat technology was developed about ___________ years ago.

40,000

The four principal ocean basins (plus an additional ocean) on Earth are the:

-Atlantic -Pacific -Arctic -Indian -Southern/Antarctic

nemataths and volcanic arcs

-Nemataths and volcanic arcs are both the result of volcanic activity

ocean crust

-Ocean crust is destroyed at deep sea trenches

Which of the following ideas support our current scientific understanding of the development of life on Earth? Choose all that apply.

-Primitive life likely existed without the need for oxygen. -Early organisms evolved into more-complex organisms over geologic time. -The "prebiotic soup" of the primitive oceans provided favorable conditions for life to develop. -As life evolved it significantly changed Earth's environment.

Which of the following statements is/are true regarding the scientific method?

-Scientific method is an ongoing cycle -Scientists make predictions based one established theories -The Scientific Method involves repeated testing and adjustments of hypotheses to explain observations

What elements are found in high concentrations in continental crust?

-Silica -Aluminum -Potassium

Earth's magnetic field

-The locations of Earth's magnetic poles have moved through time and have even reversed in polarity

When did the Appalachian Mountains of North America begin to form?

450 million years ago

Evidence for continental drift includes

-past glacial activity -the distribution of organisms -matching sequences of rocks and mountain chains -the fit of the continents

differences between oceanic and continental crust

-continental crust is mainly composed of granite, whereas oceanic crust is mainly composed of basalt -Continental crust is thicket than oceanic crust -Continental crust floats higher on the mantle than oceanic crust

Which of the following feature(s) is/are associated with the mid-ocean ridge? hydrothermal vents a central rift valley basalt volcanism and pillow lavas a trench thick layers of sediment volcanoes

-hydrothermal vents -a central rift valley -basalt volcanism and pillow lavas -volcanoes

Imagine that you are enjoying a day at the beach in California, exploring tide pools. You find a California sea hare in the shallow water and gently scoop it into your hand. As you touch it, the sea hare releases purple ink into your hand. You think maybe the sea hare released the ink to scare you (a potential predator) away, but you are not sure. What is the next step you would need to take to advance your understanding to the next level of scientific inquiry?

-testing

Bases on physical properties, how many layers does the Earth have?

5 (lithosphere, asthenosphere, lower mantle or mesosphere, outer core and inner core)

The Earth's atmosphere became oxygen rich how many years ago?

2.45 billion

the oldest ocean crust is about _______ years old and is located near _________

200 million years old; an ocean trench

If ocean crust forms at a rate of 10 centimeters per year, how much ocean crust can be created in 20 million years?

2000 kilometers

A container holds 100 atoms of an isotope. This isotope has a half-life of 1.5 months. How many atoms of the radioactive isotope will be in the container after 3 months?

25 atoms

Based on composition, how many layers make up the Earth?

3 (the crust, the mantle and the core)

The average depth of the world's oceans is approximately ________.

3,681 meters (12,080 ft)

3) The average depth of the world's oceans is approximately ________. A) 3,682 meters (12,080 feet) B) 2,172 meters (7,126 feet) C) 5,280 meters (17,323 feet) D) 11,022 meters (36,161 feet) E) 840 meters (2,756 feet)

3,682 meters (12080 feet)

Calcareous oozes are represented by the number(s):

4

The greatest proportion of Earth's surface lies in this elevation/ depth interval

4,000-5,000 m below sea level

A ship's fathometer (an echo sounder) transmits a sound pulse and records the return of an echo 7.4 seconds later. If the speed of sound in water is 1,500 m/second, what is the water depth in meters? 3,000 meters 4,550 meters 5,550 meters 7,400 meters 11,100 meters

5,550 meters

When did the great mountain ranges of southern Europe and Asia begin to form?

50 million years ago

How are normal polarity and reverse polarity of Earth's magnetic field different?

A compass points toward the North Pole during normal polarity and to the South Pole during reverse polarity.

The average slope of the continental shelf is similar to the slope of which of the following?

A large parking lot

Multi-beam sonar

A method of mapping the topography of the ocean floor along a strip up to 60 Km

In general, what is our best evidence that the orientation of Earth's magnetic field has changed over time?

A record of Earth's magnetic field is recorded in oceanic rocks, which show a clear pattern of changes in Earth's magnetic polarity.

How can plate tectonics be used to help explain the difference between a seamount and a tablemount

A seamount is a volcano with a cone-shaped top, whereas a tablemount is a volcano with a flattened top. Though both of these features originate at the crest (and topographic high) of the mid-ocean ridge, a tablemount has been subject to wave erosion when it rises above sea level. When the crust containing the tablemount is pushed away from the crest (and therefore onto a topographically lower position), or is moved away from a hot spot, it is re-submerged with its flat top

What is a tablemount?

A seamount that grew above sea level, experienced wave erosion, and is now inactive.

Describe differences between transform faults and fracture zones

A transform fault is a seismically active are that shows evidence of pst transform fault activity. Two lithospheric plates are moving in opposite directions in a transform fault. A fracture zone, on the other hand, is a seismically inactive area that offsets the axis of a mid-ocean ridge. There is no relative motion because the lithospheric plates are moving in the same direction.

All continents fit together with the least number of overlaps and gaps when the continents are matched along: A) contours at around 2,000 meters depth. B) current shorelines. C) edge of the continental shelf. D) edges of the deep sea floor. E) oceanic trenches in subduction zones.

A) contours at around 2,000 meters depth.

Sediments with an extraterrestrial origin are called: A) cosmogenous. B) biogenous. C) hydrogenous. D) lithogenous. E) volcanogenic.

A) cosmogenous.

Older lithosphere is destroyed in association with: A) deep-sea trenches. B) fracture zones. C) hydrothermal vents. D) mid-ocean ridges. E) spreading centers.

A) deep-sea trenches.

All of the following processes decrease seawater salinity except: A) evaporation. B) iceberg melting. C) precipitation. D) river runoff. E) sea ice melting.

A) evaporation.

Which property of water causes coastal communities to have only moderate differences in daily highs and lows when compared to inland communities? A) high heat capacity B) high salinity C) high viscosity D) low heat capacity E) low viscosity

A) high heat capacity

The San Andreas Fault: A) is a continental transform fault. B) is an oceanic transform fault. C) is associated with deep focus earthquakes. D) is located in the Juan de Fuca Plate.

A) is a continental transform fault.

Sediment that begins as rocks on continents or islands is called: A) lithogenous (terrigenous) sediment. B) biogenous sediment. C) hydrogenous sediment. D) cosmogenous sediment. E) All of the above.

A) lithogenous (terrigenous) sediment.

Cosmogenous sediment consists of two main types of sediment: A) microscopic spherules and macroscopic meteor debris. B) microscopic spherules and abyssal clays. C) biogenous oozes and macroscopic meteor debris. D) abyssal clays and evaporites. E) biogenous oozes and evaporites.

A) microscopic spherules and macroscopic meteor debris.

All of the following statements are true of ocean sediments except: A) ocean sediments are thickest in pelagic waters overlying the oceanic ridges. B) ocean sediments can include the fossilized remains of ancient marine life. C) ocean sediments may form from the remains of living organisms falling to the ocean floor. D) ocean sediments include the remains of ancient rocks of cosmic origin. E) ocean sediments may be composed of chemical precipitates such as calcium carbonate or manganese dioxide.

A) ocean sediments are thickest in pelagic waters overlying the oceanic ridges.

The most likely place to find abundant manganese nodules is on the A. abyssal plain far from a continent. B. continental rise. C. continental shelf. D. crest of a mid-ocean ridge. E. All of the above locations contain manganese nodules.

A. abyssal plain far from a continent.

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Please identify the word and/or phrase that does NOT fit the pattern. Enter only the letter of the answer (caps, no period, and not the full entry) in the field below. A. passive margin B. ocean trench C. volcanic arc D. island arc E. continental arc

A. passive margin

The majority of ocean trenches are associated with ___________. narrow or no continental shelves very deep ocean water depths subduction zones and associated faults the mid-ocean ridge volcanic arcs and active continental margins the Pacific Ring of Fire

ALL BUT MID OCEAN RIDGE

The cities of Los Angeles and San Francisco, CA, are about 380 miles apart. Plate motion along the San Andreas Fault is about five centimeters per year. If the Los Angeles Dodgers and the San Francisco Giants continue to play at their current locations, how long will it be before their games will constitute a cross-town rivalry

About 12,230,000 years

Volcanic features on the ocean floor that are less than 1,000 meters (0.6 miles) tall are called:

Abyssal hills or seaknolls

The most likely place to find abundant manganese nodules is on the:

Abyssal plain far from a continent

If the rate and direction of plate movement remain the same for the next 50 million years, an accurate prediction would then be:

Accretion of the California Terrane onto Alaska

Radioactive materials can sometimes be used to determine the:

Ages of rocks

48) Which of the following is an example of an oceanic-oceanic convergent plate boundary? 48) _____ A) Mendocino Fault B) Aleutian Islands C) San Andreas Fault D) East Pacific Rise E) Red Sea

Aleutian Islands

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. Words: (Aleutian Islands, Azores, Galapagos Islands, Canary Islands, and Iceland)

Aleutian Islands

Which of the following is an example of an oceanic-oceanic convergent plate boundary?

Aleutian Islands

Which of the following is an example of an oceanic-oceanic convergent plate boundary?

Aleutian islands

The first person to advance the idea of mobile continents or continental drift was who?

Alfred Wegener

The first person to advance the idea of mobile continents or continental drift was:

Alfred Wegener

The first person to advance the idea of mobile continents or continental drift was:

Alfred Wegener.

1) The first person to advance the idea of mobile continents or continental drift was ________. 1) _____ A) Alfred Wegener B) John Tuzo Wilson C) Frederick Vine D) Harry Hess E) Drummond Matthews

Alfred Wegner

Satellites are used to map the ocean floor because: they can cover areas where ships have not produced surveys. the shape of the ocean surface itself reflects large features on the seafloor below. they are unaffected by surface weather. they can "see" large areas of the seafloor at one time. All the above statements are correct.

All the above statements are correct.

The great oxidization event resulted in the die-off of what organism?

Anaerobic bacteria

34) Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. 34) _____ A) Japan B) Andes Mountains C) Mariana Trench D) Hawaiian Islands E) Aleutian Islands

Andes Mountains

49) Which of the following is an example of an oceanic-continental convergent plate boundary? 49) _____ A) Himalaya Mountains B) San Andreas Fault C) Aleutian Islands D) Mendocino Fault E) Andes Mountains

Andes Mountains

Which of the following is an example of an oceanic-continental convergent plate boundary?

Andes Mountains

15) Which of the following is characteristic of oceanic-continental convergent plate boundaries? 15) _____ A) Fracture zones B) Hot spots C) Andesitic volcanoes D) Mid-ocean ridges E) Volcanic island arcs

Andesitic Volcanoes

Based on definition, it is more appropriate to consider which ocean as a sea?

Arctic

Which ocean is the shallowest in the world?

Arctic

Which ocean basin is currently covered by extensive sea ice for much of the year?

Arctic Ocean

The earliest known life forms lived in rocks on the sea floor how many years ago?

Around 3.5 billion years go

Tectonic plates move about as fast as?

As your fingernails grow.

Which ocean is the shallowest?

Atlantic

The sea floor of which of the following oceans has the simplest and most symmetric pattern of age distribution?

Atlantic Ocean

The four principal ocean basins on Earth (plus one additional) are

Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Southern & Arctic Oceans

1) The four principal ocean basins (plus an additional ocean) on Earth are the ________. A) Atlantic, Antarctic, Southern, Mediterranean, and Pacific Oceans B) Antarctic, Arctic, Indian, Pacific, and Southern Oceans C) Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Southern, and Arctic Oceans D) Antarctic, Caspian, Southern, Indian, and Pacific Oceans E) Atlantic, Arctic, Mediterranean, Southern, and Pacific Oceans

Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Southern, and Arctic Oceans

The amount of energy that is necessary to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree C is the definition of: A) boiling point elevation. B) calorie. C) latent heat of condensation. D) latent heat of evaporation. E) thermal capacity.

B) calorie.

Manganese nodules are an example of: A) biogenous sediments. B) cosmogenous sediments. C) hydrogenous sediments. D) terrigenous sediments. E) volcagenic sediments.

B) cosmogenous sediments.

Passive continental margins are characterized by all of the following except: A) broad continental shelves. B) deep-sea trenches. C) shallow coastal waters. D) thick sediment accumulation. E) very little volcanic and earthquake activity.

B) deep-sea trenches.

As the salinity of seawater increases, its: A) density decreases. B) density increases. C) residence time increases. D) residence time decreases. E) residence time changes.

B) density increases.

All of the following are lithogenous sediments except: A) beach sand. B) diatom ooze. C) glacial deposits. D) clays. E) volcanic particles.

B) diatom ooze.

Oceanic ridges and rises result from seafloor spreading along: A) convergent plate boundaries. B) divergent plate boundaries. C) transform plate boundaries. D) none of the above.

B) divergent plate boundaries.

An area of the ocean where rapid change in ocean salinity occurs with a change in depth is the: A) barocline. B) halocline. C) isocline. D) pycnocline. E) thermocline.

B) halocline.

Water can pile up a short distance above a container's rim due to: A) strong covalent bonds. B) high surface tension. C) high viscosity. D) low surface tension. E) low viscosity.

B) high surface tension.

The direction of motion along a seafloor transform fault is: A) associated with turbidity currents. B) in the same direction as the plates are spreading. C) in the same direction as the ridge offset. D) influenced by underwater boundary currents. E) perpendicular to the direction of plate movement.

B) in the same direction as the plates are spreading.

Transform faults have all of the following characteristics except: A) they occur along transform plate boundaries. B) movement occurs in the same direction. C) they have many earthquakes. D) they occur between offset oceanic ridge segments.

B) movement occurs in the same direction.

The seafloor magnetic pattern is best described as: A) not related to the location of mid-ocean ridges. B) parallel to and symmetric about mid-ocean ridges. C) parallel to, but not symmetric about mid-ocean ridges. D) perpendicular to and symmetric about mid-ocean ridges. E) perpendicular to, but not symmetric about mid-ocean ridges.

B) parallel to and symmetric about mid-ocean ridges.

Fossils of ancient polar plants are currently found near the equator because the: A) entire earth had polar conditions at the time the plants were living. B) plants lived near the poles, but landmasses have drifted to current locations. C) plants probably were tolerant of both tropical and polar conditions. D) plants were distributed to current locations by ancient glacial ice sheets. E) poles were at the equator at times in the geologic past.

B) plants lived near the poles, but landmasses have drifted to current locations.

The covalent bonds form between hydrogen and oxygen atoms in a water molecule form as a result of the: A) polarity of water molecules. B) sharing of electrons between the atoms. C) surface tension of water. D) transfer of electrons between the atoms. E) viscosity of water.

B) sharing of electrons between the atoms.

Deep ocean trenches are associated with: A) rift valleys. B) subduction zones. C) submarine canyons. D) transform faults. E) turbidity currents.

B) subduction zones.

Which of the following is characteristic of continental-continental convergent plate boundaries? A) hot spots B) uplifted mountain ranges C) mid-ocean ridges D) volcanic island arcs

B) uplifted mountain ranges

A. black smoker C. hydrothermal vent D. rift valley E. white smoker

B. Deep focus earthquake

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Please identify the word and/or phrase that does NOT fit the pattern. Enter only the letter of the answer (caps, no period, and not the full entry) in the field below. A. continental shelf B. abyssal hill C. shelf break D. continental rise E. continental slope

B. abyssal hill

What is the difference between a barrier reef and an atoll?

Barrier reefs surround an inactive volcano emerging above sea level, while atolls surround the previous location of a submerged volcano.

Which of the following rocks is the most reliable one used to collect information about Earth's magnetic field where and when the rock originated?

Basalt

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. Words: (Observation, Hypothesis, Belief, Theory, and Testing)

Belief

62) Evidence suggests that the Sun and the rest of the solar system formed about five ________ years ago. 62) _____ A) trillion B) billion C) million D) thousand

Billion

55) Who of the following is thought to be the first Viking to have seen what is now called Newfoundland?55) _____ A) Leif Eriksson B) Erik Thorvaldson C) Prince Henry the Navigator D) Bjarni Herjolfsson E) Thor Heyerdahl

Bjarni Herjolfsson

Who was the first viking to see Newfoundland?

Bjarni Herjolfsson

81) Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Seismologists prefer the well-known Richter scale over the moment magnitude scale BECAUSE the Richter scale is better for larger-magnitude earthquakes. 81) _____ A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. C) The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect. D) The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct. E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Biogenous sediment usually contains abundant calcite below the calcite compensation depth BECAUSE it readily dissolves above the calcite compensation depth.

Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

The first person to advance the idea of mobile continents or continental drift was: A) Harry Hess. B) Frederick Vine. C) Alfred Wegener. D) Drummond Matthews. E) John Tuzo Wilson.

C) Alfred Wegener.

Along the margins of the Pacific are found most of Earth's: A) seamounts. B) tablemounts. C) abyssal hills or seaknolls. D) oceanic trenches. E) oceanic ridges.

C) abyssal hills or seaknolls.

Latent heat is the quantity of heat gained or lost as a substance undergoes a: A) change in chemical composition. B) change in molecular weight. C) change in state. D) change in atomic mass. E) change in subatomic structure.

C) change in state.

A very important way to increase the settling rate of fine particles in the open ocean is via: A) carbonate dissolution. B) deposit feeders. C) fecal pellets. D) precipitation. E) wind.

C) fecal pellets.

In comparison to most other liquids, the heat capacity of liquid water is: A) a function of salinity. B) about the same as other liquids. C) higher than other liquids. D) lower than other liquids. E) related to solvent concentration.

C) higher than other liquids.

43) Based on the Theory of Plate Tectonics, you would expect to find ________ heat flow at the mid-ocean ridge and ________ heat flow at subduction zones when compared to other parts of the crust. 43) _____ A) decreased; increased B) decreased; decreased C) increased; increased D) increased; decreased

C) increased; decreased

Describe seafloor spreading and why it was an important piece of evidence in support of plate tectonics

Captain Hess suggested that new ocean crust was created at the mid-oceanic ridges and disappeared back into deep Earth at the trenches near the edges of ocean basins. This was an important piece of evidence in support of plate tectonics because it provided a mechanism for continental and oceanic plate motion

23) The first scientist to propose the origin of coral reefs based upon subsidence (sinking) of volcanic islands was ________. 23) _____ A) John Tuzo Wilson B) Harry Hess C) Drummond Matthews D) Alfred Wegener E) Charles Darwin

Charles Darwin

The first scientist to propose the origin of coral reefs based upon subsidence (sinking) of volcanic islands was

Charles Darwin

The first scientist to propose the origin of coral reefs based upon subsidence (sinking) of volcanic islands was ________.

Charles Darwin

The first scientist to propose the origin of coral reefs based upon subsidence (sinking) of volcanic islands was:

Charles Darwin

Although Earth's oceans have existed since early in the formation of the planet, its ________ must have changed.

Chemical composition

Age of Discovery began when

Christopher Columbus discovered the "New World"

9) The European "Age of Discovery" began with ________. 9) _____ A) Phoenician exploration of the Mediterranean B) Polynesian colonization of Pacific Islands C) Christopher Columbus' discovery of the "New World" D) Viking voyages to North America E) Ferdinand Magellan's circumnavigation of the globe

Christopher Columbus' discovery of the "New World"

Regarding glacial ages, why is it unlikely that the entire world was covered by ice 300 million years ago

Coal deposits from the same geologic age are now present in North America and Europe, which formed from the remains of vast tropical swamp plants

Where did most of Earth's water come from?

Comets

17) Which of the following statements regarding continental and oceanic crust is TRUE? 17) _____ A) Continental crust is thinner and less dense than oceanic crust. B) Continental crust is thicker and denser than oceanic crust. C) Continental crust is thinner and denser than oceanic crust. D) Continental crust and oceanic crust have equivalent densities. E) Continental crust is thicker and less dense than oceanic crust.

Continental crust is thicker and less dense than oceanic crust

Passive margins are usually produced over geologic time by which of the following?

Continental rifting and continued sea floor spreading.

The San Andreas Fault is an example of a _______________ plate boundary.

Continental transform

The Alps are an example of a _________________________________ plate boundary.

Continental-continental convergent

The Gulf of California is an example of a _________________ plate boundary.

Continental-continental divergence

How does convection in the asthenosphere explain ocean basin features, heat flow, and the thickness of the lithosphere?

Convection cells are the driving mechanism which are associated with circular movement of rock material in the mantle. The rock material moved in the mantle made the ocean basin features. The thickness of the asthenopshere protects the features from the intense heat of the hot molten rock that comes to the surface. Convection cells regulate the heat throughout this process.

45) The tectonic forces called slab pull and slab suction may act in unison at which type of plate boundary? 45) _____ A) Transform B) Intraplate C) Convergent D) Divergent

Convergent

Sediments with an extraterrestrial origin are called

Cosmogenous

Micrometeorites are an example of which of the following sediment types?

Cosmogenous Sediment

Which of the following statements is true of the lithosphere? A) The lithosphere is composed of outer mantle material. B) The lithosphere is composed of igneous rock. C) The lithosphere is composed of metamorphic rock. D) The lithosphere is composed of the crust and the uppermost portion of the mantle. E) The lithosphere is composed of the inner portion of the mantle and the outer core.

D) The lithosphere is composed of the crust and the uppermost portion of the mantle.

The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is an example of a: A) convergent plate boundary (continent-continent). B) convergent plate boundary (continent-oceanic). C) convergent plate boundary (oceanic-oceanic). D) divergent plate boundary. E) transform fault boundary.

D) divergent plate boundary.

All of the following processes decrease the salinity of water except: A) precipitation. B) runoff. C) icebergs melting. D) evaporation. E) sea ice melting.

D) evaporation.

All of the following are considered part of the continental margin except the: A) continental rise. B) continental shelf. C) continental slope. D) fracture zone. E) submarine canyon.

D) fracture zone.

The transfer of water between the atmosphere, the oceans, and the continents is known as the: A) closed cycle. B) geologic cycle. C) hydrobiological cycle. D) hydrologic cycle. E) meteorological cycle.

D) hydrologic cycle.

Sediments derived from pre-existing rocks on land are called: A) cosmogenous. B) biogenous. C) hydrogenous. D) lithogenous. E) volcanogenic.

D) lithogenous.

New lithosphere is produced in association with: A) deep-sea trenches. B) fracture zones. C) hydrothermal vents. D) oceanic ridges. E) transform faults.

D) oceanic ridges.

With respect to mid-ocean ridges, transform faults are: A) associated with hydrothermal vents. B) located in submarine canyons. C) parallel to the rift valley. D) perpendicular to the ridge axis.

D) perpendicular to the ridge axis.

An area of the ocean where rapid change in ocean density occurs with a change in depth is the: A) barocline. B) halocline. C) isocline. D) pycnocline. E) thermocline.

D) pycnocline.

Wegener used all of the following provide evidence for continental drift except: A) age of selected continental rocks. B) apparent polar wandering. C) location of coral reef fossils. D) seafloor magnetic pattern. E) shape of continental margins.

D) seafloor magnetic pattern.

The correct order of seafloor features from the coast to the mid-ocean ridge is: A) abyssal plain, rise, slope, shelf. B) abyssal plain, shelf, slope, rise. C) rise, abyssal plain, slope, shelf. D) shelf, slope, rise, abyssal plain. E) slope, rise, shelf, abyssal plain.

D) shelf, slope, rise, abyssal plain

The states of matter in which water exists is primarily determined by: A) density. B) salinity. C) chlorinity. D) temperature. E) pH.

D) temperature.

Which of the following is characteristic of oceanic-oceanic convergent plate boundaries? A) fracture zones B) hot spots C) mid-ocean ridges D) volcanic island arcs

D) volcanic island arcs

A. Turbidity currents B. Graded bedding C. Turbidite deposits E. Deep-sea fans

D. Abyssal plains

A. rift valley B. oceanic ridge C. oceanic rise E. seafloor spreading

D. seaknoll

Which rock figure is likely to be in high in iron and magnesium?

Dark colored igneous rocks, formed from dry lava

Plate convergence begins during which stage of the Wilson Cycle?

Declining

The Pacific Ocean is an example of the ________ stage of the Wilson Cycle.

Declining

55) The East Africa Rift Valleys are an example of ________ plate boundary. 55) _____ A) an oceanic-oceanic divergent B) an oceanic-continental convergent C) a continental transform D) a continental-continental convergent E) a continental-continental divergent

E) a continental-continental divergent

Evidence for continental drift includes: A) the fit of the continents. B) matching sequences of rocks and mountain chains. C) past glacial activity. D) the distribution of organisms. E) all of the above.

E) all of the above.

Fossil remains of organisms on land and in sediments can be used to: A) indicate the relative age of the sediments. B) provide evidence for plate movement. C) suggest ancient climate characteristics. D) support the idea that landmasses were joined. E) all of the above.

E) all of the above.

The Hawaiian Islands are located where the Pacific plate is: A) being subducted beneath the North American plate. B) being subducted beneath Japan. C) being thrust over the North American plate. D) diving under Japan. E) moving over a hot spot or mantle plume.

E) moving over a hot spot or mantle plume.

Frederick Vine and Drummond Matthews determined that new ocean floor was being produced at ocean ridges by examining: A) apparent polar wandering. B) fossils in marine sediments. C) glacial debris at various locations. D) the location of ancient coral reefs. E) the magnetic pattern of rocks on the seafloor.

E) the magnetic pattern of rocks on the seafloor.

The Principle of Constant Proportions states that: A) ocean salinity varies as a function of season. B) ocean salinity varies with geographical location. C) the percentage of chloride varies with geographical location. D) the percentage of sodium varies with ocean depth. E) the relative concentrations of the major ions in seawater does not change.

E) the relative concentrations of the major ions in seawater does not change.

A rapid change in ocean temperature with a change in depth occurs in the: A) barocline. B) halocline. C) isocline. D) pycnocline. E) thermocline.

E) thermocline.

All of the following are true concerning neritic sediment deposits except: A) they may contain coarse-grained sand and rock fragments in the sediments. B) they may contain sediments of lithogenous origin. C) they may contain sediments transported from rivers onto the continental shelf. D) they may form in shallow coastal waters. E) they are primarily composed of calcareous deposits of biological origin

E) they are primarily composed of calcareous deposits of biological origin

A. Continental margin B. Active margin C. Convergent Active margin D. Transform active margin

E. Rift valley

Of the following techniques, which one(s) can be used to map the sea floor? sending sound through water (sonar) using satellites to measure the sea surface recording many depths using a long cable direct visitation of the sea floor measuring sea water clarity

EVERYTHING BUT MEASURING

Of the following statements about Earth's hypsographic curve (figure shown below), which is/are true? The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the exposed land is below 1 kilometer in elevation. The hypsographic curve shows that the average depth of the ocean is about four times the average height of the continents. The hypsographic curve shows the percentage of Earth's surface area that is covered by ocean waters. The hypsographic curve shows the amount of water in the oceans. The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the ocean floor is below 4 kilometers deep.

EVERYTHING BUT The hypsographic curve shows the amount of water in the oceans.

What time period did Trilobite's exist in?

Early Cambrian

What would happen to Earth if ocean floor were created at divergent boundaries at a faster rate than it is destroyed at convergent boundaries?

Earth would increase in volume.

Describe Earth's magnetic field, including how it has changed through time

Earth's magnetic field is composed of invisible lines of magnetic force that originate within Earth and travel out into space. The polarity of the field has reversed itself throughout geologic time

Shortly after the devastating 2011 Tohoku-Oki Earthquake, the Chikyu drillship began an expedition to study which of the following?

Earthquake-generated heat from friction

What is an example of the embryonic stage of the Wilson Cycle?

East Africa

Which of the following is an example of the embryonic stage of the Wilson Cycle?

East Africa

Which of the following parts of Polynesia was populated last?

Easter Island

54) Which of the following Vikings is credited with discovering Greenland? 54) _____ A) Leif ErikssonB) Bjarni Herjolfsson C) Thor Heyerdahl D) Erik Thorvaldson

Erik Thorvaldson

The three major provinces of the ocean floor are continental margins, deep-ocean basins, and submarine canyons. True False

False

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. Words: (SeaBeam, Global positioning system GPS, GLORIA, Sea MARC, or Precision depth recorder PDR)

Global positioning system or GPS

Continental crust is predominantly composed of the igneous rock called?

Granite

What is the expected calcium carbonate content in modern surface sediments at a latitude of 20 degrees south and a longitude of 20 degrees west?

Greater than 80% by weight

Underwater volcanic peaks that resemble volcanoes on land except that they are flat on top are called?

Guyots

7) The book The History of Ocean Basins, which contained the idea of seafloor spreading, was written by geologist ________. 7) _____ A) John Tuzo Wilson B) Drummond Matthews C) Alfred Wegener D) Harry Hess E) Frederick Vine

Harry Hess

The book The History of Ocean Basins, which contained the idea of seafloor spreading, was written by geologist

Harry Hess

The book The History of Ocean Basins, which contained the idea of seafloor spreading, was written by geologist ________. 7) _____ A) John Tuzo Wilson B) Drummond Matthews C) Alfred Wegener D) Harry Hess E) Frederick Vine

Harry Hess

The book The History of Ocean Basins, which contained the idea of seafloor spreading, was written by geologist:

Harry Hess.

34) Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. 34) _____ A) Japan B) Andes Mountains C) Mariana Trench D) Hawaiian Islands E) Aleutian Islands

Hawaiian Islands

Which of the following is an example of a nematath?

Hawaiian Islands-Emperor Seamount Chain

Why are ocean basins continually being destroyed and created, rather than simply being redistributed around Earth's surface like continents?

High-density oceanic crust subducts beneath low-density continental crust where plates converge.

50) Which of the following is an example of a continental-continental convergent plate boundary?50) _____ A) Andes Mountains B) San Andreas Fault C) Aleutian Islands D) Himalaya Mountains E) Mendocino Fault

Himalaya Mountains

Which of the following is an example of a continental-continental convergent plate boundary?

Himalaya Mountains

29) Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. 29) _____ A) Oceanic-continental convergence B) Oceanic-oceanic convergence C) Transform plate boundary D) Hot spot E) Divergent plate boundary

Hot spot

The Big Island of Hawaii is an example of a volcanic island associated with volcanic activity at a

Hotspot

What kinds of unusual life can be found associated with hydrothermal vents? how do these organisms survive

Hydrothermal vents are home to unusual deep-ocean ecosystems that include giant tube worms, large clams, beds of mussels, and many other creatures. These organisms are able to survive in the absence of sunlight because the vents discharge hydrogen sulfide gas, which is metabolized by Archaea (bacteria adapted to harsh conditions to provide a source of food for other organisms

Based on the theory of place tectonics you would expect to find __________ heat flow at the mid-oceanic ridge and _________ heat flow at subduction zones when compared to other parts of the crust.

Increased, decreased

Based on the Theory of Plate Tectonics, you would expect to find __________ heat flow at the mid-ocean ridge and ____________ heat flow at subduction zones when compared to other parts of the crust.

Increased; decreased

Moving from an oceanic ridge to an oceanic trench, the thickness of the lithosphere does what?

Increases in proportion to the distance

Moving from an oceanic ridge to an oceanic trench, the thickness of the lithosphere:

Increases in proportion to the distance

Which ocean basin is located primarily in the Southern Hemisphere?

Indian

Which of the following modern seven seas was also recognized by pre-15th century Europeans as one of their seven seas?

Indian Ocean

Core

Innermost layer of the earth; divided into inner and outer core.

Lower mantle

Innermost layer of the two mantle layers; composed of rock cooler than the core.

Inner core

Innermost region of the earth; composed of solid iron.

The island of Java is an example of a volcanic island associated with volcanic activity at a?

Island arc

How did the moon form?

It is believed that a Mars-size planet collided with early earth, and the moon was formed from the rubble.

Terrigenous sediment is another name for which of the following?

Lithogenous Sediment

Which of the following is Earth's rigid layer that includes the crust plus the topmost portion of the mantle?

Lithosphere

Which of the following represents Earth's plates that are involved in plate tectonic motion?

Lithosphere

Tectonic plates are pieces of the ________ that float on the more fluid ________ below.

Lithosphere, Asthenosphere

21. Tectonic plates are pieces of the ___________ that float on the more fluid _____________ below.

Lithosphere; asthenosphere

Ocean basins with continental margins are representative of the ________ stage of the Wilson Cycle.

Mature

24) Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. 24) _____ A) Indian B) Arctic C) Atlantic D) Mediterranean E) Pacific

Mediterranean

51) Which of the following is an example of an oceanic transform plate boundary? 51) _____ A) San Andreas Fault B) Mendocino Fault C) East Pacific Rise D) Aleutian Islands E) Red Sea

Mendocino Fault

Which of the following is an example of an oceanic transform plate boundary?

Mendocino Fault

Which of the following fossils was used as data to help reconstruct Pangea because it was a reptile found in South America and Africa?

Mesosauras

What fossil was used as data to help reconstruct Pangea because it was a reptile found in South America and Africa?

Mesosaurus

Ascension Island is an example of a volcanic island associated with volcanic activity at a

Mid-ocean ridge

Is a linear sea floor feature that has the following properties a transform fault, a fracture zone, or neither? It is seismically active, it occurs between offset mid-ocean ridge segments, and the relative movement between two points on either side of the feature is in the same direction.

Neither

44) Most large earthquakes occur along which of the following? 44) _____ A) Other faults in the sea floor B) Mid-ocean ridges C) Ocean trenches D) Faults on land

Ocean Trenches

The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is an example of a ________

Oceanic Divergent Plate Boundary

30) Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. 30) _____ A) Oceanic trench B) Seafloor spreading C) Rift valley D) Divergent plate boundary E) Rifting

Oceanic Trench

What is the difference between Oceanic and Continental crust?

Oceanic crust is thicker and less dense than continental crust.

The steeply-sloping and slower-spreading parts of the mid-ocean ridge are called ________

Oceanic ridges

Segments of the oceanic ridge system that are gentler and less rugged in slope due to faster rates of seafloor spreading are called:

Oceanic rises

The gently sloping and fast-spreading parts of the mid-ocean ridge are called ________.

Oceanic rises

Along the margins of the Pacific are found most of Earth's:

Oceanic trenches

The Peru Chile Trench is an example of an __________ plate boundary.

Oceanic-continental convergence

The Andes Mountains are an example of an ____________ plate boundary.

Oceanic-continental convergent

The Mariana Trench is an example of an ___________________ plate boundary.

Oceanic-oceanic convergent

The most likely place for the basic building blocks for the development of life to interact and produce life is in Earth's?

Oceans

Upper mantle

Outermost layer of the two mantle layers; includes the asthenosphere and lower mantle lithosphere composed of solid rock, most of which flows due to convection currents within the mantle.

What initially formed the Earth's atmosphere?

Outgassing

Which ocean is the deepest, largest and has a name that came from the a word meaning "peace"?

Pacific

2) The largest of the ocean basins, which currently covers more than half of the ocean surface, is the ________. A) Pacific Ocean B) Arctic Ocean C) Atlantic Ocean D) Southern Ocean E) Indian Ocean

Pacific Ocean

The largest geographic feature on the surface of Planet Earth is?

Pacific Ocean

The largest ocean basin is the

Pacific Ocean

Which of the following has the deepest waters?

Pacific Ocean

Which of the following is the largest natural geographic feature on Earth?

Pacific Ocean

Which of the following tectonic plates are oceanic?

Pacific and Nazca

The study of how the ocean, atmosphere, and land have interacted in the past to produce changes in ocean chemistry, circulation, biology, and climate is called

Paleoceanography

The study of historical changes of continental shapes and positions is called what?

Paleogeography

2) Which of the following was not used as evidence for continental drift? 2) _____ A) The distribution of organisms B) Matching sequences of rocks C) Paleomagnetic reversals D) Past glacial activity E) The fit of the continents

Paleomagnetic reversals

Which of the following was not used as evidence for continental drift?

Paleomagnetic reversals

Which of the following is the most convincing piece of evidence set forth to support the concept of sea floor spreading?

Paleomagnetism

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. Words: (Gondwanaland, Panthalassia, Panamerica, Pangea, or Tethys Sea)

Panamerica

supercontinent 250 million years ago

Pangaea

The seafloor magnetic pattern is best described as ______________.

Parallel and symmetric about mid-ocean ridges

What happens during radioactive decay?

Parent isotopes turn into daughter isotopes

Name four things that were used as evidence to explain continental drift?

Past glacial activity, the distribution of organisms, matching sequences of rocks and the fit of the continents.

52) The first recorded circumnavigation of Africa was made by the ________. 52) _____ A) Phoenicians B) Chinese C) Greeks D) Polynesians

Pheonicians

5) The first humans from Western Hemisphere known to have developed the art of navigation were the ________. A) Vikings B) Phoenicians C) New Zealanders D) Greeks E) Polynesians

Phoenicians

The first humans from the Western Hemisphere known to have developed navigation are

Phoenicians

The first recorded circumnavigation of Africa was made by the ________.

Phoenicians

Who made the first circumnavigation of Africa?

Phoenicians

The study of the transmission of light and sound in the oceans is an example of ________ oceanography.

Physical

What subcategory of Oceanography studies the science behind light and sound emissions in the ocean?

Physical Oceanographers

63) Which of the following was true about the Protoearth? 63) _____ A) Protoearth had early primitive life forms. B) Protoearth had one large ocean. C) Protoearth's deep structure was homogeneous. D) Protoearth's size was smaller than today's Earth.

Protoearth's deep structure was homogeneous

27) Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. 27) _____ A) John Cabot B) Ferdinand Magellan C) Vasco de Gama D) Christopher Columbus E) Ptolemy

Ptolemy

6) The method of determining latitude in the Northern Hemisphere by measuring the angle between an observer's line of site to the North Star and line of site to the northern horizon was developed by ________. A) Ptolemy B) Herodotus C) Pytheas D) Eratosthenes E) Seneca

Pytheas

The method of determining latitude in the Northern Hemisphere by measuring the angle between an observer's line of site to the North Star and line of site to the northern horizon was developed by:

Pytheas

Who created the method of determining latitude in the Northern Hemisphere? (By using angles and stars and all that)

Pytheas

China currently supplies about 90% of which of the following resources?

Rare-earth elements

Demand for which of the following resources has skyrocketed in recent years?

Rare-earth elements

47) Which of the following is an example of a continental-continental divergent plate boundary? 47) _____ A) San Andreas Fault B) Red Sea C) Himalaya Mountains D) Mendocino Fault E) Andes Mountains

Red Sea

Which of the following is an example of a continental-continental divergent plate boundary?

Red Sea

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. Words: (Continental arc, Volcanic arc, Island arc, Rift valley, or Convergent plate boundary)

Rift Valley

Volcanic peaks on the deep-ocean floor with conical tops are called

seamounts

Which ocean is actually part of three other oceans?

Southern

26) Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. 26) _____ A) Drummond Matthews B) Stanley Miller C) Frederick Vine D) Alfred Wegener E) Harry Hess

Stanley Miller

Deep ocean trenches are associated with:

Subduction Zones

Which of the following is the predominant process that forms the thick blanket of sediment on abyssal plains the deep-ocean floor?

Suspension settling

The Himalaya Mountains are an example of the ________ stage of the Wilson Cycle

Suturing

Large volcanoes on the seafloor that are cone-shaped on top because they never reached sea level are called:

seamounts.

43) Which ocean is mostly, but not entirely, in the southern hemisphere? 43) _____ A) The Pacific Ocean B) The Atlantic Ocean C) The Indian Ocean D) The Arctic Ocean E) The Antarctic Ocean

The Indian Ocean

47) Which of the following modern seven seas was also recognized by pre-15th century Europeans as one of their seven seas? 47) _____ A) The Red Sea B) The Indian Ocean C) The Caspian Sea D) The Black Sea E) The Mediterranean Sea

The Indian Ocean

48) Which ocean was considered by 14th century Europeans to be one of the seven seas? 48) _____ A) The Atlantic Ocean B) The Pacific Ocean C) The Indian Ocean D) The Arctic Ocean

The Indian Ocean

Which ocean is mostly, but not entirely in the southern hemisphere?

The Indian Ocean

Which of the following modern seven seas was also recognized by pre-15th century Europeans as one of their seven seas?

The Indian Ocean

The deepest part of the ocean is

The Mariana Trench, located off the coast of Japan

Which ocean is the deepest ocean in the world?

The Pacific Ocean

Which of the following statements is supported by the nebular hypothesis regarding the formation of our solar system?

The Sun became a star when its temperature and density became so great that nuclear fusion began.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Continental slopes around the margins of the Atlantic and Indian Oceans are less than the global average slope BECAUSE they contain mostly passive continental margins.

The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: An increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide due to the burning of coal will cause the calcite compensation depth to rise BECAUSE the oceans will get more acidic.

The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Ancient marine phosphate deposits that have been uplifted onto land are extensively mined BECAUSE they are valuable as fertilizers.

The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Microscopic biogenous ooze is common on the deep-ocean floor BECAUSE there is so little lithogenous sediment deposited at great distances from the continents that could dilute the biogenous material.

The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: The Earth's longest mountain chain called the mid-ocean ridge differs from mountain chains on land BECAUSE along most of its crest it contains a central downdropped rift valley.

The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: The next reversal of Earth's magnetic poles is thought to be overdue BECAUSE the last major reversal occurred 780,000 years ago.

The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

80) Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: The rate of sea floor spreading appears to be greatest in the Pacific Ocean BECAUSE the radiometric age bands in the Pacific Ocean are narrower than those found in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. 80) _____ A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. C) The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect. D) The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct. E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect

The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Abyssal clays are commonly red-brown or buff in color BECAUSE they contain gypsum.

The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

82) Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Andesitic volcanic eruptions are usually less explosive and destructive than basaltic eruptions BECAUSE andesite magma is more viscous than basalt magma and contains a higher gas content. 82) _____ A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. C) The assertion is correct but the reason is incorrect. D) The assertion is incorrect but the reason is correct. E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect

The assertion is incorrect but the reason is correct.

Of the following statements about the asthenosphere, which is/are true? Choose all that apply.

The asthenosphere is very hot and contains areas of partially molten rock. The asthenosphere is a highly viscous layer located beneath the lithosphere.

Lithosphere

The cool, rigid shell that includes the crust and uppermost mantle; composed of plates that moves around the underlying, plastic asthenosphere.

4) Which of the following is TRUE concerning the deepest part of the ocean? 4) _____ A) The depth of this trench exceeds the height of Mount Everest. B) The deepest part of the ocean is located in a trench off the coast of Japan. C) The depth of this trench is estimated at 15,000 meters. D) The bottom of this trench has never been reached by a submersible. E) This trench is called the Philippine Trench.

The depth of this trench exceeds the height of Mount Everest

The separation of the different layers of the Earth when it was molten was a result of what?

The different densities of elements that make up Earth

Asthenosphere

The layer immediately surrounding the lower mantle; composed of molten rock.

What is the lithosphere made up of?

The lithosphere is composed of the crust and uppermost layer of the mantle.

Of the following statements about the internal structure of Earth, which is/are true?

The magnesium-silicate rocks of Earth's mantle exist in both solid and molten form and the mesosphere & the asthenosphere have the same chemical composition.

Frederick Vine and Drummond Matthews determined that new ocean floor was being produced at ocean ridges by examining what?

The magnetic pattern of rocks on the sea floor

8) Frederick Vine and Drummond Matthews determined that new ocean floor was being produced at ocean ridges by examining ________. 8) _____ A) the location of ancient coral reefs B) the magnetic pattern of rocks on the seafloor C) apparent polar wandering D) glacial debris at various locations E) fossils in marine sediments

The magnetic pattern of rocks on the seafloor

Frederick Vine and Drummond Matthews determined that new ocean floor was being produced at ocean ridges by examining ________. 8) _____ A) the location of ancient coral reefs B) the magnetic pattern of rocks on the seafloor C) apparent polar wandering D) glacial debris at various locations E) fossils in marine sediments

The magnetic pattern of rocks on the seafloor

Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between Earth's geographic and magnetic poles?

The magnetic pole wobbles, but stays near the geographic pole

What happened when Mr. Trujillo hit the Silly Putty with his hammer?

The material fractured like a solid.

36) Alfred Wegener's continental drift hypothesis received much hostile criticism and ridicule from the scientific community because of which of the following? 36) _____ A) There is no evidence of past glacial activity in areas that are now tropical. B) There was no correlation of rocks found in adjacent positions on matching continents C) His correlation of fossils was false; they were different species. D) The mechanism he proposed for the movement of the continents.

The mechanism he proposed for the movement of the continents.

Alfred Wegener's continental drift hypothesis received much hostile criticism and ridicule from the scientific community because of which of the following?

The mechanism he proposed for the movement of the continents.

Describe characteristics and features of the mid-ocean ridge, including the difference between ocean ridges and ocean rises

The mid-ocean ridge is a topographically high feature, composed of basaltic lavas. Along the crest is a rift valley created by seafloor spreading. Cracks and faults are commonly observed in the central rift valley. Ocean ridges are segments of the mid-ocean ridge with a prominent rift valley and steep, rugged slopes resulting from slower plate divergence. Oceanic rises have slopes that are gentler and less rugged due to faster plate divergence

Which of the following is the most convincing piece of evidence set forth to support the concept of sea floor spreading?

The oceanic pattern of alternating reversals of Earth's magnetic field.

Crust

The outermost layer that forms the surface of the earth; upper part of the lithosphere.

Why does the sea floor have a striped pattern of magnetic anomalies that is symmetric with respect to the mid-ocean ridge?

The polarity of Earth's magnetic field experiences reversals.; The ocean floor is spreading apart and new sea floor is forming; The igneous rock of the ocean floor preserves Earth's existing magnetic field as the rock cools.

Relatively few abyssal plains are located in the Pacific Ocean due to:

The presence of convergent active margins.

Two containers hold the same radioactive isotope. Container A contains 1000 atoms, and container B contains 500 atoms. Which of the following statements about containers A and B is true?

The rate of decay of atoms in container A is greater than the rate of decay of atoms in container B

Which part of Earth's cumulative hypsographic curve includes the continental shelves of passive margins?

The shallowest slope below sea level

Satellites are used to map the ocean floor because?

The shape of the ocean surface reflects large features on the seafloor.

How is the age distribution pattern of the Hawaiian Islands-Emperor Seamount chain explained by the position of the Hawaiian hot spot

The volcanoes in the Hawaiian Island-Emperor Seamount chain get progressively older as one heads northwestward from Hawaii. These age relationships suggest that the Pacific Plate has been steadily moving northwestward, while the underlying mantle plume has remained relatively stationary

12) Plate tectonics and evolution, which are held with a high degree of confidence because of rigorous testing and verification, are examples of ________. 12) _____ A) hypotheses B) guesses C) laws D) theories E) observations

Theories

Plate tectonics and evolution, which are held with a high degree of confidence because of rigorous testing and verification, are examples of:

Theories

What did the maps of the ocean floor produced by Bruce Heezen and Marie Tharp reveal about seafloor topography?

There are ridges in the middle of the ocean basin floors.

What do all plate boundaries have in common

They are all associated with zones of earthquakes

What do all plate boundaries have in common?

They are all associated with zones of earthquakes.

What do all plate boundaries have in common?

They are all zones of earthquakes

Of the following statements about sea floor magnetic anomalies, which is/are true?

They are oriented parallel to the mid-ocean ridge

How do plants and animals gain the energy needed to carry out cellular functions?

They utilize the energy in sugar.

Compared to continental crust, oceanic crust is generally?

Thinner, denser, darker in color, and at lower elevations.

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. Words: (Rift valley, Seamounts, Pillow basalts, Metal sulfide deposits or Trenches)

Trenches

What statement correctly distinguishes an ocean trench from a submarine canyon? Trenches are only located along active margins. Submarine canyons are only located along passive margins. Trenches are formed by erosive currents. Submarine canyons are drowned, ancient river valleys. Trenches descend deep beyond the abyssal plains. Submarine canyons are part of the shallower continental margins. Trenches occur only in the Pacific Ocean. Submarine canyons occur in all oceans.

Trenches descend deep beyond the abyssal plains. Submarine canyons are part of the shallower continental margins.

According to the Geologic Time Scale, which selection lists the correct order of coexistence, from earliest to latest?

Trilobites and amphibians, insects and dinosaurs, dinosaurs and birds, flowering plants and fishes, humans and reptiles

According to the Geologic Time Scale, which selection lists the correct order of coexistence, from earliest to latest?

Trilobites and amphibians, insects and dinosaurs, dinosaurs and birds, flowering plants and fishes, humans and reptiles.

In general, polar neritic sediment tends to have more gravel than in

Tropical waters

Satellite measurements of the ocean surface can be used to make maps of the seafloor. True False

True

Satellites measurements of the ocean surface can be used to make maps of the seafloor

True

Sediments of the continental rise can exhibit characteristics similar to those formed by rivers on land. True False

True

True or false: All of the continents in the world could fit into the space occupied by the Pacific Ocean?

True

In science, which one of the following would be considered an observation?

Waves are seen to approach the beach at an angle.

What was the main reason scientists objected to Alfred Wegener's idea of continental drift?

Wegener's proposed mechanism for movement was thought to be against the laws of physics.

Do most lithospheric plates contain both oceanic- and continental-type crust

Yes, most lithospheric plates contain both oceanic- and continental-type crust

Tectonic plates move about as fast as what?

Your fingernails grow

Which of the following was not used as evidence for continental drift? a. Paleomagnetic reversals b. The fit of the continents c. Past glacial activity d. Matching sequences of rocks e. The distribution of organisms

a

67) The Alpine Fault of New Zealand is an example of ________ plate boundary. 67) _____ A) a continental transform B) an oceanic-oceanic convergent C) a continental-continental convergent D) a continental-continental divergent E) an oceanic-continental convergent

a continental transform

Volcanic features on the ocean floor that are less than 1,000 meters (0.6 miles) tall are called: oceanic trenches. oceanic ridges. seamounts. tablemounts. abyssal hills or seaknolls.

abyssal hills or seaknolls.

62) The Himalaya Mountains are an example of ________ plate boundary. 62) _____ A) an oceanic-oceanic convergent B) a continental-continental divergent C) a continental-continental convergent D) a continental transform E) an oceanic-continental convergent

a continental-continental convergent

63) The Alps are an example of ________ plate boundary. 63) _____ A) a continental transform B) an oceanic-oceanic convergent C) a continental-continental convergent D) a continental-continental divergent E) an oceanic-continental convergent

a continental-continental convergent

56) The Red Sea is an example of ________ plate boundary. 56) _____ A) a continental-continental convergent B) a continental-continental divergent C) an oceanic-continental convergent D) an oceanic-oceanic convergent E) an oceanic-oceanic divergent

a continental-continental divergent

57) The Gulf of California is an example of ________ plate boundary. 57) _____ A) a continental-continental convergent B) a continental-continental divergent C) an oceanic-continental convergent D) an oceanic-oceanic convergent E) an oceanic-oceanic divergent

a continental-continental divergent

The East Africa Rift Valleys are an example of ________ plate boundary.

a continental-continental divergent

The Gulf of California is an example of ________ plate boundary.

a continental-continental divergent

What is a volcanic arc?

a row of volcanoes that forms on the overriding plate near a subduction zone

What was Pangea?

a supercontinent that formed 300 million years ago

Of the following statements about Earth's magnetic field, which is/are true? Choose all that apply. a. The lines of the magnetic force are perpendicular relative to Earth's surface at the magnetic south pole. b. The lines of the magnetic force are perpendicular relative to Earth's surface at the magnetic north pole. c. Magnetic north is at the same point on Earth as the geographic north pole. d. The magnetic north pole may reverse so that it is located near the geographic south pole. e The lines of the magnetic force are parallel with Earth's surface at the equator.

a,b,d,e

Which of the following lines of evidence did Alfred Wegener use to support the concept of drifting continents? Choose all that apply. a. the pattern of similar mountain belts on different continents b. the distribution of species of fossils c. the composition of meteors from outer space d. the way the shapes of the continents fit together like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle e. evidence of glaciers in areas that are now tropical

a,b,d,e

Which of the following statements about the Wilson cycle is/are correct? a. The Pacific Ocean basin is shrinking, and the Atlantic Ocean basin is growing wider. b. The embryonic stage begins with continental crust being uplifted and pulled apart. c. The East African Rift Valley is an example of the juvenile stage of the Wilson cycle. d. The Arctic Ocean is an example of the declining stage of the Wilson cycle. e. The Mediterranean Sea is in the process of closing.

a,b,e

31) Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. 31) _____ A) Oceanic rise B) Seafloor spreading C) Oceanic ridge D) Rift valley E) Abyssal hill

abyssal hill

15) Volcanic features on the ocean floor that are less than 1,000 meters (0.6 miles) tall are called ________. 15) _____ A) tablemounts B) seamounts C) oceanic ridges D) abyssal hills E) oceanic trenches

abyssal hills

27) Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. 27) _____ A) Turbidite deposits B) Graded bedding C) Turbidity currents D) Deep-sea fans E) Abyssal plains

abyssal plain

An oceanographic vessel is mapping a section of the ocean floor stretching for tens of miles in all directions. The seafloor is extremely flat, with a slope of less than one degree, and the water depth is about 4,500 meters. The area being mapped is most likely a(n) __________. abyssal plain continental borderland continental rise continental slope continental shelf

abyssal plain

12) Extending from the base of the continental rises into the deep-ocean basins are flat depositional surfaces called ________. 12) _____ A) abyssal hills B) tablemounts C) continental shelves D) continental slopes E) abyssal plains

abyssal plains

Extending from the base of the continental rises into the deep-ocean basins are flat depositional surfaces called

abyssal plains

Sediments deposited by the process of suspension settling produce the main sediment found on

abyssal plains

Sediments deposited by the process of suspension settling produce the main sediment found on ___________. Select only one answer. shallow islands in tropical seas the continental shelf abyssal plains the continental slope and rise submarine fans

abyssal plains

14) The nebular hypothesis suggests that ________. 14) _____ A) galaxies such as the Milky Way form independent of one another B) Earth's moon is an asteroid captured by the Earth's gravity C) the moon is derived from a protoplanet D) the Earth was formed by a cosmic explosion, a "big bang" E) all bodies in the solar system formed from an enormous gas cloud

all bodies in the solar system formed from an enormous gas cloud

The nebular hypothesis suggests that:

all bodies in the solar system formed from an enormous gas cloud.

37) Which of the following statements about the Pacific Ocean is TRUE? 37) _____ A) The Pacific Ocean is about three times larger than the next largest ocean. B) The Pacific Ocean covers more than two-thirds of the ocean surface area on Earth. C) The Pacific Ocean spans more than one-half of Earth's entire surface. D) The Pacific Ocean is the second largest geographic feature on the planet. E) All of the continents could fit into the space occupied by the Pacific Ocean.

all of the continents could fit into the space occupied by the Pacific Ocean

Where is the youngest ocean floor found?

along the crest of mid-ocean ridges

Tablemounts

also called a guyot; sub-oceanic volcano with a flattened top that once existed about sea level

Describe how an echo sounder works

an echo sounder sends a signal from a ship downward into the ocean, where it produces echoes when it bounces off any density difference. The time it takes for the echoes to return to the point of origination is then used to determine the depth and corresponding shape of the ocean floor

64) The Mendocino Fault is an example of ________ plate boundary. 64) _____ A) a continental transform B) a continental-continental convergent C) an oceanic transform D) an oceanic-continental convergent E) an oceanic-oceanic convergent

an oceanic transform

65) The Eltanin Fault is an example of ________ plate boundary. 65) _____ A) a continental transform B) a continental-continental convergent C) an oceanic transform D) an oceanic-continental convergent E) an oceanic-oceanic convergent

an oceanic transform

58) The Peru Chile Trench is an example of ________ plate boundary. 58) _____ A) a continental-continental convergent B) a continental-continental divergent C) an oceanic-continental convergent D) an oceanic-oceanic convergent E) an oceanic-oceanic divergent

an oceanic-continental convergent

59) The Andes Mountains are an example of ________ plate boundary. 59) _____ A) a continental-continental convergent B) a continental-continental divergent C) an oceanic-oceanic convergent D) an oceanic-continental convergent E) a continental transform

an oceanic-continental convergent

60) The Mariana Trench is an example of ________ plate boundary. 60) _____ A) an oceanic-continental convergent B) an oceanic transform C) an oceanic-oceanic divergent D) a continental transform E) an oceanic-oceanic convergent

an oceanic-oceanic convergent

61) The Aleutian Islands are an example of ________ plate boundary. 61) _____ A) an oceanic-oceanic convergent B) an oceanic transform C) an oceanic-oceanic divergent D) a continental-continental convergent E) an oceanic-continental convergen

an oceanic-oceanic convergent

The Mariana Trench is an example of ________ plate boundary.

an oceanic-oceanic convergent

53) The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is an example of ________ plate boundary. 53) _____ A) a continental-continental divergent B) an oceanic transform C) an oceanic-oceanic divergent D) an oceanic-oceanic convergent E) an oceanic-continental convergent

an oceanic-oceanic divergent

54) The East Pacific Rise is an example of ________ plate boundary. 54) _____ A) an oceanic-oceanic convergent B) an oceanic-continental convergent C) an oceanic transform D) a continental-continental divergent E) an oceanic-oceanic divergent

an oceanic-oceanic divergent

The East Pacific Rise is an example of ________ plate boundary.

an oceanic-oceanic divergent

84) The great oxidation event resulted in the massive die-off of which of the following? 84) _____ A) Land plants B) Blue-green algae C) Dinosaurs D) Anaerobic bacteria

anaerobic bacteria

Which of the following is characteristic of oceanic-continental convergent plate boundaries

andesitic volcanoes

Which of the following is characteristic of oceanic-continental convergent plate boundaries?

andesitic volcanoes

What is a characteristic of oceanic-continental convergent plate boundaries?

andesitic volcanos

30) Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. 30) _____ A) Asthenosphere B) Granite C) Basalt D) Oceanic crust E) Continental crust

asthenosphere

71) Isostatic adjustments are the result of the buoyancy of Earth's lithosphere as it floats on the ________ below which is denser and plastic like. 71) _____ A) mesosphere B) asthenosphere C) inner core D) outer core

asthenosphere

Isostatic adjustments are the result of the buoyancy of Earth's lithosphere as it floats on the ________ below which is denser and plastic like.

asthenosphere

Isostatic adjustments are the result of the buoyancy of Earth's lithosphere as it floats on the ______________ below which is denser, and plastic like.

asthenosphere

Where are tectonic plates located?

at Earth's surface

The measurement of ocean depth and the charting of seafloor topography is called __________. bathymetry navigation tomography cartography hydrology

bathymetry

55) Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: There is no relative motion across a transform fault BECAUSE the parts of the lithospheric plate cut by a transform fault are moving in the same direction. 55) _____ A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. C) The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect. D) The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct. E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

both the assertion and the reason are incorrect

7) Characteristics of passive continental margins include which of the following? 7) _____ A) Deep-sea trenches B) Volcanic and earthquake activity C) Thin sediment accumulation D) Broad continental shelves E) Chains of islands

broad continental shelves

Of the following statements about nemataths and volcanic arcs, which is/are true? Choose all that apply. a. The age of the volcanoes progressively decreases as you move from one end of a volcanic arc to the other. b. Volcanic arcs are created at hotspots. c. Nemataths and volcanic arcs are both the result of volcanic activity. d. Volcanic arcs are associated with convergent plate boundaries. e. In a volcanic arc, any of the volcanoes can be active at any time.

c,d,e

85) Trilobites were dominant during which geologic period? 85) _____ A) Cambrian B) Ordovician C) Permian D) Jurassic E) Devonian

cambrian

21) One of the reasons that free oxygen in our atmosphere is important to the development and maintenance of life on Earth is because oxygen ________. 21) _____ A) can form ozone and block some UV radiation B) was very abundant in Earth's early atmosphere C) combines with iron in volcanic rocks D) reduces atmospheric temperature E) is necessary for photosynthesis to occur

can form ozone and block some UV radiation

One of the reasons that free oxygen in our atmosphere is important to the development and maintenance of life on Earth is because oxygen:

can form ozone and block some UV radiation.

Earth's early atmosphere most likely included:

carbon dioxide, water vapor, ammonia, and methane.

18) Earth's primordial atmosphere most likely included ________. 18) _____ A) ammonia, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water vapor B) nitrogen, ozone, and sulfur dioxide C) carbon dioxide, water vapor, sulfur dioxide, and methane D) hydrogen, helium, and oxygen

carbon dioxide, water vapour, sulfur dioxide, and methane

The very earliest forms of life probably got their food using this method:

chemosynthesis

In the figure above, which illustrates Earth's major layers. Which layer is represented by the letter B?

continental crust

28) Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. 28) _____ A) Continental flood basalt B) Continental slope C) Continental rise D) Continental shelf E) Abyssal plain

continental flood basalt

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Please identify the word and/or phrase that does NOT fit the pattern. Enter only the letter of the answer (caps, no period, and not the full entry) in the field below. A. abyssal plain B. continental flood basalt C. continental rise D. continental shelf E. continental slope

continental flood basalt

60) Passive margins are usually produced over geologic time by which of the following? 60) _____ A) The closing of an ancient sea to form a salt rich lake B) Transform faulting along a continental margin or a mid-ocean ridge C) Continental rifting and continued sea floor spreading D) Subduction of oceanic crust and submarine volcanic activity E) Hot spot volcanism forming a chain of islands and seamounts

continental rifting and continued sea floor spreading

63) Where does the deep-ocean basin begin along a passive continental margin? 63) _____ A) Abyssal plain B) Shoreline C) Continental rise D) Continental slope E) Continental shelf

continental slope

64) The relief in which of the following regions is similar to that found in mountain ranges on the continents? 64) _____ A) Shoreline B) Continental shelf C) Abyssal plain D) Continental slope E) Continental rise

continental slope

9) Directly seaward of the continental shelf is a more steeply sloping region called the ________. 9) _____ A) continental rise B) trench C) mid-ocean ridge D) abyssal plain E) continental slope

continental slope

All continents fit together with the least number of overlaps and gaps when the continents are matched along:

contours at around 2000 meters in depth

Passive continental margins are characterized by all the following except: broad continental shelves. shallow coastal waters. thick sediment accumulation. very little volcanic and earthquake activity. deep-sea trenches.

deep-sea trenches.

4) All continents fit together with the least number of overlaps and gaps when the continents are matched along ________. 4) _____ A) the edge of the continental shelf B) current shorelines C) oceanic trenches in subduction zones D) edges at around 2,000 meters depth E) edges of the deep sea floor

edges at around 2,000 meters depth

All continents fit together with the least number of overlaps and gaps when the continents are matched along ________.

edges at around 2,000 meters depth

Continents fit together with the least number of overlaps at what orientation?

edges at around 2000 meters depth

11) Submarine canyons were most likely formed by ________. 11) _____ A) erosion by turbidity currents B) scouring by glaciers during the last ice age C) deposition of terrestrial sediment D) wind erosion in the past E) earthquake activity

erosion by turbidity currents

Submarine canyons were most likely formed by: deposition of terrestrial sediment. erosion by turbidity currents. erosion by major rivers in the past. scouring by glaciers during the last ice age. earthquake activity.

erosion by turbidity currents.

How often does the Earth's magnetic field switch polarity?

every 100,000 to several million years

Hydrothermal vents are seafloor cold seeps with high concentrations of sulfur and salts. True False

false

Mid-ocean ridges are rises that occupy a small portion (around 10%) of the deep ocean basins. True False

false

Ocean trenches are deep linear scars in the ocean floor caused by the divergence of plates along divergent plate boundaries

false

Ocean trenches are deep linear scars in the ocean floor caused by the divergence of plates along divergent plate boundaries. True False

false

The continental shelf is generally defined as a steeply sloping zone extending from the shoreline to the shelf break

false

The deepest portions of the ocean are part of the relatively narrow features called submarine canyons

false

The three major provinces of the ocean floor are continental margins, deep-ocean basins, and submarine canyons

false

Consider a continental margin that has a very broad, flat continental shelf and a slope that descends 1 km to the deep ocean basin. Based on this information, this margin is ___________________. lacking a continental rise seismically active near an offshore fault far from an oceanic ridge a continental borderland

far from an oceanic ridge

57) Which of the following is the standard unit of ocean depth? 57) _____ A) Mile B) Meter C) Fathom D) Foot E) League

fathom

44) Most large earthquakes occur along which of the following? 44) _____ A) Other faults in the sea floor B) Mid-ocean ridges C) Ocean trenches D) Faults on land

faults on land

24) Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. 24) _____ A) SeaBeam B) Sea MARC C) Precision depth recorder (PDR) D) Global positioning system (GPS) E) GLORIA

global positioning system

80) The distinctive type of sedimentary layering that has largest particles on the bottom and smallest particles on the top, with intermediate sized particles in the middle, is called which of the following? 80) _____ A) Suspension Deposits B) Graded Bedding C) Nonconformities D) Turbidity Currents E) Sandstone Layering

graded bedding

Explain what graded bedding is and how it forms

graded bedding is created by turbibity currents. As the current slows, the larger suspended pieces of sediment fall out first, and then progressively smaller pieces settle out.

What types of deposits do turbidity currents leave in alluvial fans

graded bedding that begins as coarse material and becomes finer upward

70) Continental crust is predominantly composed of the igneous rock called ________. 70) _____ A) anorthosite B) peridotite C) tonalite D) basalt E) granite

granite

44) A tablemount is another name for a(n) ________. 44) _____ A) guyot B) seaknoll C) nematath D) island E) abyssal hill

guyot

42) Volcanic peaks that are below sea level but rise more than 1 kilometer above the deep-ocean floor and have a flattened top are called ________. 42) _____ A) guyots B) nemataths C) seaknolls D) seamounts E) islands

guyots

73) Underwater volcanic peaks that resemble volcanoes on land except that they are flat on top are called ________. 73) _____ A) oceanic ridges B) ultra-slow spreading centers C) oceanic rises D) volcanic arcs E) guyots

guyots

Underwater volcanic peaks that resemble volcanoes on land except that they are flat on top are called ________

guyots

The amount of time over which the number of parent isotopes decreases by half?

half-life

32) Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. 32) _____ A) Photosynthesis B) Autotrophs C) Heterotrophs D) Plants E) Chemosynthesis

heterotrophs

Earth is a layered sphere with the ________-density material found near the center of Earth and the ________- density material located near the surface.

higher, lower

66) Earth is a layered sphere with the ________-density material found near the center of Earth and the ________- density material located near the surface. 66) _____ A) highest; highest B) lowest; lowest C) lowest; highest D) highest; lowest

highest; lowest

How often do turbidity currents occur

infrequently

29) Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. 29) _____ A) Oceanic-continental convergence B) Oceanic-oceanic convergence C) Transform plate boundary D) Hot spot E) Divergent plate boundary

hot spot

A cometary model of the formation of Earth's ocean must include the chemical difference between the ________ in comet ice and that in Earth's water.

hydrogen

Word Analysis:

hydrothermal vents, Panamerica

A tentative, testable statement about the general nature of a phenomenon is called a/an:

hypothesis

A tentative, testable statement is also called a

hypothesis

28) Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. 28) _____ A) Age of the ocean floor B) Distribution of earthquakes C) Ice age D) Seafloor spreading E) Paleomagnetism

ice age

22) The direction of motion along a seafloor transform fault is ________. 22) _____ A) perpendicular to the direction of plate movement B) influenced by underwater boundary currents C) in the same direction as the ridge offset D) in the same direction as the plates are spreading E) associated with turbidity currents

in the same direction as the plates are spreading

The direction of motion along a seafloor transform fault is:

in the same direction as the plates are spreading

Coral reefs ________.

include atolls, barrier, and fringing reefs

22) Coral reefs ________. 22) _____ A) can be found at latitudes above 60° B) include atolls, barrier, and fringing reefs C) are most common in deep and cold sub-tropical basins D) were first described by Christopher Columbus during his voyage to Hispaniola E) form when underwater volcanoes are thrust upward during a tectonic event

include, atolls, barrier, and fringing reefs

12) Moving from an oceanic ridge to an oceanic trench, the thickness of the lithosphere ________. 12) _____ A) decreases in proportion to the distance B) increases in proportion to the distance C) is unrelated to the distance from the ridge D) randomly varies E) remains the same

increases in proportion to the distance

Moving from oceanic ridge to oceanic trench, the thickness of the lithosphere:

increases in proportion to the distance

Moving from an oceanic ridge to an oceanic trench, the thickness of the lithosphere:

increases in proportion to the distance.

25) Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. 25) _____ A) Black B) Mediterranean C) Indian D) Adriatic E) Caspian

indian

Earth's magnetic field switches polarity at __________ time intervals

irregular

The San Andreas Fault:

is a continental transform fault

Continental shelf

is a flat, gently sloping zone extending from the shore beneath the ocean surface to a point at which a marked increase in slope angle occurs

Submarine canyon

is a narrow, deep submarine valleys that are V-shaped in profile and have branches with steep to overhanging walls found on the continental shelf and slope

Continental rise

is a transition zone between the continental margin and the deep-ocean floor composed of a huge submerged pile of sediments

Deep sea fan

is deposits at the mouth of submarine canyons; create the continental rise when they merge along the base of the continental shelf

48) The island of Java is an example of a volcanic island associated with volcanic activity at a ________. 48) _____ A) mid-ocean ridge B) hotspot C) rift valley D) island arc E) transform fault

island arc

49) The island of Honshu is an example of a volcanic island associated with volcanic activity at a ________. 49) _____ A) rift valley B) island arc C) mid-ocean ridge D) hotspot E) transform fault

island arc

Differences in height between continental crust and oceanic crust are explained by:

isostasy

65) What happened to the nebular gas that remained from the formation of the planets and their satellites? 65) _____ A) It escaped into the vacuum of space. B) It was blown away by the solar wind. C) It is about 10% of the modern earth atmosphere. D) It condensed to form Earth's ocean.

it was blown away by the solar wind

33) Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. 33) _____ A) Jurassic B) Silurian C) Devonian D) Permian E) Ordovician

jurassic

75) Plate convergence begins during which stage of the Wilson Cycle? 75) _____ A) Suturing B) Mature C) Juvenile D) Terminal E) Declining

juvenile

What process is involved in the formation of continental shelves

large fluctuations in sea level

Climate distribution on Earth is primarily controlled by ________. 5) _____ A) latitude B) presence or absence of glacial debris C) plants and animals that live in an area D) Earth's geologic history E) longitude

latitude

72) Earth's initial atmosphere formed from ________. 72) _____ A) comet vaporization B) outgassing C) the Sun's solar wind D) leftover gases from the nebula

leftover gases from the nebula

Continental slope

lies beyond the shelf break, with a steeper incline, extending out to the deep-ocean basin

Match the term with the appropriate phrase. bathymetry used to determine ocean structure beneath the sea floor cumulative plot of area versus depth or elevation uses high frequency sound waves to measure ocean depth measurement of ocean depth and seafloor topography a method of mapping the topography of the ocean floor along a strip up to 60 km

measurement of ocean depth and seafloor topography

37) Which of the following fossils was used as data to help reconstruct Pangea because it was a reptile found in South America and Africa? 37) _____ A) Mesosauras B) Lepidodendron C) Archaeopteris D) Glossopteris

mesosauras

46) Ascension Island is an example of a volcanic island associated with volcanic activity at a ________. 46) _____ A) mid-ocean ridge B) hotspot C) island arc D) transform fault E) deep sea trench

mid-ocean ridge

Which geologic features are associated with divergent boundaries?

mid-ocean ridges and continental rift valleys

Transform faults have all of the following characteristics except:

movement occurs in the same direction

The Hawaiian Islands are located where the Pacific plate is:

moving over a hot spot

19) The Hawaiian Islands are located where the Pacific plate is ________. 19) _____ A) being thrust under Japan B) being thrust over the North American plate C) being subducted beneath the North American plate D) moving over a hot spot or mantle plume E) being subducted beneath Japan

moving over a hot spot or mantle plume

The Hawaiian Islands are located where the Pacific plate is ________.

moving over a hot spot or mantle plume

The Hawaiian Islands are located where the Pacific plate is:

moving over a hot spot or mantle plume.

Match the term with the appropriate phrase. submarine canyon flat depositional surfaces that cover extensive portions of the deep-ocean basins deep linear scars on the deep-ocean floor caused by plate convergence shallow-water areas close to continents a generally flat zone extending from the shore to the shelf break narrow and deep valleys on continental slopes

narrow and deep valleys on continental slopes

The majority of ocean trenches are associated with

narrow or no continental shelves

20) The mechanism by which populations evolve and new species develop is called ________. 20) _____ A) natural selection B) adaptation C) descent with modification D) intelligent design E) evolution

natural selection

37) Is a linear sea floor feature that has the following properties a transform fault, a fracture zone, or neither? It is seismically active, it occurs between offset mid-ocean ridge segments, and the relative movement between two points on either side of the feature is in the same direction. 37) _____ A) Fracture zone B) Transform fault C) Neither

neither

38) Is a linear sea floor feature that has the following properties a transform fault, a fracture zone, or neither? It is seismically inactive, it occurs between offset mid-ocean ridge segments, and the relative movement between two points on either side of the feature is in the same direction. 38) _____ A) Fracture zone B) Transform fault C) Neither

neither

72) Chains of extinct volcanoes that are progressively older as one travels away from a hotspot are called ________. 72) _____ A) oceanic ridges B) oceanic rises C) ultra-slow spreading centers D) volcanic arcs E) nemataths

nemataths

Chains of extinct volcanoes that are progressively older as one travels away from a hotspot are called ________.

nemataths

Which geologic features are associated with convergent boundaries?

ocean trenches and volcanoes

19) New lithosphere is produced in association with ________. 19) _____ A) transform faults B) hydrothermal vents C) oceanic ridges D) deep-sea trenches E) fracture zones

oceanic ridges

69) The steeply-sloping and slower-spreading parts of the mid-ocean ridge are called ________. 69) _____ A) ultra-slow spreading centers B) nemataths C) oceanic ridges D) oceanic rises E) guyots

oceanic ridges

The steeply-sloping and slower-spreading parts of the mid-ocean ridge are called ________.

oceanic ridges

20) Segments of the oceanic ridge system that are gentler and less rugged in slope due to faster rates of seafloor spreading are called ________. 20) _____ A) oceanic rises B) convergent plate boundaries C) deep-sea trenches D) transform faults E) fracture zones

oceanic rises

68) The gently sloping and fast-spreading parts of the mid-ocean ridge are called ________. 68) _____ A) oceanic rises B) guyots C) nemataths D) volcanic arcs E) oceanic ridges

oceanic rises

Segments of the oceanic ridge system that are gentler and less rugged in slope due to faster rates of seafloor spreading are called:

oceanic rises

16) Along the margins of the Pacific are found most of Earth's ________. 16) _____ A) oceanic ridges B) oceanic trenches C) seamounts D) tablemounts E) abyssal hills

oceanic trenches

Along the margins of the Pacific are found most of Earth's:

oceanic trenches

Along the margins of the Pacific are found most of Earth's: oceanic trenches. tablemounts. oceanic ridges. abyssal hills or seaknolls. seamounts.

oceanic trenches

79) The most likely place for the basic building blocks for the development of life to interact and produce life is in Earth's ________. 79) _____ A) meteorites B) oceans C) atmosphere D) mantle E) lithosphere

oceans

The most likely place for the basic building blocks for the development of life to interact and produce life is in Earth's ________.

oceans (probably)

Where would you expect to see alternating bands of rock with different magnetic polarities?

on both sides of the mid-ocean ridge

3) Fossils of ancient polar plants are currently found near the equator because the ________. 3) _____ A) plants were distributed to current locations by ancient glacial ice sheets B) plants probably were tolerant of both tropical and polar conditions C) entire earth had polar conditions at the time the plants were living D) poles were at the equator at times in the geologic past E) plants lived near the poles, but landmasses have drifted to current locations

pants lived near the poles, but ladnmasses have drifted to current locations

9) The seafloor magnetic pattern is best described as ________. 9) _____ A) parallel to and symmetric about mid-ocean ridges B) not related to the location of mid-ocean ridges C) parallel to, but not symmetric about mid-ocean ridges D) perpendicular to and symmetric about mid-ocean ridges E) perpendicular to, but not symmetric about mid-ocean ridges

parallel to and symmetric about mid-ocean ridges

The seafloor magnetic pattern is best described as

parallel to and symmetric about mid-ocean ridges

30) Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. 30) _____ A) Volcanic arc B) Continental arc C) Ocean trench D) Island arc E) Passive margin

passive margin

23) With respect to mid-ocean ridges, transform faults are ________. 23) _____ A) perpendicular to the ridge axis B) located in submarine canyons C) parallel to the rift valley D) associated with hydrothermal vents

perpendicular to the ridge axis

82) The oldest fossilized remains of organisms are primitive ________ bacteria recovered from rocks formed on the sea floor about 3.5 billion years ago. 82) _____ A) heterotrophic B) streptococcus C) photosynthetic D) chemosynthetic

photosynthetic

35) The study of the transmission of light and sound in the oceans is an example of ________ oceanography. 35) _____ A) chemical B) physical C) archaeological D) geological E) biological

physical

Earth's current atmosphere supports animal life because __________.

plant photosynthesis provides oxygen that is critical for aerobic respiration

Fossils of ancient tropical plants are currently found near the poles because the:

plants lived in the tropics, but landmasses have drifted to current locations.

3) Fossils of ancient polar plants are currently found near the equator because the ________. 3) _____ A) plants were distributed to current locations by ancient glacial ice sheets B) plants probably were tolerant of both tropical and polar conditions C) entire earth had polar conditions at the time the plants were living D) poles were at the equator at times in the geologic past E) plants lived near the poles, but landmasses have drifted to current locations

plants lived near the poles, but landmasses have drifted to current locations

Fossils of ancient polar plants are currently found near the equator because the

plants lived near the poles, but landmasses have drifted to current locations

Fossils of ancient polar plants are currently found near the equator because the ________.

plants lived near the poles, but landmasses have drifted to current locations.

Most ocean floor features owe their origins to

plate tectonic processes

Which process causes the surface geography of Earth to change over time?

plate tectonics

32) Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. 32) _____ A) Convergent plate boundary B) Continental arc C) Volcanic arc D) Island arc E) Rift valley

rift valley

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Please identify the word and/or phrase that does NOT fit the pattern. Enter only the letter of the answer (caps, no period, and not the full entry) in the field below. A. continental margin B. active margin C. convergent active margin D. transform active margin E. rift valley

rift valley

Identify the major feature of a slow-spreading mid-ocean ridge. submarine canyon volcanic arc oceanic rise rift valley trench

rift valley

Measurement of ocean floor bathymetry from satellites relies on

sea surface elevation, which varies depending on the shape of the underlying sea floor

Measurement of ocean floor bathymetry from satellites relies on ___________. Select only one answer. sea surface elevation, which varies depending on the shape of the underlying sea floor calculations of how much water versus rock there is at any ocean location density differences of ocean waters water temperature, which is higher in areas of shallow ocean waters and can easily be detected by satellites water flows off the high areas and into the low areas, making the ocean surface topography the exact inverse of the shape of the sea floor

sea surface elevation, which varies depending on the shape of the underlying sea floor

All of the following provide evidence for continental drift except:

seafloor magnetic pattern

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Please identify the word and/or phrase that does NOT fit the pattern. Enter only the letter of the answer (caps, no period, and not the full entry) in the field below. A. rift valley B. oceanic ridge C. oceanic rise D. seaknoll E. seafloor spreading

seaknoll

43) Volcanic features on the ocean floor that are less than 1000 meters tall are called ________. 43) _____ A) guyots B) nemataths C) seaknolls D) seamounts E) islands

seaknolls

14) Volcanic peaks on the deep-ocean floor with conical tops are called ________. 14) _____ A) seamounts B) submarine canyons C) oceanic ridges D) oceanic trenches E) tablemounts

seamounts

20) Large volcanoes on the seafloor that are cone-shaped on top because they never reached sea level are called ________. 20) _____ A) hotspots B) guyots C) tablemounts D) mantle plumes E) seamounts

seamounts

41) Volcanic peaks that are below sea level but rise more than 1 kilometer above the deep-ocean floor and have a pointy top like an upside-down ice cream cone are called ________. 41) _____ A) guyots B) nemataths C) seaknolls D) seamounts E) islands

seamounts

Large volcanoes on the seafloor that are cone-shaped on top because they never reached sea level are called ________.

seamounts

Match the term with the appropriate phrase. continental margin shallow-water areas close to continents narrow and deep valleys on continental slopes flat depositional surfaces that cover extensive portions of the deep-ocean basins deep linear scars on the deep-ocean floor caused by plate convergence a generally flat zone extending from the shore to the shelf break

shallow-water areas close to continents

36) Our world ocean can be divided into four principal oceans plus an additional ocean, based on the ________ of the ocean basins and the ________ of the continents. 36) _____ A) position; latitude B) size; shape C) shape; position D) depth; elevation

shape; position

Our world ocean can be divided into four principal oceans plus an additional ocean, based on the ________ of the ocean basins and the ________ of the continents

shape; position

5) The correct order of seafloor features from the coast to the mid-ocean ridge is ________. 5) _____ A) shelf, slope, rise, abyssal plain B) abyssal plain, shelf, slope, rise C) rise, abyssal plain, slope, shelf D) slope, rise, shelf, abyssal plain E) abyssal plain, rise, slope, shelf

shelf, slope, rise, abyssal plain

The correct order of seafloor features from the coast to the mid-ocean ridge is: abyssal plain, rise, slope, shelf. abyssal plain, shelf, slope, rise. slope, rise, shelf, abyssal plain. shelf, slope, rise, abyssal plain. rise, abyssal plain, slope, shelf.

shelf, slope, rise, abyssal plain.

Imagine you are a geological oceanographer. As an expert, you are asked by a student to recommend the technique that would produce the most detailed map of a deep-water seamount near Hawaii. Which instrument would you recommend? multibeam echo sounder side-scan sonar precision depth recorder satellite altimetry seismic reflection

side-scan sonar

80) Stanley Miller's 1952 experiment created ________ from the chemical ingredients thought to exist in Earth's early ocean. 80) _____ A) complex organic molecules B) primitive bacteria C) Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) D) simple organic compounds

simple organic compounds

As shown in this video, Silly Putty will flow when stress is applied __________ and Silly Putty will fracture when stress is applied __________.

slowly, rapidly

The two relatively flat areas on the hypsographic curve represent

some interior continental areas/ coastal plains and abyssal plains on the ocean floor

The two relatively flat areas on the hypsographic curve represent: some interior continental areas/coastal plains and mid-ocean ridges. some interior continental areas/coastal plains and abyssal plains on the ocean floor. continental mountains and abyssal plains. continental slopes and deep-sea trenches. continental mountains and mid-ocean ridges.

some interior continental areas/coastal plains and abyssal plains on the ocean floor.

The method that is used most frequently to investigate sediment and rock layers of the sea floor is: sound waves (specifically seismic reflecting profiling). direct observation. drilling. light waves. satellite observation.

sound waves (specifically seismic reflecting profiling).

56) The first recorded attempt to measure the ocean's depth was conducted using which of the following techniques? 56) _____ A) Multibeam Sonar B) Side-scan Sonar C) Magnetometer D) Sounding E) Seismic Reflection

sounding

seafloor magnetic stripes

spreading center

26) Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. 26) _____ A) Drummond Matthews B) Stanley Miller C) Frederick Vine D) Alfred Wegener E) Harry Hess

stanley Miller

island arc

subduction zone

sloping area from a trench along a downward moving plate

subduction zone

trench

subduction zone

14) Deep ocean trenches are associated with ________. 14) _____ A) subduction zones B) rift valleys C) submarine canyons D) turbidity currents E) transform faults

subduction zones

Deep ocean trenches are associated with _______

subduction zones

Deep ocean trenches are associated with:

subduction zones

29) Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. 29) _____ A) Tablemount B) Abyssal plain C) Seamount D) Abyssal hill E) Submarine canyon

submarine conyon

41) Which of the following is the most convincing piece of evidence set forth to support the concept of sea floor spreading? 41) _____ A) The oceanic pattern of alternating reversals of Earth's magnetic field. B) The correlation of rocks found in adjacent positions on matching continents. C) The mid-ocean ridge is entirely volcanic in origin. D) The mid-ocean ridge rises more than 2.5 kilometers above the surrounding deep-ocean floor.

the Oceanic pattern of alternative reversals of Earth's magnetic field

38) Which ocean covers more than half of the ocean surface area on Earth? 38) _____ A) The Pacific Ocean B) The Atlantic Ocean C) The Indian Ocean D) The Southern Ocean E) The Antarctic Ocean

the Pacific Ocean

39) Which ocean is the single largest geographic feature on the planet? 39) _____ A) The Pacific Ocean B) The Atlantic Ocean C) The Indian Ocean D) The Southern Ocean E) The Antarctic Ocean

the Pacific Ocean

50) Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Multibeam SONAR systems have resolution limitations in deep water BECAUSE beams of sound spread out with depth. 50) _____ A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. C) The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect. D) The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct. E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

the assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid

66) Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Few abyssal plains are located in the Pacific Ocean BECAUSE the deep-ocean trenches found on the convergent active margins of the Pacific Ocean prevent sediment from moving past the continental slope. 66) _____ A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. B) The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct. C) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. D) The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect. E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

the assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid

77) Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: The Earth's longest mountain chain called the midocean ridge differs from mountain chains on land BECAUSE along most of its crest it contains a central downdropped rift valley. 77) _____ A) The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct. B) The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect. C) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. D) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

the assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid

79) Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: The next reversal of Earth's magnetic poles is thought to be overdue BECAUSE the last major reversal occurred 780,000 years ago. 79) _____ A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. C) The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect. D) The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct. E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

the assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid

52) Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Continental slopes around the margin of the Pacific Ocean are greater than the global average slope BECAUSE the Pacific Ocean is the world's largest ocean, covering more than half of the ocean surface area on Earth. 52) _____ A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. C) The assertion is correct but the reason is incorrect. D) The assertion is incorrect but the reason is correct. E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

the assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid

53) Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Continental slopes around the margins of the Atlantic and Indian Oceans are less than the global average slope BECAUSE they contain mostly passive continental margins. 53) _____ A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. C) The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect. D) The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct. E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

the assertion and the reason are both correct. and the reason is valid

54) Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: The Pacific Ring of Fire is home to the majority of Earth's active volcanoes and large earthquakes BECAUSE of the prevalence of divergent plate boundaries along the Pacific Rim. 54) _____ A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. C) The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect. D) The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct. E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

the assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect

71) Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Organisms found at mid-ocean ridges are able to survive in the absence of sunlight BECAUSE the light generated by the undersea lava flows is enough for photosynthesis to occur. 71) _____ A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. B) The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct. C) The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect. D) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

the assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect

79) Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Few abyssal plains are located in the Pacific Ocean BECAUSE turbidity currents only occur along passive continental margins. 79) _____ A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. B) The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect. C) The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct. D) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

the assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect

Where a mid-ocean ridge is offset, the linear feature connecting and between the crests of the ridge segments is called a __________. seismic fissure fracture zone hydrothermal vent transform fault central rift valley

transform fault

51) Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Echo sounders cannot detect and track submarines BECAUSE sound from echo sounders bounces off any density difference.51) _____ A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. C) The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect. D) The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is corre

the assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct

10) Which of the following statements is TRUE of the lithosphere? 10) _____ A) The lithosphere is composed of the inner portion of the mantle and the outer core. B) The lithosphere is composed only of igneous rock. C) The lithosphere is composed only of outer mantle material. D) The lithosphere is composed only of metamorphic rock. E) The lithosphere is composed of the crust and the uppermost portion of the mantle.

the lithosphere is composed of the crust and the uppermost portion of the mantle

Frederick Vine and Drummond Matthews determined that new ocean floor was being produced at ocean ridges by examining:

the magnetic pattern of rocks on the seafloor.

64) How did the Moon form? 64) _____ A) The Moon was captured by the gravitational pull of the Earth. B) The Moon erupted from the Earth leaving a scar at the Pacific Ocean. C) The Moon formed due to the impact of a Mars-sized body with the Earth. D) The Moon formed at the same time as the Earth due to simultaneous accretion.

the moon formed due to the impact of a Mars-sized body with the Earth

Loihi is

the newest Hawaiian volcano

13) Relatively few abyssal plains are located in the Pacific Ocean due to ________.13) _____ A) the absence of convergent active margins B) its smaller size compared to other ocean basins C) the presence of seamounts D) the presence of convergent active margins E) its location in northern and southern hemispheres

the presence of convergent active margins

The flat top of a guyot or tablemount in deep water is evidence that __________.

the seamount was once at the surface of the ocean, but is now submerged due to plate movement and erosion when it was near sea level

74) Which part of Earth's cumulative hypsographic curve includes the mid-ocean ridges? 74) _____ A) The gentle slope above sea level B) The long and flat part below sea level C) The shallowest slope below sea level D) The steep deepest part below sea level E) The steep segment above sea level

the shallowest slope below sea level

76) Which part of Earth's cumulative hypsographic curve includes the continental shelves of passive margins? 76) _____ A) The gentle slope above sea level B) The long and flat part below sea level C) The shallowest slope below sea level D) The steep deepest part below sea level E) The steep segment above sea level

the shallowest slope below sea level

3) Satellites are used to map the ocean floor because ________. 3) _____ A) the shape of the ocean surface reflects large features on the seafloor B) they are inexpensive to build and launch C) they can't cover areas where ships have not produced surveys D) they are affected by surface weather E) they can only "see" small areas of the seafloor at one time

the shape of the ocean surface reflects large features on the seafloor

36) Alfred Wegener's continental drift hypothesis received much hostile criticism and ridicule from the scientific community because of which of the following? 36) _____ A) There is no evidence of past glacial activity in areas that are now tropical. B) There was no correlation of rocks found in adjacent positions on matching continents C) His correlation of fossils was false; they were different species. D) The mechanism he proposed for the movement of the continents.

there was no correlation of rocks found in adjacent positions on matching continents

Compared to continental crust, oceanic crust is generally __________.

thinner, denser, darker in color, and at lower elevations

67) Based on chemical composition, Earth consists of ________ layers 67) _____ A) four B) five C) three D) two

three

45) The tectonic forces called slab pull and slab suction may act in unison at which type of plate boundary? 45) _____ A) Transform B) Intraplate C) Convergent D) Divergent

transform

35) What is a linear sea floor feature that is seismically active, occurs between offset mid-ocean ridge segments, and the relative movement between two points on either side of the feature is in the opposite direction? 35) _____ A) Seaknolls B) Nemataths C) Guyots D) Fracture zone E) Transform fault

transform fault

65) Which of the following best describes turbidity currents? 65) _____ A) Muddy water brought to the ocean by rivers and streams to form a delta B) Rift-valley sediments found within the depression at mid-ocean ridges C) Underwater avalanches of muddy water mixed with rocks and other debris D) Metal-rich deposits that form on the flanks of submarine volcanoes E) Turbid water that kills coral and other photosynthesizing creatures by blocking light

underwater avalanches of muddy water mixed with rocks and other debris

17) Which of the following is characteristic of continental-continental convergent plate boundaries? 17) _____ A) Mid-ocean ridges B) Hot spots C) Fracture zones D) Uplifted mountain ranges E) Volcanic island arcs

uplifted mountain ranges

Which of the following is characteristic of continental-continental convergent plate boundaries

uplifted mountain ranges

73) All true oceanic islands are ________ in origin. 73) _____ A) volcanic B) collisional C) sedimentary D) erosional E) metamorphic

volcanic

Nearly all oceanic islands are __________. (Choose the best answer.) parts of volcanic island arcs volcanic in origin parts of continents separated from continents formed at high-standing areas of mid-ocean ridges formed at hot spots as lithospheric plates pass over mantle plumes

volcanic in origin

What are the reaction products of respiration?

water and carbon dioxide gas

Current scientific knowledge indicates that the most likely origin of most of Earth's oceans was due to ________.

water vapor released from volcanic outgassing

19) Current scientific knowledge indicates that the most likely origin of most of Earth's oceans was due to ________. 19) _____ A) water vapor released from volcanic outgassing B) water-bearing minerals found in meteorites C) comets from outer space D) release of liquid water from the core

water vapour released from volcanic outgassing

21) Warm-water (From 30°C to 350°C) hydrothermal vents form ________. 21) _____ A) black smokers B) abyssal hills C) white smokers D) cold seeps E) turbidity currents

white smokers

Warm water (From 30°C to 350°C) hydrothermal vents form: black smokers. abyssal hills. turbidity currents. white smokers. cold seeps.

white smokers